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标题: [推荐]OG语法总结 [打印本页]
作者: frankdong    时间: 2004-7-2 16:33     标题: [推荐]OG语法总结

说明：
1.所有总结纯属个人理解,且尚为初稿,希望大家共同修改完善
2.大家斟酌使用
3.所有的题目均来自offical guide.T203表示offical guide上 SC部分的第203题
4.全文分为一下几个部分:总体/简洁/没有歧义/主谓一致/平行结构/习惯用语/比较/代词指代/词义差别等几个部分
5.sth.为某物,sb.为某人,n.为名词,un.为不可数名词,cn.为可数名词
6.排列的序号可能不对,但不影响理解
7.祝各位好运!
总体
1.根据主动与被动语态来选择答案是一个很弱的条件，一般应首先考虑语法、结构、句意等 T61，T200
2.不要用双重所有格，sth of sb.，而非sb’s T202
3. if the period of time covered began and ended in the past，the verb should be in the simple past tense. T203
From 1982 to 1987 sales of new small boats increased between five and ten percent annually.
(A) From 1982 to 1987 sales of new small boats increased between five and ten percent annually.
(B) Five to ten percent is the annual increase in sales of new small boats in the years 1982 to 1987.
(C) Sales of new small boats have increased annually five and ten percent in the years 1982 to 1987.
(D) Annually an increase of five to ten percent has occurred between 1982 and 1987 in the sales of new small boats.
(E) Occurring from 1982 to 1987 was an annual increase of five and ten percent in the sales of new small boats.
4. 注意目的状语与原因状语不要搞混，for表示原因，to表示目的. T204
In recent years cattle breeders have increasingly used crossbreeding, in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics and partly because crossbreeding is said to provide hybrid vigor.
(A)in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics
(B)in part for the acquisition of certain characteristics in their steers
(C)partly because of their steers acquiring certain characteristics
(D)partly because certain characteristics should be acquired by their steers
(E)partly to acquire certain characteristics in their steers
5. 被动语态如有动作发出者，要明白从逻辑上说这是不是真正的动作发出者. T204-D
8. 注意未划线部分的提示. T219，T163
While larger banks can afford to maintain their own data-processing operations, many smaller regional and community banks are finding that the cost associated with upgrading data-processing equipment and with the development and maintenance of new products and technical staff are prohibitive.
(A)cost associated with
(B)costs associated with
(C)costs arising from
(D)cost of
(E)costs of
9. 如果表示一个渐变的过程，如果A有become等词应当保留T223
10.优先级别是动词优先于名次. T224 [以下一些词性的优先级别：动词，实义名词，形容词， 查以前笔记]
12. 注意限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别T234，T258, 介词短语相当于限定性定语从句 T141.
The physical structure of the human eye enables it to sense light of wavelengths up to 0.0005 millimeters; infrared radiation, however, is invisible because its wavelength--0.1 millimeters--is too long to be registered by the eye.
(A)infrared radiation, however, is invisible because its wavelength--0.1 millimeters--is too long to be registered by the eye
(B)however, the wavelength of infrared radiation--0.1 millimeters--is top long to be registered by the eye making it invisible
(C)infrared radiation, however, is invisible because its wavelength--0.1 millimeters--is too long for the eye to register it
(D)however, because the wavelength of infrared radiation is 0.1 millimeters, it is too long for the eye to register and thus invisible
(E)however, infrared radiation has a wavelength of 0.1 millimeters that is too long for the eye to register, thus making it invisible
13. 划线部分的时态一般不要改变，除非有明确的提示T235，T265
14. 情态动词不要随便加减. 但是如果前文已有类似词义的词出现，则要去掉该情态动词T237
It seems likely that a number of astronomical phenomena, such as the formation of planetary nebulas, may be caused by the interaction where two stars orbit each other at close range.
(A)may be caused by the interaction where two stars orbit each other
(B)may be caused by the interaction between two stars that each orbit the other
(C)are because of the interaction between two stars that orbit each other
(D)are caused by the interaction of two stars where each is orbiting the other
(E)are caused by the interaction of two stars orbiting each other
15. population change 不如change in population 准确 [新东方总结: n + n vs. n + 介词 + 名词，选用后者]T239
16. 在通常情况下，定语从句中无意义的that必须省掉T243，而宾语从句中的that必须有，而且宾语从句要用陈述语气T93，T9，T16;
20. would 用来修饰一个promised but not certain的动作，不能用来修饰一个已知的事实T260

