补充知识：让步语气
前半句：
it is true…, it is correct…, of course
no doubt, undoubtedly 假话
do（不单独使用）may, seem, appear
后半句：but…
在混合评价中，前正后负是大负小正
专题二 文章套路的精确区分
1．新老观点对比型
① 喜新厌旧的语言特征：古老的时间状语, traditonaly, old, was (it was once
believed), recently（可能是老观点）
① usually
② 标新立异的语言特征：most, many, frequently
③ 如果发现重要的转折词则可以确定为新老观点对比型。
④ 新观点出现的位置：一段中部或二段开头
⑤ 主题句到哪里去找：如果发现明确概括新观点的句子既是主题句（参考No.
P.152）
2．现象解释型
人物（或事物）
给出史实 时间 给出原因或说明方式
事件（干了什么）
解释是难点：作者可能会给出多个解释，找出关键词和评价。有的文章也许没有正确理
论（主题句），但仍属于现象解释型：阅读时应看过程不看结果。
3．问题解决型
① 疑问性问题：疑问词，问号， “question”， “puzzle”
着重看如何回答
② 任务性问题： “difficulty”，“task”, “challenge”
着重看如何完成
4．结论解释型（总分结构）
第一句判断句既是主题句
判断句的特征有：系动词，情态动词，自由褒贬词
5．短文章的几种情况
① 可套用长文章套路的
② 有罗嗦语言的：找来回重复的话，其中的第一句就是主题句
③ 无明显套路的：找到判断句就是主题句
专题三 快速阅读法
一．分析句子
① 主干
词：形容词和副词
② 修饰成分 短语：尤其是介词短语
从句：从who,which开始，在第一个谓语动词和第二个谓语动词之
间结束
二．主动取舍
1．论点：尽量看懂
2．论据
① 举例
 紧跟结论的例子可以不看。
 篇幅在五行（机考中是七至八行）之内的例子可以不看。
 出现在多个段落中的离子可以不看（蜗牛那篇文章）。
② 列举
小列举
 特征：一句话用逗号分开，列举若干事项。
 做法：如果不是四个小列举不用看，如果是四个小列举记位置比记内容更重
要。
大列举
 特征：用数字来列举若干事项。
 做法：记位置，先找标志词（first…second…或next…），再找主题词和关
键词。四项以
上（含四项）大列举不用看细节。
③ 数字
 单个数字必须看，多个数字连续出现可以不看。
④ 史实
 特征：人物、事件、事件
 做法：记事件，找人物发出的动作
3．论证过程：找关系
① 因果关系：在论点和论据之间，不必看细节，但要分清谁是原因谁是结果。如果
文中罗列很多原因，一定
① 要看清到第有几个。
② 并列关系：着眼点在于整个文章，关键是找到并列词。
③ 递进关系：first… second… yes…表示递进
4．特殊情况
① 观点看不懂，就记住关键词
② 废话
 主谓相同
 主谓的不正常的相反关系：可能是多重转折，如果后面发现有转折连词则可
以确定为多重转
折，那么两重转折中的部分就是废话。
5．看文章的顺序：套路 → 主题词或关键词 → 根据取舍原则分析那些是重点细节，
不是重点的细节不看。
6．时间分配：原则应该是看文章时间少做题时间多。
7．那些一定不能省略
① 强对比和重要的强转折
② 古怪语言：surprizingly, ironically, unfortunately, paradoxically
三．推测：如果遇到单词不认识、句子不理解，从他的就近之处寻找相同题材的其他说
法。如果没有强转折（强对比）那么他们的意思应该大体相同，评价应该一致。有了强
转折（强对比）则意思刚好相反。作者: vagrant 时间: 2004-12-1 10:25 标题: [转帖]王昆松阅读笔记
GRE阅读笔记
一．GRE阅读文章分类
1．.按题材分四类：humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, life
sciences
重点题材：文学评论 美国历史 弱势群体 生命科学
文章特点：喜新厌旧 标新立异 同情弱者
2．按写作方法分两类：presentation, argumentation
重点是argumentation即评述一个理论的文章
［例1］presentation的结构
Recently, the extinction of the dinosaur has been a mysterious phenomenon
that puzzles scientists.
