标题: GMAT备考精华篇 [打印本页]
作者: smart 时间: 2004-6-17 18:55 标题: GMAT备考精华篇
GMAT备考精华-作文篇 http://bbs.topway.org/dispbbs.asp?boardID=54&ID=14093&page=11
GMAT备考精华－数学篇1.1 http://bbs.topway.org/dispbbs.asp?boardID=54&ID=14095&page=11
GMAT备考精华－逻辑篇 http://bbs.topway.org/dispbbs.asp?boardID=54&ID=14096&page=11
GMAT备考之百家争鸣 http://bbs.topway.org/dispbbs.asp?boardID=54&ID=14091&page=11
GMAT备考精华-OVERVIEW http://bbs.topway.org/dispbbs.asp?boardID=54&ID=14094&page=11
快评GMAT教材 http://bbs.topway.org/dispbbs.asp?boardID=54&ID=14090&page=11
GMAT备考精华－改错篇 http://bbs.topway.org/dispbbs.asp?boardID=54&ID=14097&page=11
GMAT备考精华－阅读篇 http://bbs.topway.org/dispbbs.asp?boardID=54&ID=14092&page=11
作者: assfgrtrtr 时间: 2004-7-15 16:12
非常感谢,顶一下
作者: zergoo 时间: 2004-9-7 14:27
我怎么打不开那些网页？
[em06]
作者: lly72823 时间: 2004-9-26 09:01
thanks a lot!!
作者: baby11 时间: 2004-10-26 13:30
thanks !
作者: smart 时间: 2004-11-1 19:55
GMAT备考精华-作文篇
GMAT备考精华-作文篇
共分二部分：
1. 孙远--GMAT作文--讲义
2. 800SCORE作文模板
第一部分：孙远--GMAT作文--讲义
一、考试指南
GMAT作文考两篇作文，一篇是一个是非问题分析（Analysis of an Issue）; 另一篇作文是一个逻辑问题分析（Analysis of an Argument）。两篇作文各考30分钟，加起来共一个小时。简单地说，第一篇作文是立论，第二篇作文是驳论。
1. 逻辑问题分析例文
The following appeared in a memorandum from the Director of Human Resources to the executive officers of Company X.
“Last year, we surveyed our employees on improvements needed at Company X by having them rank, in order of importance, the issues presented in a list of possible improvements. Improved communications between employees and management was consistently ranked as the issue of highest importance by the employees who responded to the survey. As you know, we have since instituted regular communications sessions conducted by high-level management, which the employees can attend on a voluntary basis. Therefore, it is likely that most employees at Company X now feel that the improvement most needed at the company has been made.”
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative, explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.
2. 是非问题分析例文
“Employees should keep their private lives and personal activities as separate as possible from the workplace.”
Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.
GMAT作文题库是怎么回事
GMAT作文的评分标准
GMAT作文如何阅卷和评分
二、课程安排
1. 教学内容
Part One: Analysis of an Argument
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Case Study 4
Part Tw Analysis of an Issue
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Case Study 4
Part Three: Summary
1. Language Skills
2. Prep Tips
2. 教学方法
(1)案例分析
逻辑分析(4个)
是非分析(4个)
(2)作文的结构和模式
(3)论证方法
(4)语言问题
Part One
三、逻辑问题例文分析
Case Study 1：
The following appeared as part of an article in a daily newspaper.
“The computerized onboard warning system that will be installed in commercial airliners will virtually solve the problem of midair plane collisions. One plane’s warning system can receive signals from another’s transponder--a radio set that signals a plane’s course--in order to determine the likelihood of a collision and recommend evasive action.”
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative, explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.
2分作文:
This argument has no information about air collisions. I think most cases happen is new airports because the air traffic is heavy. In this case sound airport control could solve the problem.
I think this argument is logically reasonable. Its assumption is that plane collisions are caused by planes that don’t know each others positions. So pilots can do nothing, if they know each other’s position through the system it will solve the problem. If it can provide evidence the problem is lack of knowledge of each other’s positions, it will be more sound and persuasive.
More information about air collisions is helpful, (the reason for air collisions)
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4分作文
The argument is not logically convincing. It does not state whether all planes can receive signals from each other. It does not state whether planes constantly receive signals. If they only receive signals once every certain time interval, collisions will not definitely be prevented. Further if they receive a signal right before they are about to crash, they cannot avoid each other.
The main flaw in the argument is that it assumes that the two planes, upon receiving each other’s signals, will know which evasive action to take. For example, the two planes could be going towards each other and then receive the signals. If one turns at an angle to the left and the other turns at an angle to the right, the two planes will still crash. Even if they receive an updated signal, they will not have time, to avoid each other.
The following argument would be more sound and persuasive. The new warning system will solve the problem of midair plane collisions. Each plane will receive constant, continual signals from each other. If the two planes are headed in a direction where they will crash, the system will coordinate the signals and tell one plane to go one way, and the other plane to go another way. The new system will ensure that the two planes will turn in different directions so they don’t crash by trying to prevent the original crash. In addition, the planes will be able to see themselves and the other on a computer screen, to aid in the evasive action.
6分作文：
The argument that this warning system will virtually solve the problem of midair plane collisions omits some important concerns that be addressed to substantiate the argument. The statement that follows the des cription of what this warning system will do simply describes the system and how it operates. This alone does not constitute a logical argument in favor of the warning system, and it certainly does not provide support or proof of the main argument.
Most conspicuously, the argument does not address the cause of the problem of air plane collisions, the use of the system by pilots and flight specialists, or who is involved in the midair plane collisions. First, the argument assumes that the cause of the problem is that the planes’ courses, the likelihood of collisions, and actions to avoid collisions are unknown or inaccurate. But if the cause of the problem of midair plane collisions is that pilots are not paying attention to their computer systems or flight operations, the warning system will not solve the collision problem. Second, the argument never addresses the interface between individuals and the system and how this will affect the warning system’s objective of obliterating the problem of collisions. If the pilot or flight specialist does not conform to what the warning system suggests, air collisions will not be avoided. Finally, if planes other than commercial airliners are involved in the collisions, the problem of these collisions cannot be solved by a warning system that will not be installed on non-commercial airliners. The argument also does not address what would happen in the event that the warning system collapsed, falls, or does not work properly.
Because the argument leaves out several key issues, it is not sound or persuasive. If it included the items discussed above instead of solely explaining what the system supposedly does, the argument would have been more thorough and convincing.
Case Study 2：
The following appeared in an Avia Airlines departmental memorandum: “On average, 9 out of every 1000 passengers who traveled on Avia Airlines in 1993 filed a complaint about our luggage-handing procedures. This means that although some 1 percent of our passengers were unhappy with those procedures, the overwhelming majority were quite satisfied with them; thus it would appear that a review of the procedures is not important to our goal of maintaining or increasing the number of Avia's passengers.”
Discuss how logically convincing you find this argument. In explaining your point of view, be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. Also discuss what, if anything, would make the argument more sound and persuasive, or would help you to better evaluate its conclusion.
Student Essay
In Avia Airlines's survey, nearly 1 present of its passengers were unhappy with its baggage-handling procedures. The result sounds good. But the small pool of samples in regard with all passengers, the weakness of procedure of complaint, and other reasons below will weaken the result, or draw to an opposite conclusion .
Avia Airlines can only survive by transporting hundreds of thousands of passengers each years. Many passengers who were not satisfied with its baggage-handling procedures maybe did not write down a complaint. Assuming that only one percent of those unsatisfied passengers complained in written forms, the number of unsatisfied would be 900 out of every 1000 passenger. It is a horrible ratio. Avia Airlines could be murdered by the remaining 899 unsatisfied ones.
To 1000, 9 seems a very small ratio. But if the first of the nine unsatisfied passengers is President Clinton, the story is attactive to most reporters. In some hours or days, Avia Arline will exist in newspapers, magazines, TV sports, reports and Internet. This kind of free advertisement will surely bomb AA to sky.
Avia Airlines has too many competitors in and out of USA. Clients of other Airlines, for instance, Singapore. Airlines or Japan Airlines may have no complaints about baggage-handling procedures. AA may gradually loose more and more of its passengers and die out.
So AA' s conclusion would. be absurd through reasoning. Unsatisfied passengers who did not complain, the famous persons who complained, and competitors with no unsatisfied passengers all will make disastrous result for the Avia Airlines. So a review of the procedure is very important to its goal of maintaining or increasing the number of passengers.
Revised Essay
In this argument, the arguer concludes that a review of Avia Airline's baggage-handling procedures will not further its goal of maintaining or increasing the number of Avia passengers. To support this conclusion, the arguer points out that only one percent of passengers who traveled on Avia last year filed a complaint. In addition, the arguer reasons that the great majority of Avia passengers are happy with baggage handling at the airline. This argument suffers from two critical flaws.
In the first place, the argument turns on the assumption that the 99 percent of Avia passengers who did not complain were happy with the airline's baggage-handling procedures. However, the arguer provides no evidence to support this assumption. The fact that, on average, 9 out of 1000 passengers took the time and effort to formally complain indicates nothing about the experiences or attitudes of the remaining 991. It is possible that many passengers were displeased but too busy to formally complain, while others had no opinion at all. Lacking more complete information about passengers' attitudes, we cannot assume that the great majority of passengers who did not complain were happy.
In the second place, in the absence of information about the number of passengers per flight and about the complaint records of competing airlines, the statistics presented in the memorandum might distort the seriousness of the problem. Given that most modern aircrafts carry as many as 300 to 500 passengers, it is possible that Avia received as many as 4 or 5 complaints per flight. The arguer unfairly trivializes this record. Moreover, the arguer fails to compare Avia's record with those of its competitors. It is possible that a particular competitor received virtually no baggage-handling complaints last year. If so, Avia's one percent complaint rate might be significant enough to motivate customers to switch to another airline.
In conclusion, the arguer fails to demonstrate that a review of the baggage-handling procedures at Avia Airlines is not needed to maintain or increase the number of Avia's passengers. To strengthen the argument, the author would have to provide evidence that most Avia passengers last year were indeed happy with baggage-handling procedures. To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information about the numbers of Avia passengers per flight last year and about the baggage-handling records of Avia's competitors.
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四、Argument开头段模式训练
.写作的开头尤其重要
.事先准备一个开头模式
.进行适当调整
.已经提出的模式：
第一段（4句话）：
第一句归纳原论证结论(In this argument, the arguer concludes that)
第二句话指出原论证一个方面的论据(To support this conclusion, the arguer points out that)
第三句话指出另一个方面论据(In addition, the arguer reasons that)
第四句话表明对论述的基本判断（此判断有逻辑方面的缺陷）
Sample 1:
Argument Question :
The following appeared as part of an article in a trade magazine for breweries.
"Magic Hat Brewery recently released the results of a survey of visitors to its tasting room last year. Magic Hat reports that the majority of visitors asked to taste its low-calorie beers. To boost sales, other small breweries should brew low-calorie beers as well."
开头段:
In this argument, the arguer concludes that all small breweries should brew low-calorie beers in order to increase sales. To support this conclusion, the arguer points out that most visitors to the tasting room of Magic Hat Brewery showed interest in its low-calorie beers. In addition, the arguer reasons that since most visitors like to taste the low-calorie beers of Magic Hat Brewery, most customers of other small breweries would also like to buy low-calorie beers. A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless it is.