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-7-2 16:33:51编辑过]

作者: frankdong    时间: 2004-7-2 16:34

23. 定语从句应该搞清楚哪个修饰哪个.
. With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land，Cleveland is but one of a large number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract new businesses.
(A) is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(B) is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(C) are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(D) are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attracting
(E) are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban life and attract
24. 注意介词短语是否有正确的修饰对象.
Federal incentives now encourage investing capital in commercial office buildings despite vacancy rates in existing structures that are exceptionally high and no demand for new construction.
(A) investing capital in commercial office buildings despite vacancy rates in existing structures that are exceptionally high and
(B) capital investment in commercial office buildings，even though vacancy rates in existing structures are exceptionally high and there is
(C) capital to be invested in commercial office buildings even though there are exceptionally high vacancy rates in existing structures with
(D) investing capital in commercial office buildings even though the vacancy rates are exceptionally high in existing structures with
(E) capital investment in commercial office buildings despite vacancy rates in existing structures that are exceptionally high，and although there is
25. 难于求解的题目可以考虑从意思，逻辑上加以区分. 如”平行”部分第3条
26. 先扫描5个选项，看看有何区别 Don’t try to read every options word by word. Spot the key words.
27.情态动词(agree 与may agree意义有很大的不同T10)，表示程度的副词just (T54，T60，T91)与some(大约)等副词，不要随便添加和删除T25，T159，T10.
28. may 与perhaps不能互换T15(此题再仔细研究一番)
In his research paper, Dr. Frosh, medical director of the Payne Whitney Clinic, distinguishes mood swings. which may be violent without their being grounded in mental disease, from genuine manic-depressive psychosis.
(A)mood swings, which may be violent without their being grounded in mental disease, from genuine manic-depressive psychosis
(B)mood swings, perhaps violent without being grounded in mental disease, and genuine manic-depressive psychosis ,
(C)between mood swings, which may be violent without being grounded in mental disease, and genuine manic-depressive psychosis
(D)between mood swings, perhaps violent without being grounded in mental disease, from genuine manic-depressive psychosis
(E)genuine manic-depressive psychosis and mood swings, which may be violent without being grounded in mental disease
30. 对人的修饰只能用who不能用which：T17
32.原划线部分用倒装结构，则正确答案也应有倒装. T20
35.一个句子的时态，注意整体保持一致 T30
36. 修饰cn. 用many，few，修饰un 用much，little，T34，T59，T107
37. 名词，+同位语 /插入语，+动词，两边的逗号必不可少，T35，T149
38. 在条件从句中，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时，不用过去，将来时或would be 结构 T37，T146，T161
39. only在句中的位置不要轻易改变T37，T46
40. which不能用来修饰整个句子，但是“动词 +ing”形式引导的短语可以用来修饰整个句子，T49，T74
41. 句子中单独的形容词短语以及介词短语要有明确的修饰对象T38
42. also为副词，非理那次，不能用来链接句子T42
43. twice 为副词，非n
44. 注意句子的逻辑，T50，T33，以及因果关系T110
46. sth.1 is sth 2，注意sth 2 是否包含sth1，T56E
47. sth …by sth..，by表示”被…”，则句子应该用被动语态T57
51. so as to 与 so that之间的区别，前者为两动作发出这一致，T67
52. often与only在句中的位置不同，意义也不尽相同. 如 can’t often do sth. ，often can’t do sth. T70
55. as 与when 之间的区别，as 表示一个渐进的过程.
56. 副词短语位于句首，使用倒装T85
Out of America's fascination with all things antique have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing back the chaise lounge, the overstuffed sofa, and the claw-footed bathtub.
(A)things antique have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing
(B)things antique has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that is bringing
(C)things that are antiques has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that bring
(D)antique things have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing
(E)antique things has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that bring
58. v-ing表示动作正在进行或持续进行，T102，T103 特别注意become的用法; v-ed 表示一个结果，动作已经结束或者有被动含义. T106 原选项中的come to 不要省略，体会have come to signify与have signified 之间的区别，一个表示动作在继续，一个表示动作已经完成. T77
60. 注意recent extended sales slump与recently extended sales slump之间的区别T108
作者: frankdong    时间: 2004-7-2 16:35