Rosen’s three major findings have contributed much to the progress of
explaining the dinosaur’s extinction.
a) sedimentation b)fossil remains, skeleton c)isotope, chronology
Therefore, ……
［例2］argumentation的结构
Traditionally, most scientists believed that the extinction of the dinosaur
was caused by the impact on Earth of massive meteorites.
However, no sign of the impact, such as huge pit, has been discovered. On
the other hand, Smith found two things that had been overlooked by his
predecessors.
Thus, ……
3．按具体套路分类
长文章分四种：新老观点对比型、现象解释型、问题解决型、结论解释性
短文章分三种情况：可套用长文章套路的、有罗嗦语言的、无明显套路的
二．作题四原则
1．至少三遍原则
2．头脑空白原则
3．顺序原则：先文后题，先套路后细节
4．总结原则：每读完一个段落或一个层次要做如下四个方面总结
① 作者在写法上做了什么工作
② 主体词（关键词）是什么
③ 作者对这个主体持什么评价
④ 人物有谁
三．做笔记
1．机考做笔记
① 主题句
② 每段关键词
③ 强对比和重要的强转折
2．笔考做记号
① 强对比：unlike, contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary; 时间状语
② 强转折
① 两个“虽然”：although/though, while
① 三个“但是”：but, yet, however
① 四对同义词：(in fact, actually) (nevertheless, nonetheless) (despite, in
spite of)
(rather, instead)
实际上…… 然而…… 尽管……却…… 不是……而是……
注意：极端转折、多重转折（再多重转折中，只看最后一重）
③ 强因果四个“因为”：because (of), since, for, 冒号或分号三个“所以”：
thus, hence,
therefore
两个家族：conclude, conclusion, conclusive, consequent(ly), consequence
四个短语：result in, result from, lead to, lie in
④ 三号：引号，括号，破折号
⑤ 强调性语言
最高级：顺序最高级（first）频率最高级（always, never）程度最高级（foremost,
uttermost）
唯一性：only, sole(ly), exclusive(ly), alone
比较句：more/less…than（与其……不如说……）, have…to do with…, as…as,
the same as, similar to
⑥ 专有名词：人，物种，化学物质
⑦ 判断句
系动词：be, remain
情态动词：can, cannot, may, might
自由褒贬词：adj., adv.
［例3］His view changed our attitude.
His view successfully changed our attitude.
His view curiously changed our attitude.
His brazen view changed our attitude.
His penetrating view changed our attitude.作者: vagrant 时间: 2004-12-1 10:25
专题一 客观题型
(一) 基本题型
1．直接事实题
同义变换的两种形式：换同义词，换句型
［例4］The historians have broadened the conventional view of nineteenth-
century feminism.
→ The historians have expanded the traditional view of nineteenth-century
feminism.
［例5］The minority groups lack access to the sizable orders that are
generated by large companies.
→ The minority groups do not have sufficient opportunity to secure
business created by large corporation.
［例6］The suffragists were demanding power that was not based on the
institution of the family, women’s traditional sphere
→ Those who participated in the women suffragists movement sought social
roles for women that were not defined by women’s familial roles.
2．取非题
① 对比题：A is unlike B文中有A的特征，问B的特征，则对A取非。
［例7］Unlike the song sparrow, the warbler continuously compress much
longer and more variable songs without repetition.