Sample 2:
Argument Question :
The following appeared as part of an article in the book section on a newspaper.
"Currently more and more books are becoming available in electronic form-either free-of-charge on the Internet or for a very low price-per-book in compact disc.* Thus literary classics are likely to be read more widely than ever before. People who couldn't have purchased these works at bookstore prices will now be able to read them for little or no money; similarly, people who find it inconvenient to visit libraries and wait for books to be returned by other patrons will now have access to whatever classic they choose from their home or work computers. This increase in access to literary classics will radically affect the public taste in reading, creating a far more sophisticated and learned reading audience than has ever existed before."
*A compact disc is a small portable disc capable of storing relatively large amounts of data that can be read by a computer.
开头段:
In this argument, the arguer concludes that the increasing availability of books in electronic form will automatically bring about a far more sophisticated and learned reading audience. To support this conclusion, the arguer points out that the Internet and compact discs have made it more convenient for readers to find, buy or read books. In addition, the arguer reasons that since more people have easier access to literary classics, tasteful readers will emerge in large numbers. This argument is flawed in two major aspects.
五、逻辑问题例文分析
Case Study 3：
The following appeared in the editorial section of a newspaper.
“As public concern over drug abuse has increased, authorities have become more vigilant in their effort to prevent illegal drugs from entering the country. Many drug traffickers have consequently switched from marijuana, which is bulky, or heroin, which has a market too small to justify the risk of severe punishment, to cocaine. Thus enforcement efforts have ironically resulted in an observed increase in the illegal use of cocaine.”
Student Essay
The argument that enforcement effort over illegal drag trade, incurred by the increase of public concern over drug abuse, resulted in an observed increase in the illegal use of cocaine sound reasonable at first. But the fact that movement against drag abuse is the venture of all human being and all the responsibility of all governments, and other reasons below will weak the result, or draw to an opposite conclusion.
Drug abuse brings us human being nothing but a disaster, mental aberration, debilitated health, career desolation, family breakage and people’s totally out of control. No doubt, however small the result will be, every government should take some action against drug abuse, make people way from illegal drugs and bring a steady and health society.
All kinds of illegal drugs, not only cocaine, endangers our lives. Considering the enforcement effort over illegal drugs, we should view the efforts over the total amount of marijuana, heroin, cocaine and other illegal drugs. Since many drug traffickers have consequently switched from marijuana and heroin to cocaine because of government’s action, We can not tell the change on the total amount of drugs if, with the dramatic decrease of marijuana and heroin, this total amount decreased as the result of enforcement. We can claim that opposite the argument, the enforcement of effort do overawe the drug traffickers.
The argument also tells us that government’s efforts to prevent illegal drugs from entering the country had effectively made drug traffickers switched form marijuana and heroin to cocaine, which means with the decrease on marijuana and heroin, the government can focus their effort on cocaine. We can see the bright future that authorities will effectively beat the cocaine traffickers just as they beat the marijuana and heroin traffickers.
So the argument’s conclusion would absurd though reasoning. The authorities action did some efforts to the illegal drug abuse they should continue the enforcement against drug abuse, with efficiency.
Revised Essay
In this argument, the arguer concludes that the government’s efforts to prevent illegal drugs from entering the country have resulted in an obvious increase in the illegal use of cocaine. To support this conclusion, the arguer points out that the authorities’ more vigilant efforts to thwart the illegal drug traffic in the country have forced drug traffickers to switch from marijuana and heroin to cocaine. In addition, the arguer reasons that the increase in the supply of cocaine has resulted in its increasing use. This argument commits two critical fallacies.
In the first place, this argument commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification. The arguer assumes that an increase in the supply of cocaine is sufficient to bring about an increase in its use. While the supply of cocaine may be one of the contributing factors to its use, it is insufficient. The presumption required to substantiate this view is that drug users are not particular about which drugs they use, so that if marijuana and heroin are not available, they will switch to whatever drug is available--cocaine in this case. This assumption is not reasonable. Marijuana, heroin, and cocaine are not alike in their effects on users; nor are they alike in the manner in which they are ingested or in their addictive properties. The view that drug users’ choice of drugs is simply a function of supply overlooks these important differences. Besides, the argument is self-contradictory. If it were true, as stated by the arguer, that cocaine trafficking is both safer than the bulky marijuana and more profitable than heroin that has a small market, this fact alone would have motivated the drug traffickers to switch to cocaine. In this case, the government enforcement effort should not be held accountable for the rise in the use of cocaine.
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In the second place, the arguer fails to provide the necessary information based on which we can evaluate the comprehensive effect of the government's action. The background of the incident is that the drug abuse has now become ever more serious a social problem than anytime in the past. And this is what motivated the government actions against drug trafficking in the first place. We, therefore, can reasonably assume that before the government took actions the abuse of all major popular drugs had been on the trend of increase, including the use of cocaine. The newspaper editorial, however, only mentions the observed increase in the use of cocaine while failing to provide any information to specify the current increase and that before the government strengthened its drug contraction efforts. We thus cannot compare the patterns of change in this aspect before and after the government actions in order to reach any valid conclusion about the impact of the government actions on the use of cocaine.
If the trend of increase in cocaine abuse has been slowed down, or if the total amount of illegal drugs in the market has been significantly reduced, even though the absolute use of cocaine is still increasing, we would say that the government efforts in apprehending drug traffickers are somehow effective.
In conclusion, the arguer oversimplifies the cause-and-effect relationship between government's increased efforts and the observed increase in the illegal use of cocaine. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that the government's enforcement efforts have directly led to the increased supply and use of cocaine. To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information about the trend of increase in the use of cocaine and other drugs before and after the government's actions.
六、Argument典型逻辑错误
1. 调查类逻辑错误
抽样的程序是否具有随机性
样品是否足够大
Example 1:
The following appeared as part of an article in a trade magazine for breweries.
“Magic Hat Brewery recently released the results of a survey of visitors to its tasting room last year. Magic Hat reports that the majority of visitors asked to taste its low-calorie beers. To boost sales, other small breweries should brew low-calorie beers as well.”
Example 2:
The following appeared in a memorandum from a member of a financial management and consulting firm.
“We have learned from an employee of Witful Ltd. that is accounting department by checking about 10% of the last month purchasing invoices for errors any inconsistencies saved the company some $10,000 in over-payments. In order to help our clients increase the net gains, we should advise each of them to institute a policy of checking all purchasing invoices for errors. Such recommendation could also help us get the Witful account by demonstrating to Witful the regressness of our methods."
A. The source of the news is not dependable.
B. The sample cannot reflect the general condition.
2. 错误类比
Example:
The following appeared in a memorandum from the owner of Carlo's Clothing to the staff.
"Since Disc Depot, the music store on the next block, began a new radio advertising campaign last year, its business has grown dramatically, as evidenced by the large increase in foot traffic into the store. While the Disc Depot's owners have apparently become wealthy enough to retire, profits at Carlo's Clothing have remained stagnant for the past three years. In order to boost our sales and profits, we should therefore switch from newspaper advertising to frequent radio advertisements like those for Disc Depot."
A. First, the argument rests on a fallacy of post hoc, ergo proper hoc.
B. Another problem with this argument is that it suffers from a false analogy.
3. 证据遗失类逻辑错误
Example:
The following appeared in the editorial section of a local paper.
"Applications for advertising spots on KMTV, our local cable television channel, decreased last year. Meanwhile a neighboring town's local channel, KOOP, changed its focus to farming issues and reported an increase in advertising applications for the year. To increase applications for advertisement its spots, KMTV should focus its programming on farming issues as well."
A. The argument is based on a false analogy.
B. In addition, the arguer ignores other ways to increase the applications for advertising spots on KMTV.
七、逻辑问题例文分析
Case Study 4:
The following appeared in the editorial section of a corporate newsletter:
“The common notion that workers are generally apathetic about management issues is false, or at least outdated: a recently published survey indicates that 79 percent of the nearly 1,200 workers who responded to survey questionnaires expressed a high level of interest in the topics of corporate restructuring and redesign of benefits programs.”
Student Essay
First, the argument does not address how the nearly 1200 workers were selected, so the representativeness of the sample is doubtful. If the workers were selected by voluntary participation, then there is possibility that these voluntary workers tended to care more about management issues.
Second, the argument does not prove the credibility of the answers of the workers. It leaves open the possibility that workers who actually did not care about management issues may in a survey gave positive answers for various reasons.
Third, the argument only confines to such management issues as corporate restructuring and redesign of benefits programs, which happen to have close and main influence on workers.
Revised Essay
Based upon a survey among workers that indicates a high level of interest in the topics of corporate restructuring and redesigning of benefits programs, the arguer concludes that workers are not apathetic about management issues. Specifically, the arguer assumes that since 79 percent of the 1200 workers who responded to the survey expressed interest in these topics, the notion that workers are generally apathetic about management issues is incorrect. The reasoning in this argument is problematic in several respects.
First, the survey itself is open to question. The argument does not indicate how the nearly 1200 workers were selected. If the workers were selected by voluntary participation instead of random sampling, then there is the possibility that these voluntary workers tended to care more about management issues. In this case, the representiveness of the sample is problematic. In addition, the statistics cited in the editorial may be misleading because the total number of workers employed by the corporation is not specified. For example, if the corporation employs 2000 workers, the fact that 79 percent of the nearly 1200 respondents showed interest in these topics provides strong support for the conclusion. On the other hand, if the corporation employs 200,000 workers, the conclusion would be much weaker. Furthermore, the survey does not involve workers of other companies throughout the country.
Another problem with the argument is that it makes a hasty generalization about the types of issues that workers are interested in. It accords with common sense that workers would be interested in corporate restructuring and redesigning of benefits programs, since these issues affect workers very directly. However, it is unfair to assume that workers would be similarly interested in other management issues, ones that do not affect them or affect them less directly.
In conclusion, this argument is not convincing as it stands. To strengthen it, the arguer would have to show that the respondents account for a significant and representative portion of all workers. Additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to prove that workers do have general interest in other management topics--not just those that affect them directly.
八、Argument结尾段模式训练
Example 1: 上文的最后一段
Example 2:
The following appeared in a letter from a staff member in the office of admissions at Argent University.
“The most recent nationwide surveys show that undergraduates choose their major field primarily based on their perception of job prospects in that field. At our university, economics is now the most popular major, so students must perceive this field as having the best job prospects. Therefore, we can increase our enrollment if we focus our advertising and recruiting on publicizing the accomplishments of our best-known economics professors and the success of our economics graduates in finding employment.”
Topic Sentence 1: First, the argument is based on a gratuitous assumption that students throughout the country must perceive economics as having the best job prospects because economics is the most popular major at Argent University.
Topic Sentence 2: Second, the arguer overemphasizes the importance of economics major and ignores other possible factors that may contribute to the enrollment.
Topic Sentence 3: Another assumption in short of legitimacy is the causal relationship claimed between publishing the accomplishments of Argent’s best-known economics professors as well as the success of its economics graduates in finding employment and the enrollment increase.
