1. three or more items:
all refers to three or more items. Compare:
I'll take all three shirts, please.
I'll tale both shirts. (Not ... all two shirts)
2. subject, object or complement:
all can be the subject, object or complement of a sentence.
All that maters is to be happy.
I gave here all she asked for.
that's all.
3. all with nouns and pronouns:
all can modify a noun or pronoun. Two positions are possible:
with the noun or pronoun:
All (of) the people were singing.
I haven't read all of it.
Give my love to them all.
4. all with adjectives, adverbs etc:
all can be used to emphasise some adjectives, adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions.
You're all wet.
I was all alone.
I looked all round, but I couldn't see anything.
Tell me all about your holiday.
It's all because of you.
5. all, everybody:
We do not normally use all to mean "everybody". Compare:
All the people stood up.
Everybody stood up. (Not All stood up.)
6. all and everything:
all can mean "everything", but usually only in the structure "all + relative clause ( all that...). Compare:
All (that) I have is yours.
everything is yours. ( Not All is yours)
She lost all she owned.
She lost everything. (Not She lost all.)
this structure often has a rather negative meaning, expressing ideas like "nothing more" or "the only thing(s)".
This is all i've got.
All I want is a place to sit down.
All that happened was that he went to sleep.
Note also That's all (= "It's finished"; "There's no more").
7. all and all of:
all (of) can modify nouns and pronouns.
before a noun with a determiner (for example the , my , this), all and all of are both possible.
She's eaten all (of) the cake.
All (of) my friends like riding.
Before a noun with no determiner, we do not normally use of.
All children can be difficult. (Not All of children...)
8. all of + personal pronoun
with personal pronouns, we use all of + object form
All of us/you/them can be the subject or object of a clause.
All of us can come tomorrow. (Not All we...)
She's invited all of you.
Mary sent all of them her love.
9. pronoun + all
we can put all after pronouns used as objects.
She's invited you all.
Mary sent her love to them all.
I've made us all something to eat.
This does not happen with complement pronouns or in short answers.
Is that all of them? (Not Is that them all?)
Who did you invite? All of them. (Not Them all )
All can follow a subject pronoun (e.g. They all went home), but in this case it belongs grammatically with the verb and may be separated from the pronoun (e.g. They have all gone home).
10. types of noun
all is used mostly before uncountable and plural nouns.
all the water
all my friends
However, all can be used before some singular countable nouns referring to things that can naturally be divided into parts.
all that week
all my family
all the way.
with other singular countable nouns, it is more natural to use whole (e.g. the whole story)
11. negative verbs
it is not very common to use all + noun as the subject of a negative verb (e.g. All Americans don't like hamburgers). We more often use not all + noun + affirmative verb.
Not all Americans like hamburgers.
Note the difference between not all and no. Compare:
Not all birds can fly.
No birds can play chess.
12. leaving out the
it is sometimes possible to drop the after all (e.g. all day, all three brothers)
13. all: with verbs
when all refers to the subject of a clause, it can go with the verb, in "mid-position" (like some adverbs)
auxiliary verb + all
am/are/is/was/were + all
We can all swim.
The guests have all arrived.
Those apples were all bad.
all + other verb
My family all work in education.
They all liked the soup.
Note that these meanings can also be expressed by using all (of) + noun/pronoun as the subject.
All of us can swim.
All (of) the guests have arrived.
14. all and every
all and every can both be used to talk about people or things in general, or about all the members of a group. There is little difference of meaning; every often suggests "without exception". The two words are used in different structures.
every is used with a singular noun. To give the same meaning, all is used with a plural noun. Compare:
every + singular
every child needs love. (Not all child needs love)
every light was out.
all + plural
All children need love.
All the lights were out.
we can use all, but not mormally every, with certain determiners (articles, possessives or demonstratives). Compare:
all + determiner + plural
All the lights were out.
I've written to all my friends.
every + singlular
every light was out. (Not the every light...)
I've written to every friend I have. (Not every my friend/my every friend)
15. all and whole
all (of) and whole can both be used with singular nouns to mean "complete", "every part of ". The word order is different.
determiner + whole + noun
all (of) + determiner + noun
Sam spent the whole week at home.
Sam spent all (of) the week at home.
my whole life
all (of ) my life.
All is not generally used before indefinite articles.
She's eaten a whole loaf. (Not .... all a loaf)
with plural nouns, all and whole have different meanings. all is like every; whole means "complete", "entire". Compare:
All Indian tribes suffered from white settlement in America. (= every Indian tribe suffered....)
Whole Indian tribes were killed off. (= Complete tribes were killed off; nobody was left alive in these tribes.)作者: nbnhjf 时间: 2004-8-12 07:00
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