题According to the passage, the song sparrow
(A) use songs mainly in territorial behavior
(B) continuously composes long and complex songs
(C) repeats one song type before switching to another
(E) responds aggressively to recorded songs
② 改善题
形式：虚拟语气+表示改善的说法
做法：回文中找缺点然后取非
改善的说法：better, improve, more
illuminating/enlightening/convincing/useful
［例8］However, these patterns cannot be viewed as an adaptation to wind
pollination because the spiral arrangement occurs in a number of non-wind-
pollinated plants.
题It can be inferred from the passage that the claim that the spiral
arrangement is an adaptation to wind pollination would be more convincing
if which of the following were true?
(A) Such an arrangement occurred only in wind-pollinated plants.
(B) Such an arrangement occurred in vascular plants as a whole.
(C) Such an arrangement could be shown to be beneficial to pollen release.
(D) The number of bracts could be shown to have increased over time.
(E) The airflow patterns over the cone’s surfaces could be shown to be
produced by such arrangements.
3．In order to / 举例作用题
① 一个窍门：先观察以“illustrate”或者“give an example of”开头的选项
② 标准做法
 先结论后举例：for example, for instance, such as, like
 先举例后结论：强因果关系词
 无任何语言现象：以第一种情况“先结论后举例”居多
［例9］Over the years, biologists have suggested two main pathways by which
sexual selection may have shaped the evolution of male birdsong. In the
first, male competition and intrasexual selection produce relatively
short, simple songs used mainly in territorial behavior. In the second,
female choice and intersexual selection produce longer, more complicated
songs used mainly in mate attraction; like such visual ornamentation as
the peacock’s tail, elaborate vocal characteristics increase the male’
s chances of being chosen as a mate. The two pathways are not mutually
exclusive, and we can expect to find examples that reflect their
interaction.
题1The author mentions the peacock’s tail most probably in order to
(A) cite an exception to the theory of the relationship between male
competition and intrasexual selection
(B) illustrate the importance of both the pathways that shaped the
evolution of the birdsong
(C) draw a distinction between competing theories intersexual selection
(D) give an example of a feature that may have evolved through intersexual
selection by female choice
(E) refute a commonly held assumption about the role of song in mate
attraction
题2 According to the passage, which of the following is specifically
related to intrasexual selection?
(A) Female choice
(B) Territorial behavior
(C) Compete song types
(D) Large song repertoires
(E) Visual ornamentation
题3 Which of the following, if true, would most clearly demonstrate the
interaction mentioned in the last sentence?
(A) Female larks respond similarly both to short, simple songs and to
longer, more complicated songs.
(B) Male canaries use visual ornamentation as well as elaborate song
repertoires for mate attraction.
(C) Both male and female blackbirds develop elaborate visual and vocal
characteristics.
(D) Male jays use songs to compete among themselves and to attract females.
(E) Male robins with elaborate visual ornamentation have as much
reproductive success as rivals with elaborate vocal characteristics.
［例10］To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by preventing
adenosine binding, Snyder et al compared the stimulatory effects of a
series of caffeine derivatives with their ability to dislodge adenosine
from its receptors in the brains of a mice. “In general,” they reported,
“the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors correlates with
their ability to stimulate locomotion in the mouse; i.e., the higher their
capacity to bind at the receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate
locomotion.”
The author quotes Snyder et al most probably in order to
(A) reveal some of the assumption underlying their theory
(B) summarize a major finding of the experiments
(C) point out that their experiments were limited to the mouse
(D) indicate that their experiments resulted only in general correlations
(E) refute the objections made by supporters of the older theory
4．Except题 / 排除题：由四项小列举出的题
［例11］The leguminous plants—among them crop plants such as soybeans,
pea, alfalfa, and clover—have solved the problem.
题According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a leguminous
plants?
(A) Alfalfa (B) Clover (C) Maize (D) Peas (E) Soybeans
［例12］Afro-American poetry owes its early forms, rhythms, vocabulary, and
evangelical fervor to Wesleyan hymnals.