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（to continue）
In conclusion, the argument is unconvincing because the arguer oversimplifies both the problem and its possible solutions. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that the economics is indeed the most attractive major for undergraduates all over the country. To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information about the present enrollment situation of both the economics field and other fields at Argent University as well as other possible effective means for promoting enrollment.
九、Argument小结
Part Two
十、是非问题例文分析
Case Study 1：
“People often complain that products are not made to last. They feet that making products that wear out fairly quickly wastes both natural and human resources. What they fail to see, however, is that such manufacturing practices keep costs down for the consumer and stimulate demand.”
Which do you find more compelling the complaint about products that do not list or the response to it? Explain your position using relevant reasons and/or examples drawn from your own experience, observations, or reading.
2分作文：
I find the response better than the complaint of people. The response seems to originate without much thought involved. It is more of an emotional complaint than one anchored in logic or thought. Yes, it is a waste of human resources but that is without consideration to the benefits: lower costs and stimulated demand. Thus, the response fails to recognize the benefits.
The strength of the response is that it forces the reader to reconsider the complaint. It adds a new dimension to the argument. It, however, fails to address the issue of wasting human resources. Does this mean the responder agrees with the notion of wasting resources.
In all actuality both the response and complaint is ineffective. The complaint doesn’t recognize or address the benefits, like the response doesn’t address the issue of wasting resources. The response, however, does bring in a new dimension and thus weakens the argument of the complaint.
4分作文：
I find the response to the complaint more compelling. Although the complaint is valid, it is most often the case the building a product to last forever will indeed cost more than the average consumer is willing to pay. Creating such a product would require more materials and/or more heavy-duty wear resistant materials which inherently are more expensive. Another factor that would drive costs up is the fact that demand for products would decrease. The demand would decrease since people do not have to replace old products with new products as often. With the increased variable costs for materials combined with a reduction in the production volume associated with lower demand, manufacturers must raise prices to break even or maintain the current level of profits.
Although a few producers may make products to last, it is understandable how these companies can be driven out of existence. If a new competitor enters the market with a similar product that has a shorter life but a substantially lower price, then they will probably steal major portions of the other company's market share. The effects depend heavily upon the consumer’s perception of quality and what the customers requirements from the product actually are.
For example, consumers may decide between two types of automobiles. One car may be built to last a long time but may not have the performance or be as comfortable as another car that is cheaper. So most consumers would purchase the cheaper car even though it may not last-as long as the heavy-duty car. Consumers may not realize that the more expensive car is of higher quality in the sense that it will last longer and will not be willing to pay the extra cost.
Consumer decisions also depend on what consumers are actually looking for in a product. Consumers typically get tired of driving the same car for many years and want to buy new cars fairly often. This tendency forces producers to keep costs low enough to allow low enough prices for people to buy cars often. People don’t want cars to last forever.
In conclusion, producers are in the situation that they're in due to external forces from the consumers. Producers must compete and they have found the best way satisfy the majority of the consumers.
6分作文：
Many people feel that products are not made to last, and correspondingly, many natural and human resources are wasted. On the other hand, it can be noted that such manufacturing practices keep costs down and hence stimulate demand. In this discussion, I shall present arguments favoring the former statement and refuting the latter statement.
Products that are not made to last waste a great deal of natural and human resources. The exact amount of wasted natural resources depends on the specific product. For example in the automobile industry, the Yugo is the classic example of an underpriced vehicle that was not made to last. Considering that the average Yugo had (not “has” since they are no longer produced! ) a life expectancy of two years and 25, 000 miles, it was a terrible waste.
Automobile industry standards today create vehicles that are warranted for about five years and 50, 000 miles. By producing cheap Yugos that last less than half as long as most cars are warranted, the Yugo producer is wasting valuable natural resources. These same resources could be used by Ford or Toyota to produce an Escort or Tercel that will last twice as long, thereby reducing the usage of natural resources by a factor of two.
Human resources in this example are also wasteful. On the production side, manufacturers of a poor quality automobile, like the Yugo, get no personal or profession satisfaction from the fact that their product is the worst automobile in the United States. This knowledge adversely affects the productivity of the Yugo workers.
Conversely, the workers at the Saturn plants constantly receive positive feedback on their successful products. Saturn prides itself with its reputation for quality and innovation as is seen in its recent massive recall to fix a defect. This recall was handled so well that Saturn's image was actually bolstered. Had a recall occurred at a Yugo plant, the bad situation would have become even worse.
Another factor in the human resources area is the reaction by the consumer. A great deal of human resources have been wasted by Yugo owners waiting for the dreaded tow truck to show up to haul away the Yugo carcass. Any vehicle owner who is uncertain of his/her vehicle's performance at 7 AM as he/she is about to drive to work, senses a great deal of despair. This is a great waste of human resources for the consumer.
While the consumer senses the waste of natural and human resources in a poor quality product, so does the manufacturer. People who argue that low quality manufacturing processes keep costs low for the consumer and hence stimulate demand should look at the Yugo example. In the mid-1998’s the Yugo was by far the cheapest car in the United States at $ 3995. By 1991, the Yugo was no longer sold here and was synonymous with the word “lemon.”
Case Study 2：
“The best way to give advice to other people is to find out what they want and then advise them how to attain it.”
Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above. Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples from your own experiences, observations, or reading.
Student Essay
When I was in Senior Middle School, I was an excellent student. And all my teachers believed that I would enter into a first-class university and would have a splendid future. Unfortunately, just before the Entrance Examination, l met an accident and laid down in bed for several months. At last, I was only admitted by a second-class university. With great disappointment, I felt that my future was nothing but darkness. And also I was afraid of being blamed by my patents.
Mother saw through my thoughts. She borrowed several instructive books for me and seldom mentioned the exams. For the first time, my parents asked for several days off and took me to Qingdao--the most famous scenic spot of China --for vacation. Along the seaside, Mother talked with me for many times. I can still clearly remember what she said: “The ways to success are different. If you keep positive and make efforts continuously, I believe that you will be no less excellent than those from first-class universities.” At last, eternity? Ask yourself what are you going to be in the future. Try your best, and you will reach your goal. "
For so many years, Mother' s words seems to have inscribed in my heart and lead me to gain successes one after another. From this personal experience, I fully understand and agree that the best way to give advice to other people is to find out what they want and then advise them how to attain it.
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Revised Essay
What is the best way to give advice to other people? The arguer claims that the best way is to find out what other people want and then advise them how to attain it. While I admit that many people do give advice by catering to other people’s desires, I maintain that this method oversimplifies the issue and often proves both harmful and ineffective.
In the first place, people very often have no clear idea of what they really want. My personal experience is a case in point. When I was in Senior Middle School, I was an excellent student. Moreover, all my teachers believed that I would enter a first-class university and would have a splendid future. Unfortunately, just before the Entrance Examination, I had an accident and had to lie in bed for several months. As a result, I was admitted only by a second-class university, which pushed me to the brink of despair. At this decisive moment of my life, my mother came to my rescue. By recommending to me instructive books on life, by talking with me heart to heart, by taking me on a trip to the beach, mother convinced me that the goal of my life was to live a successful and happy life rather than to go to a famous university, and that the ways to success are various. In this way my mother saved me out of the crisis of my life not simply by finding out what I wanted and then advising me how to attain it, but by patiently enlightening me on the essential meaning and purpose of life, making me realize that what I took for granted as my aim of life was not what I really needed.
In the second place, more often than not what people want is not what is best for them. A naive child may want to quit school; a patient suffering from TB may want to smoke; a jobless young man may want to commit suicide----this list can go on and on. In all these situations, should we simply find out what they want and advise them how to attain it? Obviously not.
Admittedly, it would be unwise to ignore the simple fact that people are different. As we know, excessive interference with other people’s life tends to threaten their freedom and independence, causing hostility and confrontation. Therefore, when offering advice to other people, we should be very sensitive to their unique feelings and desires, knowing that individual human beings have the inalienable right to make choices in their life and that they themselves will be responsible for the results of their decision-making.
In conclusion, I do not agree that the best way to advise people is simply to find out what they desire and help them achieve it. In my estimation, the pitfalls of such a technique outweigh its potential advantages. To be a responsible advisor, we should take into account far more intricate factors relevant to the person to be advised.
十一、Issue的立场问题
评分依据是：是否有效地支持了你的立场
Taking a Position:
1. Agreeing with concession
2. Disagreeing with concession
3. Refusing to take sides
4. Agreeing
5. Disagreeing
十二、是非问题例文分析
Case Study 3：
"The rise of multinational corporations is leading to global homogeneity. People everywhere arc beginning to want the same products and services, and regional difference are rapidly disappearing." "homogeneity: sameness, similarity."
Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above. Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples based on your own experience, your observations, or your reading.
Student's Essay
During the past few decades, multinational corporations have successfully implemented strategies expanding themselves into almost every comer of the world. The products and services they provide are almost the same, leading to global homogeneity, indeed.
The most prominent corporation among all has to be McDonald Inc. There is really no doubt that McDonald is a pioneer in globalizing its most produced and yet very -- American -- taste hamburgers. Some 6 years ago in China, People usually did not care for foreign food. Very few people ever knew the taste of cheese, a symbol of difference in oriental and Western food. However, McDonald proved to be huge success in China. The first branch it opened in Beijing is the largest among its thousands franchises. Hamburgers, French fries, Big Mac are becoming household words in China. Especially among the younger generations, going to McDonald once in a while becomes a routine activity in life, just as kids in other parts of the world do.
There is really no better place than China that can demonstrate how homogeneous our world has become. Another great example is Coca Cola. Everyone hated the taste when they drank Coca Cola in the first time. In China, the taste is so different from the traditional soft drinks sold in China, which mainly feature sweet taste and fruit flavor. The color of the Coke is also not liked because of its similarity to most herbal medicine fluids. But it seems that people simply want Coca Cola because they see people drink it and love it in other countries. People's tastes can change, and they did gradually. Now Coca Cola is the best sold soft drink in China, and in many other countries where Coke was originally disliked.
These all have to be attributed to the financial power of multinational corporations. With superior financial strength and successful products and services, these giants are shaping the world and the people living in it into their own favor, making people want the same products and services, and regional differences have been disappearing.
Revised Essay
Why are people everywhere beginning to want the same products and services? Why are regional differences rapidly disappearing? The arguer asserts that it is the rise of multinational corporations that is leading to this global homogeneity. We don’t have to look very far to see the validity of this argument.
During the past few decades, multinational corporations have successfully implemented strategies expanding themselves into almost every corner of the world, bringing the same products and standard services to customers of different countries and regions. The most striking example among all is perhaps McDonald Inc, which has miraculously globalized its mass-produced American-flavored hamburger all over the world. Take China for an example. Some 6 years ago, Chinese people did not care for foreign food; very few people knew the taste of cheese--a symbol of difference between Oriental and Western food. However, with its overwhelming advertising campaigns, with its efficient management, with its standardized foods and services, McDonald’s has proved to be a great success, turning Hamburger, French fries, Big Mac into household words in China.
In addition to McDonald’s, Coca-Cola is another striking example of the globalizing trend in world culture. Today almost in every country of the world, people instinctively think of Coca-Cola when they want to drink something. Obviously, with the rapid emergence of numerous multinational corporations like McDonald and Coca-Cola, people of different races and cultures are more and more likely to eat, drink, wear and use uniform commodities.