61. 定语从句尽量紧跟被修饰成分，T113，T117 A of B + 定语从句/过去分词短语(C)做定语结构中，首先考虑C修饰紧接着在其前面的名词，即C从语法上首先考虑修饰B，再则考虑修饰A，T109, T229
The colorization of black-and-white films by computers is defended by those who own the film rights, for the process can mean increased revenues for them; many others in the film industry, however, contend that the technique degrades major works of art, which they liken to putting lipstick on a Greek statue.
(A)which they liken to putting lipstick on a Greek statue
(B)which they liken to a Greek statue with lipstick put on it
(C)which they liken to lipstick put on a Greek statue
(D)likening it to a Greek statue with lipstick put on it
(E)likening it to putting lipstick on a Greek statue
62. 注意词序对句意的影响：more gasoline –efficient cars / cars more gasoline-efficient T112
66. unlike，besides，other than 位于句首，则修饰主句主语.
68. 比较develop independently from a 与develop independently of a 之间的区别T143.
69.句子强调的重心应该保留T153
70. a of b，中心词为a
71. 介词短语放在一个名词之后，则直接修饰该名词
72. 注意定冠词与不定冠词、物主代词的区别
仔细体会：50 genes in a cell/ 50 genes in the cell/ the 50 genes in cells/ 50 genes in cells T176
注意the hands 与his hands的区别，一般表达使用所有格形式T86. the 表示上文已经提及的对象（体会a man 与the man的区别T54），such也表示上文已经所有提及T106，T181
75. as…as 位于句首应与主句主语一致，且表现前后比较，as…as 表示让步，如：as ill-prepared as they are，they nevertheless find good jobs. T177
76. 现在分词与过去分词做定语时候的区别，现在分词表示一个正在进行或持续进行的动作，而过去分词表示一个已经结束或被动状态的动作：T210 that 从句与现在分词短语修饰，区别在于一次性/ 多次性，连续性T178；that 从句与过去分词短语修饰，无意义差别，一般选用过去分词
One of Ronald Reagan’s first acts as President was to rescind President Carter’s directive that any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States be prohibited from sale to other countries.
(A)that any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States be prohibited from sale to other countries
(B)that any chemical be prohibited from sale to other countries that was banned on medical grounds in the United States
(C)prohibiting the sale to other countries of any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States
(D)prohibiting that any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States is sold to other countries
(E)that any chemical banned in the United States on medical grounds is prohibited from being sold to other countries.
79. since (then …) 要用完成时态
80. yet，but 等连词连接独立句子时，前应该有分号T184
81. 多动词结构，特别是有被动语态时，应该保证最后一个动词的逻辑主语明确 T171，T181，T183
82. 被动语态加动词不定式，则不定式逻辑主语为被动语态动作发出者 T183.
85. 动词 + 宾语 +that从句为错误的表达，应为动词+that从句 T61 fficeffice" />