题All of the following aspects of Afro-American poetry are referred to in
the passage as having been influenced by Wesley hymnals EXCEPT
(A) subject matter (B)word choice (C) rhythm (D) structure (E)
religious tone
5．逻辑题
① 支持题
具体事例法：举文章没有说的例自作为正面论据，此处不考虑头脑空白原则 （看［例
9］题3）
搭桥法：把缺的条件补上 如果文章说A → B 找 A → C → B
［例13］In one behavioral experiment, researchers successfully trained an
anteater to distinguish between two troughs of water, one with a weak
electrical field and another with none. Such evidence is consistent with
researchers’ hypothesis that anteaters use electroreceptors to detect
electrical signals given off by prey; however, researchers as yet have
been unable to detect electrical signals emanating from termite mounds,
where the favorite food of anteaters live.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the hypothesis
mentioned in the passage?
(A) Researchers are able to detect anteaters to break into an underground
chamber that is emitting a strong electrical signal.
(B) Researchers are able to detect a weak electrical signal emanating from
the nesting chamber of an ant colony.
(C) Anteaters are observed taking increasingly longer amounts of time to
locate the nesting chambers of ants.
(D) Anteaters are observed using various angles to break into nests of
ants.
(E) Anteaters are observed using the same angle used with nests of ants to
break into the nests of other types of prey.
② 反对题
 釜底抽薪：反对原因
 欲擒故纵：反证法
 抬杠法：直接反对原文的结论
［例14］The backgrounds and reasons of participants in the May insurrection
of 1871 have been identified, however cursorily.
Which of the following is the most logical objections to the claim made in
the passage?
(A) The February Revolution of 1848 is much less significant than the July
insurrection of 1830.
(B) The backgrounds and motivations of participants in the July
insurrection of1830 have been identified, however cursorily.
(C) Even less is known about the July insurrection of1830 than about the
February Revolution of 1848.
(D) Historical records made during the July insurrection of1830 are less
reliable than those made during the May insurrection of 1871.
(E) The importance of the July insurrection of1830 has been magnified at
the expense of the significance of the February Revolution of 1848.
它因法：存在其他原因法 文中说 A → B 题里找 C 也可以 → B
［例15］ One advantage of breeding African bees with other bee types
(Africanization) may be resistance to the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni,
a major threat to modern beekeeping. In parts of Europe, this mite is
devastating honeybees and killing many colonies despite preventing
measures by beekeepers. But in Brazil Varroa jacobsoni has
been present in Africanized bees since 1972 without the loss of single
colony.
题1The author’s argument regarding the resistance of Africanized bees to
Varroa
jacobsoni would be most weakened if which of the following were true?
(A) The bees in Brazil were resistant before being Africanized
(B) The number of bee colonies in North America increased dramatically
whereas the number in Brazil remained unchanged.
(C) Mites found in European bees reproduce at a faster rate than mite of
identical species found in the bees in Brazil.
(D) Africanized bees retained many of the characteristics of European bees.
(E) Bee colonies in Europe continue to produce greater qualities of honey
than do those in Brazil.
题2 The passage suggests that which of the following was true of the
European honey bee colonies?
(A) Their life expectancy, when free of disease, was shorter than that of
European bee colonies in North America.
(B) They were not Africanized. 取非题
(C) Their life cycle did not accommodate the feeding habits of Varroa
jacobsoni.
(D) They responded well to measures to control Varroa jacobsoni.
(E) They were managed using methods that were more modern than those
employed in Brazil.
6．信息题
典型问法：① Which of the following is (not) true?
② The author of the passage agrees (does not agree) with
which of the following?
③ The information in the passage answers (does not answer)
which of the following question?
两种信息题：可定位的信息题(of, about, concerning, regarding)和不可定位的信息
题
7．类比题
问法：Which of the following is most similar to the situation in…?
(similar to, analogous to, parallel, consistent with)
做法：抓本质特征
［例16］Although recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious
pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has
been steadily increasing. Consequently, more than 100 cites in the United
Stats still have levels of toxic gases that exceed legally established
limits.