Admittedly, the rise of multinational corporations is not the only factor that has contributed to the global homogeneity. First, the more and more prosperous international travel has provided people of every nation with more and more opportunities to visit and learn from foreign cultures. Second, television has made it possible for people of different places to understand and imitate each other’s way of life. Last but not least, the Internet is connecting every office and family, turning the whole world into a global village.
In conclusion, while numerous other factors have contributed to and are still adding to the globalizing trend, the rise of multinational corporations is certainly one major force in shaping a homogeneous world.
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Case Study 4：
"Every business decision is based on the profit motive. Even charity has as its ultimate goal generating good will for the person or group doing the charity."
Assuming that the term "business decision" is broad enough to include the decisions of any decision-making authority--an individual, a family, a small business or a large corporation--explain whether you think that this point is valid. In your discussion, use reasons and/or examples drawn from your own experience, observation, or reading.
Student’s Essay
Many people believe that profit motive is the base of every business decision. Even ultimate goal of people or groups is to make profit when they are doing charity. I think that sometimes people make decision based on profit , but it is not always true.
The claims may be real and understandable under certain circumstances. In order to remain in existence, people or organizations must get profit. For example, a food-processing company may donor its products to Africa children, so it can solve its excessive store, get a good reputation and publicity its products. At last, it can gain ultimate its aim--making more money.
Although this thing may be happening in our lives, I think it is not consistent with general facts. I believe many people's decision rests on love sympathy, humanity and other things. The famous nurse--Nightingale is a good example: She was born in a rich family and she could live in a cozy, fortunate life. But she chose to be a nurse and devoted her life to the wound and the poor. Nobody can say what all she did is to make profit.
In conclusion, I hold that business decision sometimes is based on the profit motive, but in most cases, it is based on people's emotion or character.
Revised Essay
Many people believe that profit motive is the basis of every business decision. Furthermore, they claim that the ultimate goal of every people or group including charity organizations is to make profit. In my opinion, it is true that people often make decisions by calculating profit, but it is unfounded to assert that any decision-making is motivated by profit.
The arguer's claim may be true and understandable under certain circumstances. For one thing, in order to survive in the economic world, people or organizations have to make profit. As we know, the first thing that people must do on earth is to survive. Without adequate profit out of investment, no single human being or organization can make a living. For another, individuals or organizations are instinctively dissatisfied with what they have already achieved. They strive for further development, for greater success and hence for higher profit. For example, a food-processing company may donate its products to African children so that it can not only reduce its overstocking products, but also win a good reputation and publicize its products. As it turns out, the ultimate result is always expectedly rewarding--big bucks.
Although people all over the world spare no pains to seek fortune through various means, it is unwise for us to conclude that any decision-making is necessarily profit-oriented. First, some examples of altruism are difficult to explain in terms of self-interest alone. The famous nurse Nightingale is a good example. Born in a rich family, she could naturally live a cozy, fortunate life. But she chose to be a nurse and devoted all her life to the wounded and the poor. Nobody can say for sure that all she did is to make profit. Second, this argument is not consistent with the fact that human motivation is far too complex. Many of our daily decisions rest on love, sympathy, humanity and other things. Finally, it is ridiculous to lump together "profit" and "good will". Obviously, these two terms are not interchangeable.
In conclusion, the arguer oversimplifies human nature. Although business decisions and many of our daily decisions are based on the profit motive, it would be too cynical to assume that profit is the only thing that motivates people in the world. I wonder if the speaker has any hidden profit motive in making this argument, which is certainly not a profitable idea.
Part Three: Summary
十三、Language Skills
1. Sentence Variety
Example 1:
Change: Beijing’s streets are crowded with taxis, company cars and private vehicles owned by the newly affluent. The number has been rising rapidly in the last few years. The latest statistics show there are now 1.2 million vehicles in Beijing alone.
T Taxis, company cars and private vehicles owned by the newly affluent have crammed Beijing’s streets in rising numbers in the last few years--1.2 million vehicles at last count.
Example 2:
Change: Thousands of buildings met the same fate. This alone is now being preserved. It marks the center of the nuclear explosion. It is being preserved as a symbol. It symbolizes our wish that there be no more Hiroshimas.
T Of the thousands of buildings that met the same fate, this alone, marking the center of the nuclear explosion, is now being preserved to symbolize our wish that there be no more Hiroshimas.
Example 3:
Change: It was quite obvious at that time that IQ equals intelligence. Since then, however, many people have seriously criticized the idea.
T The idea that IQ equals intelligence seemed obvious at the time but has since come under much criticism.
2. Parallel Structure
Example 1:
Change: He retired respected by his associates, admired by his friends, and his employees loved him.
T He retired respected by his associates, admired by his friends, and Loved by his employees.
Example 2:
Change: As a young man he had been to Shanghai, had fought in the Anti-Japanese War, and following the Nationalist Party to Chongking.
T As a young man he had been to Shanghai, had fought in the Anti-Japanese War, and had followed the Nationalist Party to Chongking.
Example 3:
Change: This could be a problem for both the winners and for those who lose.
T This could be a problem for both the winners and the losers.
Example 4:
Change: The sentences are difficult to understand, not because they are long but they are obscure.
T The sentences are difficult to understand, not because they are long but because they are obscure.
Example 5:
Change: He explained that the advertising campaign had been successful, business had increased more than forty percent, and additional capital was sorely needed.
T He explained that the advertising campaign had been successful, that business had increased more than forty percent, and that additional capital was sorely needed.
3. Attributive Clause
Example 1:
Change: It is a truth that is universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.
T It is a truth that is universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.
Example 2:
Change: Only a person who is oblivious to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.
T Only a person oblivious to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.
4. Pronouns
1) Change: He wanted his teachers to think he was above average, as he could have been if he had used it to advantage.
T He wanted his teachers to think he was above average, as he could have been if he had used his ability to advantage.
2) Change: My sister is a biology teacher, it is a profession I know nothing about.
T My sister is a biology teacher, but the teaching of biology is a profession I know nothing about.
3) Change: We should have prepared for our examination earlier. It is too late to do it now.
T We should have prepared for our examination earlier. It is too late now.
5. Punctuation Marks
冒号:
1) Most sports programs, despite their excesses, manage to promote the old virtues such as self-confidence, personal responsibility, teamwork, persistence, the ability to win and lose with grace.
2) For Omar Khayyam, a Persian Poet, three things are necessary for a paradise on earth: a loaf of bread, a jug of wine, and one’s beloved.
破折号:
1) What he lacked in intelligence--and he lacked a good deal--he made up for in physical strength.
2) In many parts of the developing world, life’s basic necessities--food, clothing, shelter, and taxes--gobble up people’s earnings.
3) Every afternoon, Larry has two hours of track practice. He has followed the same routine five days a week since he was seven--all in hopes of winning a college athletic scholarship and eventually a shot at the Olympics.
4) Government is only as good as the man in it--which is why it needs more women.
分号:
1) The world is a comedy to those that think; a tragedy to those that feed.
2) Science needs to live alongside religion, philosophy, history and esthetic experience; alone it can lead to great harm.
3) According to one national survey, high school boys expected a starting salary of $19,500 for their first full-time job; on the other hand, high school girls expected a starting salary of only $15,000.
括号:
1) For a long time (too long as far as I’m concerned), women were thought to be inferior to men.
2) We think (unless we live in a research laboratory), that we have nothing to discover, and the only things of the utmost importance to us concern the present of the man.
十四、Prep Tips
1. Recite the outlines;
2. Prepare essay frames;
3. Write as many essays as possible according to your conditions;
4. Read and recite sample essays and the materials in the KIT of my book;
5. Learn to revise your own essays according to the following checklist:
作文自查清单
1)．是否针对题目写作，有没有跑题？
2)．结构是否合理，有无完整的开头、正文（2到3段）和结尾？
3)．是否在开头段提出了自己的立场？
4)．中间段落每段是否有主题句（topic sentence）？
5)．中间段落每段是否用事例或理由支持该段的主题句？
6)．是否使用连接词使文章上下文连贯、通顺？
7)．每段是否有句式变换？
8)．结尾段是否总结了自己的理由并重申了自己的立场？
9)．语言方面是否有下列错误：大小写错误、标点符号错误、拼写错误、串句、错 位修饰、排比错误、主谓语不一致、定语从句错误、时态错误、名词单复数错误、搭配错误、词性错误、用词不当，等等？
十五、Suggestions
Practice makes perfect.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
第二部分：800SCORE作文模板
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10
These essays are not "perfect" answers, but represent what could be done in a 30 minute time period to get a score of 5 or 6.
Analysis of Argument # 1: Olympia Foods
The author argues, using facts from the color-film processing industry's downward trend in cost over 24 years, that Olympic Foods will be able to cut costs and thus maximize profits in the future. The author bases his conclusion on the generalization that organizations learn to reduce costs over time and, since Olympic Foods has 25 years experience in the food processing industry, its costs should have declined considerably. There are two serious flaws in the argument.
First, the argument uses a faulty analogy between the color-film processing industry and the food processing industry. Analogies drawn between the two fields are highly suspect because there are many serious differences. While the film processing industry faces a relatively simply processing challenge, food producers must contend with contamination, transportation and farm production (much more serious challenges). Thus, it is likely much more difficult to wring efficiency improvements in the food industry.
Second, the author uses a sweeping generalization. the author's prediction of margin improvements relies on the optimistic assumption that Olympic Foods' 25 years of experience will automatically result in operational efficiencies. The problem with this is that improvements in processes do not occur automatically over time, they require tremendous effort at continuous improvement and they require potential room for improvement. It is possible Olympic Food has limited room for improvement or lacks the managerial will to improve its operations. Thus, there is no guarantee of improved operational efficiency over time.
The author's argument has two seriously flawed assumptions. The author could strengthen his conclusion by providing examples of how the company has learned how to improve its operations over 25 years and implemented those changes.
Analysis of Argument # 2: Centralization of Sales
The argument concludes that the Apogee Company should shut down its field offices and use a centralized location because the company was more profitable when it had a single central location. The argument has two serious flaws.
First, the author commits the "After This, Therefore, Because of This" fallacy where the author assumes that because a decline in profitability occurred after the field offices were created, the field offices were responsible for the decline. However, there may be other factors that could have caused the decline. Could a industry-wide decline, poor management, or poor marketing have caused the decline? There are many factors that could have caused or contributed to the decline. Without ruling out other factors or presenting stronger evidence, the author cannot conclusively blame the field offices.
Second, the author assumes that eliminating the field offices would improve profitability by streamlining the management of employees and cutting costs. There is no evidence to support this assumption. Perhaps the field offices cut travel costs from the central office and allowed better management of sales to far-flung clients. The author could support his assumption with cost-cutting and or profit-enhancing strategies.
In summary, to strengthen the conclusion that Apogee should close field offices and centralize, this author must rule out factors other than decentralization that might be affecting current profits negatively and demonstrate how decentralization would cut costs.
Analysis of Argument # 3 : Funding of Arts
The author concludes in this argument that the city should shift some of its arts funding to public television for two reasons. The author argues that public television is being threatened by severe cuts in corporate funding and attendance at the city's art museum has increased proportionately with increases in visual-arts program viewing on public television. There are a few problems with this argument.