作者: frankdong    时间: 2004-7-2 16:35

简洁
1. never regain again重复错误.T246
2. 虚拟语气中的should一定要省略
3. 句子中不得有重复的成分，如soaring与rise/ increase/ grow/ raise等，amount to a sum 其中a sum就多余 T101，annual 与a year重复T110
4. n + that is + adj. 为wordy的表达，正确的是：过去分词/ adj.+ 名词，T34，T151. 如dioxins that are currently uncontrolled 应为currently uncontrolled dioxins
5. not any 应改为no，T59
6.主语加两个动作，如果两动作有同一主语，则两个动作并列，不能在第二个动作前重复主语 T65
84. at one time -> onceT188fficeffice" />

没有歧义
1. A+修饰短语（如现在分词短语）+B，如果修饰短语既可以修饰A又可以修饰B，则有歧义，错.T245，T179
34. sb.1 and sb. B + 定语从句，要明白定语从句到底修饰哪个，可以考虑使用sb.1 +定语从句 and sb.2的形式来解决.T27
53. increase twice有歧义T72 (两倍/两次)
64. a of b and c ，有歧义，T128.

主谓一致
1. 复合主语，谓语用复数T249
. Bluegrass musician Bill Monroe, whose repertory, views on musical collaboration, and vocal style were influential on generations of bluegrass artists. was also an inspiration to many musicians, that included Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia. whose music differed significantly from his own.
(A)were influential on generations of bluegrass artists, was also an inspiration to many musicians, that included Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music differed significantly from
(B)influenced generations of bluegrass artists, also inspired many musicians, including Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music differed significantly from
(C)was influential to generations of bluegrass artists, was also inspirational to many musicians, that included Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music was different significantly in comparison to
(D)was influential to generations of bluegrass artists, also inspired many musicians, who included Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, the music of whom differed significantly when compared to
(E)were an influence on generations of bluegrass artists, was also an inspiration to many musicians, including Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music was significantly different from that of
2. each of…every one of …为单数
3. a and b + 复数动词，即无论a，b是cn 还是un. T107
4. there be 句型中，单复数应有后面的句子主语来决定.
5. 一本书应用单数T174

平行对称
2. 注意大平行中有小平行，而且平行结构最后一个item之前要有and 连接T233
3. 搞清楚谁与谁平行:
To help preserve ancient Egyptian monuments threatened by high water tables，a Swedish engineering firm has proposed installing pumps，perhaps solar powered，to lower the underground water level and dig trenches around the bases of the stone walls.
(A) to lower the underground water level and dig trenches
(B) to lower the underground water level and to dig trenches
(C) to lower the underground water level and digging trenches
(D) that lower the underground water level and that trenches be dug
(E) that lower the underground water level and trench digging
4.对称尽量：形式对称(T30，T106，T155)，主动与被动表达上(T16，T133)，语法上(T33)对称，如to do is to do.. 如果不能完全对称，亦可部分对称，比如in part就与partly不对称. T204，T190，T201
In recent years cattle breeders have increasingly used crossbreeding, in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics and partly because crossbreeding is said to provide hybrid vigor.
(A)in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics
(B)in part for the acquisition of certain characteristics in their steers
(C)partly because of their steers acquiring certain characteristics
(D)partly because certain characteristics should be acquired by their steers
(E)partly to acquire certain characteristics in their steers
5. 从划线部分推断未划线部分的结构/意义/形式，如系平行结构T8，T169
6. 需要用平行结构的短语：rather than (其后不定式to 可以省略)，instead of..，as …，or ..(T138)，not X but (rather) Y (T172)，more X than Y
7. 首先注意是不是平行结构，或者划线部分与非划线部分能否构成平行结构，谁和谁平行对称.T104