题 Which of the following most closely parallels the situation described in
the two sentences?
(A) Although a town reduces its public service in order to avoid a tax
increase, the town’s tax rate exceeds that of other towns in the
surrounding area.
(B) Although a state passes strict laws to limit the type of toxic material
that can be disposed of in public landfill, illegal dumping continues to
increase.
(C) Although a town’s citizens reduce their individual use of water, the
town’s water supplies continue to dwindle because of a steady increase in
the total population of the
town.
(D) Although a country attempts to increase the sale of domestic goods by
adding a tax to the price of imported goods, the sale of imported goods
within the country continue to increase.
(E) Although a country reduces the speed limit on its national highway, the
number of fatalities caused by automobile accidents continues to increase.作者: vagrant 时间: 2004-12-1 10:26
GRE阅读文章主题
1. 文学评论：以政治意识形态的思路，用纯文学标准进行描述。
2. 社会现象题材：
n 反对左派主张，比如革命思想或者马克思主义
n 反对平等主义（不是反对平等，而是平等主义），也就是例如反对收入平等。
n 赞同技术性的解释，对于政治和宗教解释持负评价。
3. 生命科学题材：反对达尔文进化论，尤其是当进化论和遗传学并列的时候更是如
此。
4. 自然科学题材：对新发现、新发明、新材料，作者一般持正评价，有时会对此有一
些让步说明，举出新事物存在的一些缺陷，但是不影响主要的正态度。
5. 弱势群体及文化：黑人、女性、少数民族、土著。
n 反对“仇视弱势群体”、“弱势群体在美国不重要”“弱势群体的问题已经得到解
决”等等观点。比如：妇女已经得到了和男性同等的权利，这个观点必然是作者反对
的。
n “关注这类问题”“希望得到改进”这些观点是作者支持的。
※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※
※※
阅读文章的分类
GRE阅读文章的三要素：主题词、作者态度、理论的缺点或者作者的结论。
GRE阅读文章大致可以分为如下几类，阅读过程中重要掌握的是整体文章要表达的观
点，对于细节题目要注意回到原文定位，重点把握整体逻辑结构。下面是对于文章结
构把握和关键词的一些要点：
l 现象解释型：文章开头提出一个现象，后面的内容都围绕这个现象进行解释。
重点：主题把握。作者对于这个现象给出的正负评价，别人对现象的评价，作者对现
象的评价和作者最后是否给出了支持与否的态度。正负评价要从一些关键词蕴涵的倾
向性上来判断。
现象的把握。这个现象讲的到底是什么。
理论的处理。用什么样的例证和结构阐述了这个现象。
l 问题解答型：文章提出了某种费解的问题，然后后面列举一系列的研究对此问题进
行解决，有可能各个研究之间得出相同或者相悖的结论，最终可能对问题提出了解决
方法也可能没有任何结论。作者在此过程中会对各个研究给予一定的评价。
重点：文章主题。包括1问题本身2作者综合各个研究给出的解答。
理论和解决方法的把握。各个理论的主旨，都提出了什么解决方法。其中关键词，作
者的态度要注意。
态度。可能有1否定态度2肯定某个研究或者整体研究的态度3对所有研究解答都没有给
出态度。4未给出评价却明显指出了解决问题的方法。
l 新老代替型：文章开始的时候提出一个理论，然后后面又提出一个新的理论。典型
的特点是，1老的观点一般都是人们普遍认为正确的，被人们广泛接受的观点，2首句
是完成时或者过去时引导：had done，did，有traditionally、long been known