First, the argument assumes that a correlation proves causality. Simply because there was an increase in television exposure to the visual arts, mainly public television, has caused a similar increase in local art museum attendance. The author uses the statistical relationship between increased art museum attendance and similar increases in television viewing of visual arts programs to establish causality. However, a statistical correlation does not mean causality, there may be other factors driving the increased art museum attendance, such as new shows, a new wing added to the museum, or possibly interest in art has risen overall in society.
On the other hand, the author makes a fair assumption that television programs impact behavior. This is a common sense assumption, after all, advertisers spend billions of dollars on television ad time because they trust this assumption as well.
In conclusion, the author's reasoning is somewhat persuasive. The author could strengthen his argument by eliminating other potential causes to increase in visits to the local art museum.
Analysis of Argument # 4: Declining Revenues and Delays
The report recommends replacing the manager of the purchasing department in response to a relationship between falling revenues and delays in manufacturing. The grounds for this action are that the delays are traced to poor planning in purchasing metals and cause of the poor planning might be the purchasing manager's lack of knowledge of the properties of metals. The author suggests that the position of purchasing manager should be filled by a scientist from the research division and that the current purchasing manager should be reassigned to the sales department. The report supports this latter recommendation pointing out that the purchasing manager's background in general business, psychology, and sociology equip him for this new assignment. The report's recommendations have two serious questionable assumptions.
The first problem is that the report fails to establish a causal connection between the falling revenues of the company and the delays in manufacturing. The fact that falling revenues coincide with delays in manufacturing does not necessarily prove that the delays caused the decline in revenue. The report's recommendations are not worthy of consideration if there is no compelling evidence to support the causal connection between these two events.
Second, the report assumes that knowledge of the properties of metals is necessary for planning in purchasing metals. No evidence is stated in the report to support this crucial assumption. Moreover, it is not obvious that such knowledge would be required to perform this task because planning is essentially a logistical function.
The author could strengthen argument that the manager of the purchasing department be replaced by demonstrating that the falling revenues were a result of the delays in manufacturing. Additionally, the author would have to show that knowledge of the properties of metals would improve planning the purchasing of metals.
Analysis of Argument # 5: Increasing Circulation
The publisher of the Mercury newspaper is suggesting that its price be reduced below the price of The Bugle, a competing newspaper. The circulation of the Mercury has declined during the 5-year period following The Bugle's introduction. The publisher believes that lowering the price of The Mercury will increase its readership, thereby increasing profits because a wider readership attracts more advertisers. The publisher's reasoning has two serious problems.
First, although it is obvious that increased circulation would make the paper more attractive to potential advertisers, it is not clear that lowering the subscription price is the most effective way to gain new readers. The publisher assumes that price is the only factor that caused the decline in readership. There is no evidence given to support this claim. In addition, given that The Mercury was the established local paper, it is doubtful that the large-scale subscription dropping of its readers would be explained by subscription price alone.
It is possible that there are other reasons for The Mercury's decline in readership. The Bugle could have much better writing and layout than the Mercury. Or, readers may not be satisfied with the news reporting's accuracy, or the balance of local to national/statewide news coverage. Either way, it is unclear that lowering prices will drive up readership.
In conclusion, this argument depends on a simplified assumption about the price of the paper and its popularity. The author could strengthen the argument by discussing other factors beyond cost before concluding that lowering subscription prices will increase circulation and, thereby, increase advertising revenues.
Analysis of Argument # 6: City of Helios
This advertisement for the city of Helios makes several arguments for locating companies in Helios. The advertisement states that Helios is an industrial center and and enjoys a lower than average unemployment rate. In addition, the advertisement states that the city is "attempting" to expand its base by attracting companies that focus on technologies. This argument is problematic for three reasons. Moreover, it is argued, efforts are currently underway to expand the economic base of the city by attracting companies that focus on research and development of innovative technologies. This argument is problematic for several reasons.
First, the argument presents no reason to believe that the city is equipped to handle non-manufacturing related businesses. The status of the city as a manufacturing center will likely mean that the it is equipped to handle manufacturing businesses. Its labor supply, energy resources, regulatory environment, support businesses, and infrastructure are likely well suited to manufacturing companies. However, there is no reason to believe, based on the argument that Helios offers any attractive benefits to technology companies.
In addition, since the city lacks any specific benefit to technology companies, the use of the statement "Helios is attempting its economic base" is a non sequitur in the context of the overall argument. The statement offers no benefit to technology companies to move there other than an expressed interest in attracting those companies. This argument could be strengthened if they actually provided real benefits to technology companies
Another ineffective argument made is the city's low employment rate. The low unemployment rate during a recession suggests that the city has a labor shortage. This means that companies moving to the city will have to probably pay above average labor rates to attract labor in a tight market.
The advertisement for the city of Helios fails to provide any compelling reason for non-manufacturing businesses in Helios. The low unemployment rate actually suggests that the city is a poor place to locate a business. Based on the advertisement, the only companies that could plausibly benefit from the city are manufacturing companies.
Analysis of Argument # 7: Aspartame or Sugar
The author in this argument is trying to establish that people are better off trying to lose weight with sugar rather than the artificial sweetener aspartame. This conclusion is based on the assertion that aspartame can indirectly cause weight gain by triggering food cravings, while sugar benefits weight loss by enhancing the body's ability to burn fat actually enhances the body's ability to burn fat. The details of the claim however, prevent making an effective generalization about Aspartame's weight-loss benefits.
The argument states that "high" dosages are required to deplete the brain chemicals responsible for registering a sense of being sated, or full. The problems is that a "high" dosage is not defined. Is this high dosage reached during normal consumption? Without the dosage defined, it is impossible to determine how often or how significant of a side effect the food craving is.
The second statement, that sugar burns fat, also is qualified and not universally applicable. In this instance, the benefits of sugar only arise after at least 45 minutes of continuous exercise. However, it is a fair assumption that many exercisers will not actually exercise for 45 minutes. Thus, the author cannot make the generalization that all exercisers should prefer Aspartame over sugar after exercise.
In conclusion, each of the studies cited in the argument cannot be extended to make a generalization that Aspartame is preferable to sugar. Instead, the exercise claim must be qualified by "after 45 minutes" and the dosage indicated by "high" must be defined.
Analysis of Argument # 8: Worker interest
This argument uses a survey of workers to show that workers are indeed interested in management issues. The argument is solely based on a survey of 1200 workers that showed that 79% of the workers surveyed expressed interest in the topics of corporate restructuring and the redesign of worker benefits. This argument has several flaws.
The first objection to this argument is the validity of the survey. The statement is incomplete because it does not adequately describe the conditions of the survey. One issue is the sample. Were the workers chosen for the survey chosen randomly or did they volunteer for the survey? This question is relevant here since apathetic workers would obviously not respond to a survey of worker apathy!
In addition, are the 1200 people used in the survey representative of the company's employees and an adequate sample size. Perhaps the 1200 workers are part of a major company with several hundred thousand employees. Or, the workers surveyed may not be representative of the company at large. For example, what if they were part of a management trainee program for workers who wanted to move into management positions?
Aside from any issues relating to the quality of the survey, the argument makes a false generalization about the results of the survey. The survey asks specifically about the worker's interest in corporate restructuring and redesign of benefits programs. These issues could be reasonably construed as worker's issues since they would directly impact worker benefits and job security (restructuring often implies layoffs). Thus, the survey cannot be extended to demonstrate an interest in management issues.
In sum, the conclusion about worker interest in management issues cannot be reasonably drawn from the survey's information. The survey's accuracy is not adequately explained and the surveys results are illogically extended to draw an unsupported generalization.
Analysis of Argument # 9: Consumer demographics
The author argues that department store sales will increase significantly over the next few years because their core market of middle aged people will increase in size over the next decade. The author uses the statistic that 39 percent of the retail expenditures of middle-aged people are through department stores. The author additionally argues that stores should take advantage of this trend by carrying more products aimed at middle-aged customers. This argument has two serious flaws.
The argument falsely assumes that an increase in middle-aged people will automatically translate into an increase in sales. The argument errs because it does not acknowledge that the younger generation consists of a different population cohort, which may not favor department stores. Indeed, this generation may favor stores such as the GAP, that became prominent in the 1980's. Thus, the younger generation's preference for non-department store retailers may be a generational phenomenon rather than an age-related issue.
The argument further suggests that department store's inventories should be changed to reflect the tastes of middle-aged Americans. This is problematic because the younger population, although preferring non-department stores, may be growing at a faster rate than the middle-aged Americans and therefore represents a more attractive market. In addition, it is possible, as stated in the prior paragraph, that the younger generation's tastes have indeed changed and that when they age they will not shop at department stores.
In sum, this argument is not strong as it currently stands. The argument needs more information about the growth rates of the younger market and their tastes.
Analysis of Argument # 10: Funding cuts
The argument states that the state legislature does not have to consider the views of protesting students. The author supports this conclusion by pointing out that only 200 of the 12,000 students actually went to the state capitol to protest the cuts in college programs. The other concludes that since an overwhelming majority of the students did not take part in the survey, they must not be interested in the issue. This argument has two serious flaws.
The author attempts to make a statistical inference from the fact that only 200 out of 12,000 showed up for the rally. This is not a valid statistical survey. If, for example, the students had been randomly surveyed to get a fair sample of the overall population, this would have been a valid survey.
Second, the author uses the fact 12,000 students stayed on campus or left for winter break to show that they were not concerned about education cuts. In fact, if the protest was during winter break, it suggests a large level of inconvenience for the students to protest the cuts (since many could return home to distant locations). A low turnout does not suggest a low level of interest, but instead implies a high level of organizational opposition since students could be recruited during their vacation time.
As it stands the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the author would have to demonstrate that the protesting students had some characteristic in common that biases their views, thereby nullifying their protest as representative of the entire college.
Analysis of Issue
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10
These essays are not "perfect" answers, but represent what could be done in a 30 minute time period to get a score of 5 or 6.
Issue #1: Radio and TV Censorship
The censorship and regulation of broadcast media for offensive material involves a conflict between the freedom of expression and the duty of government to protect its citizenry from potential harm. I believe that our societal interest in preventing the harm that exposure to obscenity produces takes precedence over the freedoms of individual broadcasters.
Firstly, I believe exposure to obscene and offensive language and behavior causes people to mimic such behavior. There is anecdotal and scientific evidence to support this contention.
Secondly, I believe that obscene and offensive behavior is damaging to a society. It weakens moral character and weakens human relationships and it promotes a tendency toward immoral and antisocial behavior. These effects weaken the civil cords that hold a democratic society together.
Some argue for that free speech is the basis of a democratic society. However, the founding fathers never intended the constitution to mean an unrestricted license to wanton profanity. Advocates of free expression might also point out difficulties in defining "obscene" or "offensive" language or behavior. But, however difficult it may be to agree on standards, the effort is beneficial insofar as it helps to maintain the civil cords of a democratic society.
In conclusion, government should take a role in regulating speech, but only speech that is patently offensive. Regulation of media may infringe on freedom of speech, but it is worthwhile if it can restrict the exposure of damaging offensive material.