作者: frankdong    时间: 2004-7-2 16:35

习惯用语
1. in part 为副词，不能够用来做连词
2. although/though 出现的必须有完整的整句与从句. 如以下句子就有问题. …with crests and troughs that remain stationary although the they are formed by rapidly moving air… T205
3. aim at doing sth. Or with the aim of doing sth.
4. and also表示并列，与短语not only…but also (此处不能使用and also) 同义T216
5. the rivalry between X and Y or the rivals X and y. T217
7. during/over a period of 100 years..
8. withhold from the public the identities…T222
9. credit sth/sb. with having had some effect or give credit to sth for having had some effect.T226
11. attempt to do sth T227
12 liken sth to sth T229
13. 在如下结构中，the bag is too heavy to carry，carry的宾语it不需要. T234
14. apprenticeship as…T235
15. helpful in doing sth. or help do sth
16. necessity of sth. 而非 for sth. T242
17. able 只能用于人，不能物T234
18. there are more birds，but not more numbers. T251
The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction; its numbers are now five times greater than when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in the early 1970's. .
(A)extinction; its numbers are now five times greater than
(B)extinction; its numbers are now five times more than
(C)extinction, their numbers now fivefold what they were
(D)extinction, now with fivefold the numbers they had
(E)extinction, now with numbers five times greater than
20. 表示原因，sth is determined by sth.
22. lead sb. to do sth.
23. attribute to sb. 归功于
24. likelihood of sth. or likelihood that
Do you think there is any likelihood of his agreeing to it?
25. regard as sth. ，regard as doing sth or sth. is regarded as sth.；prize sth as sth. T97；view sth as sth. T47；think of X as Y T182；use sth. as sth.
26. model… after…
27. prohibit sth. or prohibit sb. from doing sth.，prohibit sth. from doing sth. 不用that 从句T100
28. propose doing sth. or propose to do sth. or propose that…
29. look to sb./sth. to do sth.指望
30. encourage sth. or encourage sb. to do sth.
31. despite/in spite of 后面不能够跟句子
32. be likely to do sth.
33. be liable to do sth. (一般为bad outcome)，不能用be liable that 形式
34. allow that / allow for /We must allow him to be a good teacher 承认
35.如果用as或like来比较，其中一个为肯定，一个为否定，则最好使用like，而不用as.T91. like A，B doesn’t..
Like many self-taught artists, Perle Hessing did not begin to paint until she was well into middle age.
(A) Like
(B) As have
(C) Just as with
(D) Just like
(E) As did
36. never before的用法：never before had taxpayers confronted so many changes at once as they confronted in the tax reform act of 1986.
41. so much as 用于否定句，as much as 用于肯定句中P105
41. require sb. to do sth. ，require of sb. that，require that…，n + required of sb. to do sth. T181，require of sb. to do 以及 require sb. that为错误的表达
Because of the enormous research and
development expenditures required to survive in the electronics industry, an industry marked by rapid innovation and volatile demand, such firms tend to be very large.
(A)to survive
(B)of firms to survive
(C)for surviving
(D)for survival
(E)for firms' survival
44. invest millions of dollars in research to do sth. (不是for doing) T112
45. significant 与significantly之间的区别T144
46. use sth as sth or use sth to do sth. T120
48. one …another…T126
49. substitute sth. for sth. T127
50. restitution the act of restoring to sb. for sth. (表示原因) T130
51. equal 以及equivalent 不仅仅指数量相同，而且常常修饰un; as …many as 修饰cn. T132. eg. An equivalent amount of resistance，a volume of water equal to the Lake Michigan.
52. economical节约的 / economic与经济有联系的
53. 介词 + which 优于where T137
81. suggest doing sth. T160
78. consider sth. sth. T65，79，154
10. require that X be y.T227
21. expect sb. to do sth.，expect sth. to be.，expect that， expect to do sth. or expect sth.
42. sth. is believed to do.；believe X to be Y T9；sth. is expected to do sth. T131；
6. X orders Y to do sth / be + 过去分词 or X orders that Y do sth / be +过去分词
54. demand / mandate / propose that + 虚拟语气，(T142/T145/T141)
55. content that 不要虚拟语气 T157
22. on condition that 虚拟语气(无should)
78. as if /as though 表示虚拟语气，不能与as 对换. T180
56. as 表示比较的时候，一定要用句子，而非短语T147
57. mistake X for Y T150
58. eat 为级物动词T151
59. with 与have 表示表示拥有 (possess)T158，T165
60. underlie- underlay-underlain
T11. rate 表示prices charged 的时候用rates for sth. 的结构 T13. eg. Soaring rates for liability insurance.
62. estimate sth. to be…years old T14.
63. distinguish between X and y. T15
64. without doing sth/ sth. 不要在without 与doing之间加任何东西T 15
65 attribute sth. to sth.
67. be difficult to do sth
68. in the coming month 而非into如 the economy will continue to expand in the coming month. T28
69. no less than
70. admit to sth.承认. T31
72. a method of doing sth 而非to do/doing sth.
73. worry about sth.
76. range from sth. to sth. or a wide range of sth. T58 / T77
79. ‘s 后面尽量用名词T66
82. density 是一个population 的特征，而非一个个体的属性，且与great 连用. T161
83. provided (that) 假若.
You may keep the book a further week provided (that) no one else requires it.
84. it is better to use the singular in referring to an anatomical feature common to an entire species. T176
As a result of the ground-breaking work of
Barbara McClintock, many scientists now believe that all of the information encoded in 50.000 to 100.000 of the different genes found in a human cell are contained in merely three percent of the cell's DNA.
(A)50,000 to 100,000 of the different genes found in a human cell are contained in merely
(B)50,000 to 100,000 of the human cell's different genes are contained in a mere
(C)the 50,000 to 100,000 different genes found in human cells are contained in merely
(D)50,000 to 100,000 of human cells' different genes is contained in merely
(E)the 50,000 to 100,000 different genes found in a human cell is contained in a mere
85. persuade sb. to do sth T177
86. the same year that T174
87. X is why … (错)，X is the reason why …罗索 T177
88. help to do sth. T177
89. instead of doing sth.
90. target at sb. (非to ) T195fficeffice" />