等3新老理论针对相同对象给出不同解释，并且能够把新观点的论述过程独立出来看成
一个问题解答型或者论点说明型文章。
重点：作者态度。作者对于新观点一般持支持态度，但也不排除有例外。
理论把握。针对的对象是什么，新老理论对于对象的论述有什么不同，也就实说新理
论的不同之处就是作者支持的原因。
l 论点说明型：文章开始就提出一个论点，而不是现象，也就是会出现判断句：什么
是什么，或者什么是因为什么原因引起的。特点：1有be动词或者remain这类系动词
引导的判断句出现在第一段某处。（系表结构）
重点：态度把握。对于任何一个表示主要态度的句子做到“从前不从后”，也就是说
速读的时候关键点放在后面的态度上，不管前面出现什么样的态度词，后面的态度才
是作者的主要态度。
主题句。以主题词（也就是可以用来命名理论的代表性词）出现的句子作为文章的主
题句。
结构。文章一般以总—分方式进行论述。要注意总论点和分论点之间的关联，各个分
论点可能是从多个方面来论述支持总论点的，或者干脆就是把总论点提到的各个方面
进行一番论述。
技巧。文章每段第一句话是重点，一定要读懂，后面的细节内容可以在遇到问题的时
候再回原文找。重点是把握每个段落都在讲什么，以便回头找的时候方便迅速。
※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※
※※
阅读中的关键词汇及其代表的含义
2. also，another，and等连接的内容是并列关系，所以找前后两部分之中一部分能
够简单读懂的，看明白就好，同时也可提高阅读速读。
3. in fact ，actually，indeed，practically如果位置是在一个理论观点的解释
后面，表示一种转折，也就是说后面必然要出现一种和前面的解释相反的论点，或者
直接用什么证据驳斥前面的解释并不合理。
4. ※be based on：通常表示作者所反对的理论之根据。
5. 让步结构，先引出一个理论或者解释，后面必然有转折反对这些词引出的说法，转
折的这部分表述更加重要，应该是作者支持的观点。引导让步的方式有（1）while，
although， wheras，though，despite，in spite of，等词引导的句子。（2）
do，may，have等引导的强调内容放在句子的前半句，后面用but引出转折。（3）
unproblematical，undoubtedly ，no doubt，no problem，without，of
course，it is true that，等引导的句子；to be sure做插入语放在句中，表示让
步。
6. “最高级，唯一性”：－est，most，all，any，every，each，without，
anything，anyone，anybody，only，solely，alone，unique，exclusive。这些
词要给与足够重视，一方面要注意原文里面有没有说什么东西是唯一怎么怎么的，或
者什么东西是最怎么怎么的，一般是比较容易成为考点的，选项中可能会针对最高级
所指的对象进行一些比较，需要根据最高级进行判断。
7. “”——引号，在文章中的作用，重要程度不同。如果出现在一般解释性内容中，
多是对前面关键词的进一步解释。如果出现在主题句中，或者里面有大写名词，大概
是理论的关键店，具有某种感情倾向，应该仔细读懂。
8. for example，for instance前面的内容一般都是某个理论的结论或者中心论
断，所以如果能看懂前面的东西，for example里面的内容就可以速读，遇到细节题
的时候再回来定位。
9. but，as a result，however，rather，instead，nonetheless，
nevertheless表示转折，一般跟在让步结构的后面。
10. 完成时引导的理论往往是作者给予负评价的理论。
11. the fact，lead to（led to）后面跟的东西是比较容易考到的。
12. 技巧：（旁门左道），问题是 。。。in order to …,答案一般是带有
“give an example”，“one”，“inllustrate”等词，如果此判断法失效，立刻
回原文定位。
13. 其他值得品味感情色彩的连接词：（1）和略读内容有关的and，other words，
put another way (2)强调marked by，characterized by ，90％可能是考点，不
管在主题句还是在什么地方。作者: watergate 时间: 2004-12-1 10:27
谢谢分享！作者: apple1 时间: 2005-1-13 10:32
thanks!作者: sammen 时间: 2005-1-20 23:25
好是好,但是又没针对GMAT的,我知道可以借鉴的,但是还是直接点的好.
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