Issue #2: Energy Sources and International Effort
The statement argues that international leadership is necessary to conserve energy for the future. The passage makes the reasonable assumption that individual nations will not unilaterally cut their energy usage, and that international cooperation is necessary to conserve resources. However, the sub text of the argument, that resources are diminishing and that international regulation is the only way to protect resource availability may not be valid. This calls into question the legitimacy of the statement.
It is reasonable to expect that many individual nations will act in a rational (self-interested) manner. Some nations, such as the U.S and the E.U. may cooperate to reduce resource depletion, but rogue nations such as the P.R.C. and North Korea will likely not comply with cuts on a volunteer basis. Thus, an international organization would indeed be necessary to apply sanctions and compel compliance. In this respect, I agree with the argument.
However, the argument is too vague and fails to define (1) what resources are approaching depletion and (2) if regulation restricting usage is the most effective means of conservation. Oil reserves, for example, have been increasing, not decreasing, over time because of improved technology used in drilling has allowed greater access. In addition, if technology can improve access to resources, provide access to renewable resources (such as solar power), and improve conservation (energy efficiency), then regulations that could impede technological advancement could exacerbate the situation. Thus, an international regulatory regime may not be effective at maintaining adequate resource supplies.
In sum, it is likely true that an international regulatory regime would be required to regulate global resource consumption. However, it is unclear that such a regime would be necessary or effective to maintain adequate resource supplies globally.
Issue #3: Flat or Pyramid Organization
The author tries to argue that corporations should use a "flat" structure and eliminate salary grades. This, according to the author, would benefit worker morale and encourage camaraderie. I disagree with the author because it is likely that such a corporate structure would diminish corporate profits and potentially decrease worker morale.
The principal flaw with such a structure is that it fails to incentivize workers and reward them for their own performance. Without individual merit, workers have no self-interest in their own performance and results. In a dynamic business environment, workers must be able to take initiative and effect change. In a flat organizational structure, such behavior would be indirectly discouraged because the risk-taking necessary to catalyze change would not be rewarded. Thus, companies with such a structure would likely have less motivated and entrepreneurial employees.
The speaker also assumes that such a flat structure would increase camaraderie. While it is true that such a structure may reduce envy among employees by reducing inequality, it is not clear that such a structure is conducive to decisive leadership. In a organization where all are equals, there are no leaders. Without leaders, there are no arbiters in times of disagreement or leaders in times of change. Thus, the flat organizational structure may devolve into an anarchistic one.
In sum, the opinion that a "flat" organizational structure conducive to collegiality and cooperation is likely inaccurate. Such a structure would probably reduce profitability and create a chaotic work environment that lacked a decisive decision-making capability.
Issue #4: Power
This quote states that people admire those who show restraint in exercising power. Rather than a sweeping statement, this statement is sometimes true and sometimes not. The statement's truth depends on the context of popular opinion at the time.
The most famous example of a man relinquishing power at the height of his power is George Washington. During his presidency he could used his fame to take absolute control of the early United States. But unlike Caesar, George Washington did not destroy the republic to become dictator. Instead, he refused much of the power that was being offered to him. This was one of the few times in human history that a man did this (Napoleon certainly did not) and it set a precedent of governmental restraint that continues to this day in the United States. At the time, people around the world were awestruck and the poet Lord Byron romanticized Washington as the "Cincinnatus of the West."
However, another great man, Winston Churchill, lost political power for his restraint. In 1946, Winston Churchill, the brilliant war leader during World War II, lost an election for Prime Minister to his socialist opponents who argued for the nationalization of industries. Churchill could have certainly used his prestige to nationalize industries or offer a host of entitlements to Britain's citizens, but instead he refused to exercise power in such a way and ended up losing an election to a candidate who argued for much greater use of governmental intervention in the economy.
In conclusion, showing restraint in exercising political power is often admirable and romanticized. However, for a politician it may be a dangerous and risky move that could endanger their power. In some circumstances it is appropriate, but often politicians must exercise all the power they have at their disposal in order to retain power.
Issue 5: Decision-Making in an Organization
This author argues that responsibilities should be collective and that individuals are not effective at getting things done. I agree that in certain circumstances a team approach is more effective, but in other instances the flexibility, creativity and accountability of individuals is more effective. Both approaches have strengths and weaknesses.
Complex tasks that require a variety of skills and viewpoints are generally better done by teams. For example, if a project required skills in marketing, computer programming and finance, it is unlikely that a single individual could execute the project effectively. For those projects a team would be highly effective.
On the other hand, tasks that require high degrees of creativity, quick response time and intuition while also requiring tight accountability, should be done by individuals. A good example is stock trading. Traders need to act quickly and decisively to changing market conditions. Often, there is no time to call a meeting and come to a group conclusion about what to do. In addition, by having the responsibility handled by a single individual, there is a high degree of accountability since that single individual is completely responsible for his actions.
In conclusion, the statement makes an inaccurate generalization. Certain circumstances favor teamwork while others favor individual action depending on the responsibilities and duties the position requires.
Issue #6: The definition of success
The author of this statement defines success by the ability to "spend life in your own way." It is freedom to act and the ability to choose your own destiny free from direct accountability. This is highly attractive lifestyle to many people and makes a reasonable definition of success. However, it seems that freedom alone is not an indicator of success.
When we think of individuals who spend life in their own way we think of great people who have earned independence and freedom through their successes. A good example is Jim Clark, who founded Silicon Graphics, Netscape and Healtheon. He is arguably the most successful entrepreneur in history and is in complete control of his life and destiny. He has the ability to create new ventures from nothing and create companies with billion-dollar capitalizations. His life, by this definition, has been a remarkable success.
However, extending the Jim Clark example reveals problems with this definition. He has had many difficulties in his personal life, and in this respect his life has not been a success. Success is often a function of our effectiveness working within a structure, whether that be a marriage or an organization.
In addition, individuals may acquire high degrees of freedom without any accomplishments of their own merit. Many people inherit money or come into freedom through no merit of their own. Thus, freedom itself may not be an accurate indicator of success.
Perhaps the author's original statement could be qualified. Being able to "spend life in your own way" is not necessarily a definition of success, but a benefit that success often entails.
Issue # 7: Giving advice to other people
Is the best way to advise people to simply find out what it is they want and help them attain it? This is a sound policy to helping people and should always be the concern when offering assistance. Make sure that you are indeed helping the person rather than your misconception of what that person wants. This approach is usually valid unless the person does not know what is best for himself.
The main problem with giving advise to other people is that you may confuse what is good for yourself and apply it to that individual. The person you are trying to help, however, may be in a situation you do not understand. The best way to help that person is to first find out what that person wants.
However, the author's suggestion will often not apply to circumstances where the person being given advice is in no position to judge what he or she wants. For example, an adult should not always advise a child about how to get what he wants. In these situation, the best advise is obviously not to find out what they want and help them attain it, but to instead advise them on what is best for them.
In conclusion, giving advise to people should depend on the person you are trying to help. If the person is capable of determining what is in his best interests, then advise should be given to help them. Otherwise, you should be careful advising someone about what they want.
Issue # 8: Monetary System
This is an interesting concept for changing the world's monetary system of metal coins and printed paper into a computerized system of credits and debits. However, this system is already largely implemented. The final step would be to create digital cash cards.
Much of the world's wealth is already tracked digitally. Every day trillions of dollars are shifted digitally around the world. This argument is somewhat confused insofar as it poses its argument as if wealth and monetary transactions have not already been digitized.
The last step in implementing digital monetary transactions are smart cards that contain a chip that links to an account. This would act as a credit card for small transactions. This would provide a wonderful convenience and from a symbolic point, it would ultimately mean that cash would be unnecessary.
However, I believe that technology should never be implemented for technology's sake. Old fashioned cash and coins have great convenient value. If I want to pay my nephew to mow my lawn, I can't pay him in a digital manner. Can I tip a coat check girl with a digital card. Indeed, under close inspection it becomes apparent that coins and money have been around thousands of years and should remain for thousands more.
Changing all money to a digital format is inconvenient and represents technology for technology's sake. Cash and coins are highly convenient and do not need to be replaced by an inconvenient and impractical solution.
Issue #9: Personal Lives of Employees
Should employees leave their personal lives entirely behind them when they enter the workplace, as the author suggests here? While it is true that employees should not allow their personal lives to interfere with their jobs, the author fails to consider that personal issues can help to foster a workplace atmosphere that helps everyone do a better job.
Bringing in personal interests and activities can help build collegiality among workers. Discussing personal activities helps to establish a rapport with co-workers. Company-sponsored social activities help to produce greater cohesiveness in an organization, by allowing relationships to develop among workers.
However, employees be aware that personal lives could intrude on job performance. At worst, personal lives could become a distraction to work performance. Romantic relationships between coworkers could create sexual harassment liability and also need to be kept confidential. Another problem with interjecting personal lives into work is that employees who do not share their personal lives could be viewed as aloof and may be resented by coworkers who perceive them as arrogant, unfriendly or uncooperative. Thus, interjecting personal lives into work presents risks.
In the final analysis, employees should strike a careful balance when they mix their personal lives with their jobs. Although there are some circumstances in which bringing one's personal life to the job may be counterproductive, for many reasons it is a good idea to inject small doses of personal life into the workplace.
Issue # 10: Process vs. Product
The passage states that "in an enterprise the process of doing something is more important than the final product itself." I wholeheartedly agree with this statement, the process of doing something, if handled properly will insure the final product, in this way, the process is what makes the final product.
The quality of the process will insure the quality of the results. For example, if a company is processing its tax returns, then it must assure the legitimacy of the processes of calculating those results. Were qualified accountants used? Were they given the proper accounting process? What is important is not the final return but the process that leads to the final tax calculation.
In addition, in research the process is often more valuable than the final results. For example, at Bell Labs in the 1940s several scientists were trying to develop transistor technology that could be demonstrable. Instead, while developing the transistor the scientists stumbled upon a design that laid the groundwork for the microchip. The process of research led to a radical new design that was highly cost effective.
Finally, there is an ennobling element to the process associated with any great accomplishment, whether it be winning World War II, building the Hoover Dam, or the Wright brothers development of motorized flight, in each case the value of an accomplishment becomes especially sweet in light of the sacrifices required to make it. When we collectively reflect on these accomplishments, we cannot help dwell on the courage required in the processes to make the final accomplishment.
In conclusion, the process of doing something often is more critical and important than the final product. It is the effort and brilliance in the process that itself produces the result.