作者: frankdong    时间: 2004-7-2 16:36

比较
1. more + …rather than/ instead of/ compare with/ comparison with …错，有more有比较 就有than，T254; 有than 就有比较T106
2. 注意比较的对象T268
3. 要么as...as..要么more than而不要混用
4. 主句从句对比时，尽量保持平行T188
5. 名词1+动词+介词+名词2的结构，如果有对比，如higher than…/ in the same way as …/instead off…+ X，其中X部分通常有两种形式：名词3+动词以表示名词3与名词1对称; 或介词+名词4以表示名词4与名词2对称.
…formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to them (指new small business) in the same way as to established big business
6. than usual/ than ever before(T98)为习惯表达，如 the weather is wetter than usual.. fficeffice" />

代词指代
1.在同一句子重，同一代词指代相同的对象.T12，T159
2. 代词要有明确的指代对象T35，T42，T43
3.there，where，those，these，they，its，出现时，也要有明确的指代对象，并且该对象不能出现在定语成分中T38，T80，T181
4. 动词后面用来指代一个动作只能用so，如think so，do so. T41, T215
6. 注意复数对应复数T61，T97. eg. Iguanas are still prized as game animals
7. 指代前面提及的examples or instances时，用such而非theseT116.
8. do 可以代替动词不定式，如 T129，their wines are priced to sell and they do (代替sell)
83. 指代人的时候只能用who(m)，不能用that/which T188 词义差别
1. disadvantaged (地位低微的) 与disadvantage 的区别 T30
2. <I>var</I>iation among与<I>var</I>iation in的区别 (横向与纵向) T62
3. the rising cost 比the rising of cost 地道T52
4. as 与like的区别：like象，不是同一类，用于比喻; as 作为，是同一类，可用于类比
5.表示是否用whether不要if. Whether to do sth.
6. native to sth. 与native of sth. 的区别T36

作者: frankdong    时间: 2004-7-2 16:36

一共就这么多，大家参考一下吧


还是有一定价值的



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