作者: smart 时间: 2004-11-1 19:58
GMAT备考精华－阅读篇
共分两部分：
1. 时尚辅导班的讲义
2. 大牛们的一些见解
第一部分：GMAT阅读讲义
一、 有关总结（每读完一个段落或层次进行总结）
1. 作者在写法上做了什么工作
2. 这段的主体词、关键词是什么
3. 作者对这个主体有什么评价（与态垛密切相关）
正/负评价；混合评价（大正小负/大负小正）（容易出题）
4. 这段的代表人物
二、 在草稿纸上的笔记（A4幅面，上下分开，标上段号1.2.3.）
1. 主题句
如：2.10.TS表示第二段第十行有主体句
2. 每段的主体词、关键词（两三个）
3. 强对比（肯定、绝对要出题）
1) 对比词：a. Unlike（相反）b. Contrast c. On the other hand d. On the contrary
2) 时间状语：a. Before 1975 b. Prior to c. In the 1950’s d. Recently e. Until recently
4. 强转折
虽然：However/While
但是：But, Yet, Whereas
In fact-Actually
Nevertheless-Nonetheless
Rather-Instead
Despite-In spite of
注意：
极端转折（最后半句是想说的）
多重转折（粉笔是白的，可是有些粉笔是黑的；不过大多数情况下粉笔是白的，但不要忘了有变黑的可能性哦！——强调黑）
三、 目前阶段划在文中的
1. 小转折
2. 强因果
Because/Since/For/冒号/分号
表所以：Thus/Hence/Therefore/Lead to/Result in/Result from/Lie in
表结论：Conclude/Conclusion/Conclusive
表后果：Consequent/Consequence
3. 强调词、强调性语言
1) 最高级
顺序最高级：First
频率最高级：Always/Never
程度最高级：Foremost/Uttermost/Utmost
2) 唯一性
Only/Sole(ly)/Unique(ly)/Exclusive(ly)/Alone(后置)
3) 比较级
More than/Less than/As…as…/Similar to/The same as
慎重对待题肢中的最高级、比较级
4. 专有名词
人名、物种（动植物）、化学物质、地名
5. 三中标点符号
引号（引用某人原话；表强调；表负评价）——易出题
括号、破折号——表插入、补充、解释
6. 判断句（定性结论、提纲挈领）
1) 系动词、情态动词
Be/Remain/Seem/Can/Cannot/May/Might
2) 褒贬词
His (brazen/penetrating) view (successfully/curiously) changed our attitude.
四、 客观题
七种基本题型
1. 直接事实题（对文中事实正面提问）
① 定位（问的是哪一块东西，建立在读文章时对每段的基本总结，如主体词等，的基础上）
② 同义变换（换词、换句式）
2. 取非题（取反题）
1) 对扁（由强对比出题）
2) 改题（虚拟+改）
用虚拟语气问一个事物或理论怎样会变得更好→回文中找缺点，然后取非
（针对不好的才会出改题）
Better/Improve
文：犯罪率是不好研究的，因为总人口不确定。
问：怎样才能搞好犯罪率的研究？
答：弄清总人口。
More+(Illuminating/Enlightening/Convincing)
3) 改题的变体
回文中找优点，然后取非。
3. 举例作用题 (In order to)
不是例子题有in order to也当例子题做。
窍门：先看开头为Give an example of/Illustrate的选项
标准做法：
1) 找例子的结论
☆ For example/Instance, Such as, Like （先结论后举例）
☆ 因果关系词（先举例后结论）
☆ 无语言，先按第一种做
2) 同义变换
4. 与列举有关的题目
1) 小列举（文中用逗号隔开的）
列出四项会出“排除题”Except…（回文中定位）
不是四项的不用看。
2) 大列举（First, Second, …）
“罗马数字题”（回原文定位）p.36-5
特殊情况：有些罗马数字题与大列举无关，是信息题。
5. 逻辑题（现在少有，一般较简单）
1) 支持题
a. 搭桥法：把缺的条件补上去
b. 罗嗦法：“题干就是对”
c. 具体事例法：举文章没说的例子作正面论据
2) 反对题
a. 釜底抽薪（反对原因）
b. 欲擒故纵（反证法）
用虚拟语气承认B对，推出一个矛盾、谬误或不可能的情况，结论：B不成立
c. 抬杠法（直接反对结论）
d. 存在其他原因法（他因法）
反对A推出B，证C推出B即可。
唐人街的例子（详见笔记）
6. 信息题
问法：
1) Which of the following is (not) true?
2) 文章的信息（没）回答下列哪个问题？
3) 作者（不）同意下列哪种说法？
类型：
1) 有定位的 of, about, concerning, regarding （关于）
2) 无定位的（花时间多、不一定能作对，可舍弃）
根据对全文的整体把握，逐个判断选项。
7. 类扁
问法：Which of the following is most similar to the situation in …?
(analogous to/parallel/consistent with)
抓本质特征。
作题的注意事项
1. 分清四种错误选项（混、偏、反、无）
2. 慎重对待含有最高级、唯一性、比较级的选项
3. 不要用非出题段落的内容来解答这个问题
特殊：问每段开头时可以用上段结尾的内容来做题，反之亦然。
4. 长选项竖读法（纵向比较所有选项，尤其是开头。找到其中相同的语言部分。如果某几个选项中的相同语言对这个题有用，先看这几个选项；否则先看其他选项，或先看这几个选项的差异部分。）
定位
1. 操作：
文章：主体词┓
题干：主体词┛
回文中找相应语言就是原文定位。
2. 特殊情况
1) 如果题干主体在文中多处出现，先看其首次出现之处
2) 若题干主体与文征题有关，那么定位在主题句。
五、 文章套路
1. 新老观点对比型
老：1)喜新厌旧：Traditionally/老时间/Once/Old; Recently/Until recently也可能是
2)标新立异：Most/Many/Frequent(ly)/Usually
新：转折 However
新观点易在第一段中部或第二段开头出现
主题句：明确代表新观点的那句话
2. 现象解释型
现象：自然现象或史实（人物、时间、事件）
解释（即为什么发生？如何发生？）：
往往有多个理论，其写法、主体、评价、代表人物。
主题句：正确的解释。（也可能没有，那就“看过程不看结果”。）
3. 问题解决型
问题：疑问、任务
疑问标志：疑问词How或What/问号/Question/Puzzle
任务标志：Task/Difficulty/Challenge/Problem/Criteria/Requirement
解决：疑问—回答；任务—完成
对多个方案的主体词和评价的注意
主题句：正确的方案
4. 结论解释型（总分式结构）
开头的主题句：判断句（参见前面相关部分）
解释：有什么内容，具体展开
5. 具体区分后三种套路
1) 不要光看开头，看后面如何展开
后面的写法：
现象解释型：为什么？如何发生？
问题解决型：如何改变
结论解释型：具体表现形式
2) 日本统治阶层财政危机的例子（详见笔记）
3) 关于让步：
前半句是假话：
It is true/It is correct/Of course
No doubt/Without doubt/Undoubtedly
Do/May/Seem/Appear
后半句：转折
六、 难句分析
结构：主干（主谓宾、主系表）/ 修饰成分（大句子倒着分析，先找修饰成分）
词：adj. adv.
短语（介词短语）：in the 1970’s
从句（定语从句、状语从句）
☆把修饰成分用括号括起来，括不进去的就是主干
☆从句结束的位置：◇谓语动词/非谓语动词（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）
◇从句在无列举（无and）的情况下，一般只能有一个谓语动词，所以从句在其开始的第一个和第二个谓语动词之间结束。
七、 快速阅读（两个原则：取舍、推测）
1. 取舍
1) 论点、论据、论证
★论点：尽量看懂。尤其是表原因、方式的：
by…/through/via/by doing
专业性文章：找主体词
★论据（举例、列举、数据、史实）
☆举例：
紧跟结论的例子可以不看（如不放心，只看例子是关于谁的）
篇幅在5行之内（机考就是7-8行之内，不足半屏）的例子可以不看
出现在多个段落中的“例子”必须看（这种情况较少）
☆列举：
小列举：不论几个，记住其位置比记住其内容更重要
大列举：
找出标志词：first, second; in addition, finally
找出列举中的主体词
如列举在四项或以上，细节内容不用看，因可能不出题（三个或以下要看）
☆数据；一个数字必须看，多个数字连续出现可以不看（因其十分明显，易于定位）
☆史实：要素：人物、时间、（这两者较醒目）事件（找动词）
★论证（找关系）
★因果：弄清论点和论据，哪几行是因，哪几行是果；是前因后果，还是前果后因。
★并列或递进：发生在多个论据之间
First, 一个原因Second,一个原因
1…, 2…, However…
主体词
2) 不知道该不该看时，试探性地阅读，找整个句子的主语、谓语
两种废话不要看：
★和前面的意思一模一样
★多重转折（试探性地读主谓，如发现不正常的相反关系，怀疑为多重转折；如后面再找到一个转折词，则肯定为多重转折）
3) 整个文章的处理顺序
套路每段做的工作应用取舍作题
时间分配（复习的初始阶段）：一篇文章20分钟（2:3）前8分钟看文章，后12分钟作题；对于GRE必看文章：60行7题的文章：10-12分钟；20余行4题的文章：4-6分钟。
4) 不能舍掉的东西：
★强转折、强对比
★“古怪”的语言：文章后半部分出现的新名词、临近结尾的转折、英文成语、修辞方法（主要是比喻）、不正常的“复合词”（作者生造出来的用hyphen连接的词）
★Surprisingly/Unfortunately/Paradoxically/Ironically开头的句子
2. 推测
遇到单词或句子不理解时，从前后就近之处寻找相同题材的其他说法，如没有强转折、强对比，则它们的意思应该大体相同，正负评价应该一致；如有强转折、强对比，……
p.95
assage26
八、 主观题之主题题
1. 问法：main/primary idea/purpose/thesis, mainly concerned with, organization, best title
2. 分类：内容性主题题/写法性主题题
区分：从选项上
内容性：出现文中关键词、细节
写法性：抽象的、与套路有关的
3. 做法：
内容性：
1) 如文中有明确主题句，对其进行同义变换p.24-Pa.7
2) 无明确主题句，用“三出现原则”：重要关键词（主体词）必须出现；细节内容不能出现；新内容不能出现。
3) 主题题包含态度时，选出来的选项的态度应与文中保持一致
写法性：
1) 一切要从套路出发来做。
2) 特殊情况：
a. Organization:文章套路“特别清晰”（板块分明）时考
b. 特别套路：评述某人理论/著作：多数属于结论解释型，少数属于现象解释型。在做主题题的时候，直接选评述某人理论/著作这样的说法。
p.57-Pa.16; p.59-#4; p.109-Pa.30
在特别套路中，作者一般避免给全正或全负的评价，而是给混和评价。
4. 二原则：
1) 从前不从后：
“延伸性内容”：在文末或某段段末出现的与主体关系不密切并可能“升华”到更高高度的内容（“跑题”的内容，与主题无关）。
如文章前后出现了不一样的重点、不一样的结论，那么以前面的为主题，后面的为延伸性内容。Pa.16
2) 从大不从小：
文章开头或主题句中的评价是大评价（让步和转折除外）
5. 例句：参见所发单页讲义
九、 主观题之态垛
1. 判断依据：
1) 判断句（系动词、情态动词、褒贬词）
2) 某些引号表负评价
3) 某些实义动词表评价，尤其在研究类的文招：
a. 负：fail to/overestimate/underestimate/exaggerate/
misinterpret/misrepresent/ignore/neglect/overlook
b. 正：find/discover/show/demonstrate/prove/confirm/determine
4) 让步：前半句是假话；后半句是真正要说的，转折：一般大负小正。
a. It is true/correct; Of course
b. No doubt; Undoubtedly
c. 助动词do/may/seem/appear
5) 从大不从小原则：从全文来讲，看前面、开头或主题讲的是什么评价。
2. 做题注意事项：
1) 避免极端选项（参见所发讲义）：
a. 对于讲义中所列的词，不要自己再增加新的。
b. 极端选项排除法只是个辅助的方法，适用范围较窄。
2) 混和评价的正确选项的表达方式：
a. …but/and…
如：critical but admiring（大正小负）
correct but limited correct and incomplete
b. 由修饰词所限定的评价词：
partially (correct); qualified (approval)（打了折扣的，有限制的）；
guarded (criticism) （慎重的）；tentative (acceptance)（暂时的，尝试性的）
reluctant (criticism)（不情愿的）；enthusiasm tempered by minor reservation
十、 出题点
1. 主题：（内容性、写法性）
有明确主题句的文章出内容性主题题；
套路清晰的文章出写法性主题题；
套路特别清晰出organization题。
2. 混和评价
3. 强对比——取非题 Unlike Contrast
4. 强因果
直接事实题（直接就原因或结果提问）
改题（由于某个原因导致某个理论“不好”）——回文找、取非
5. 比较级
正着出：直接事实题
反着出：取非题
6. 举例——举例作用题 In order to
7. 列举——记位置
8. 延伸性内容——转为出题而设置
直接事实题
从前不从后原则（主题题中不能选延伸性内容的同意变换）
9. 强调性语言和古怪的语言（最高级、唯一性、比较级、引号、括号、破折号）
10. 人物，尤其是引用其原话的（老观点中的不用看）
11. 罗嗦内容（三四次）
12. 普遍性原理：某句话的适用范围超过了文章的适用范围，这句话就是普遍性原理。
As we all know
十一、机考注意事项
1. 记号（笔记）：主题句、强转折、强对比、主体词
2. 短文章（3个题）的第一个题一般是主题题或举例作用题，此时先看题再看文章。
3. 时间控制（详见笔记）
4. 机考易出题型：主题题、信息题、直接事实题、取非题、举例作用题
第二部分：大牛们关于GMAT阅读的一些见解
大牛一：
两个决定因素：
首先是常用词汇：
可以看看BUSINESS WEEK和TIME的新闻和专题文章测试一下，没有的话《英语世界》里的文章也可。如果除了专业术语和俚语之外，基本可以读懂文章大意的话，词汇量应该就够了。对于阅读来说真没必要背什么词（出的GMAT单词书我几乎没看）。
考前需要熟悉一些关键的词语（词组）的用法，比如连词（转折，递进，并列，假设等等），以及整体问题（问文章大意，结构和作者态度）中常会出现的用语（如评估某个假设，支持某个论点等，都可能有除了"evaluate a hypothesis, support an idea之外的表达方式，看不懂就惨了。）这些惯用语词可以在平时练习中随时总结，它们对读懂文章脉络（强调这点）以及弄明白究竟在问的是什么非常重要。至于具体文招出现的那些个术语，恐怕您我都不会有耐心去管它，反正ETS不会考您专业的东西，否则大家都去拿个考古学博士回来再考G得了。
然后是所谓技巧：
1）拿到题先别急着读，看看这篇文章大概长短，问题数目，做到对预备花费的时间心中有数，否则容易读得太慢，浪费时间。
2）通读全文：读的过程中，看大意“画”笔记（（说“画”是因为里面可以随心所欲地充斥着您自己发明的速记符号，怎么方便明了怎么来。）您会发现边做笔记边看文章心里很踏实，因为知道自己不会错过关键处，也不用吃力不讨好地把文章内容往脑子里装（没人让您过目即诵），这样可以纠正“逐字逐句”的不良阅读习惯，提高速度。这里的大意指段落大意----众所周知一篇文章开头结尾最重要，而具体到每段也差不多，往往在开头提出一个论点，然后进行SUPPORT，有时这段结尾还可能来个小小转折，起个承上启下的作用，但每段话的中心思想只有一个，看完这段知道大意就可继续，不要在细节上磨工夫。就这么以看懂70%-80%段落大意的速度，完整地浏览一遍全文，发现有不通之处做个记号，一会儿有必要的话再回来，暂时不要回头重读，切记。
3）通读过后也不要急着看问题（因为在读到问题前您对文章的整体感受还没受到任何影响），先用几秒钟迅速默想一遍文章大意，这等于把笔记的框架输入头脑，因为刚才在做笔记时您很可能偏重于各个段落而无暇顾及THE BIG PICTURE，所以要利用记忆还新鲜时赶紧趁热打铁。着重想想作者写文章的目的和对文中提及观点的态度。但需要注意，不要边看笔记边想大意，太慢，而且笔记有可能很潦草，反而影响思路。默想完再瞄一眼笔记，很快地找到表示语意的转折，递进和并列的记号以及关键词和细节等所在之处（找到就行了，不必细看）。以上都是容易考到的地方，而这个MENTAL过程就等于让自己先从ETS的角度，帮他们想想都在哪儿出题合适，为下一步解题做个思想准备（Remember: ETS helps those who help themselves.^_^）。
4）脑子中有了BIG PICTURE后再看问题，您很可能发现自己猜的没错，有的题（如问中心思想，作者态度等）直接就可以回答。而另外的题（如细节）需要回头看眼文章，这时笔记就成了您的地图，按图索骥即可，在阅读中，寻找原文中与问题对应的部分是一个很重要的能力。要注意的是，正确答案一般不会重复文中所用的表述，而是PARAPHRASE原来的句子。此外太绝对和太宽泛的答案很可能不对。有时候，文章或问题没太看懂时，可能会出现厌难情绪，心想“管它，随便选一个得了”，这时千万不能放弃，坚持读完所有选项，您会有“蓦然回首”的惊喜，或者至少能把明显的错误答案排除掉，增加正确几率。
5）时间安排：按照前（15-20题）松后紧的方法安排，则每题解答时间从一分半到两分不等。在阅读上我是这么分配时间的：读文章画笔记4-6分钟，（TIP：时间实在不够时采用跳跃式阅读法，即光扫一眼每段开头和最后部分两句。但此法平时最好尽量别用，容易读漏意思。）；默想，瞄笔记15-30秒（这是在读题和解题之间搭建的桥梁，最好别省）；以后每道问题半到1分钟足矣，由于一篇文章通常跟3-5个问题，这样平均来说也超不了多少支。
6）花絮：和通常的情况相反的是，如果文章对您来说很有趣也不要过分沉溺其中，得提醒自己不是在READING FOR FUN，BUT READING FOR GETTING THE TEST DONE。比如今天我就出了个小岔子：有道题讲到了上世纪从中国到米国（偷渡？）来的打工仔，说他们大多是出来淘金的男人，在异乡受尽苦楚，猪狗不如（大意啦），不为移（主要因为移法禁止中国妇女入境----简直缺乏人道嘛！），为的是赚够了大钱回家讨老婆，光宗耀祖BLAH BLAH BLAH。。。“这太~~~有趣了，太有现实意义了！（当然文章本身是绝对没有任何感情色彩的纯粹客观叙述。）----简直令人怀疑ETS把这道题塞进来的用心！难道是在暗示些什么？”----带着震惊和满腹狐疑，浮想联翩地走了好一会儿神，我才突然回过味来：跟它在这儿较什么劲呀？从考试角度来说，此文与《无脊椎动物的演变》、《摩擦力在机械制造中的运用》等文并无分别。So the lesson is: Never be carried away by WHAT is discussed, but concentrate on HOW/WHY the ideas are organized & presented.）
絮叨了这么多，希望对大家有点用。
大牛二：
GRE阅读需要把握的整体原则
1. 阅读过程是为了解题，关于文章内容过于涉及专业的不要纠缠太多，重点是把握整个的结构，也就是说关键的几个论点之间的顺接、转接关系。考到细节的题目时候知道到什么地方定位。
2. 阅读速读要快，不是所有的地方都快，是要在重点的地方详细，非重点的地方简略。做题的时候细节题一定要回原文定位，并注意时间/正确率的控制。Keep your pace。
3. ETS出题者们的一贯态度：（1）犬儒主义（cynicism），就是说总是抱着瞧不起别人的观点。从某种角度上，他们否定广为接受的一些科学，对于新发现比较推崇。他们对科学家总是持着critical的态度，能够批评的地方就会批评。他们对于政府政治和商人持负评价。反对宗教解释。在文学历史上，喜欢推崇一些风格独特，有个人主见的作家以及言论。
4. 时间实在不够就读每段的第一二句话，和文章开头段，搞懂大概结构做题回来定位。
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GRE阅读文征题
1. 文学评论：以政治意识形态的思路，用纯文学标准进行描述。
2. 社会现象题材：
n 反对左派主张，比如革命思想或者马克思主义
n 反对平等主义（不是反对平等，而是平等主义），也就是例如反对收入平等。
n 赞同技术性的解释，对于政治和宗教解释持负评价。
3. 生命科学题材：反对达尔文进化论，尤其是当进化论和遗传学并列的时候更是如此。
4. 自然科学题材：对新发现、新发明、新材料，作者一般持正评价，有时会对此有一些让步说明，举出新事物存在的一些缺陷，但是不影响主要的正态度。
5. 弱势群体及文化：黑人、女性、少数族、土著。
n 反对“仇视弱势群体”、“弱势群体在美国不重要”“弱势群体的问题已经得到解决”等等观点。比如：妇女已经得到了和男性同等的权利，这个观点必然是作者反对的。
n “关注这类问题”“希望得到改进”这些观点是作者支持的。
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阅读文章的分类
GRE阅读文章的三要素：主题词、作者态度、理论的缺点或者作者的结论。
GRE阅读文章大致可以分为如下几类，阅读过程中重要掌握的是整体文章要表达的观点，对于细节题目要注意回到原文定位，重点把握整体逻辑结构。下面是对于文章结构把握和关键词的一些要点：
l 现象解释型：文章开头提出一个现象，后面的内容都围绕这个现象进行解释。
重点：主题把握。作者对于这个现象给出的正负评价，别人对现象的评价，作者对现象的评价和作者最后是否给出了支持与否的态度。正负评价要从一些关键词蕴涵的倾向性上来判断。
现象的把握。这个现象讲的到底是什么。
理论的处理。用什么样的例证和结构阐述了这个现象。
l 问题解答型：文章提出了某种费解的问题，然后后面列举一系列的研究对此问题进行解决，有可能各个研究之间得出相同或者相悖的结论，最终可能对问题提出了解决方法也可能没有任何结论。作者在此过程中会对各个研究给予一定的评价。
重点：文征题。包括1问题本身2作者综合各个研究给出的解答。
理论和解决方法的把握。各个理论的主旨，都提出了什么解决方法。其中关键词，作者的态度要注意。
态度。可能有1否定态度2肯定某个研究或者整体研究的态度3对所有研究解答都没有给出态度。4未给出评价却明显指出了解决问题的方法。
l 新老代替型：文章开始的时候提出一个理论，然后后面又提出一个新的理论。典型的特点是，1老的观点一般都是人们普遍认为正确的，被人们广泛接受的观点，2首句是完成时或者过去时引导：had done，did，有traditionally、long been known 等3新老理论针对相同对象给出不同解释，并且能够把新观点的论述过程独立出来看成一个问题解答型或者论点说明型文章。
重点：作者态度。作者对于新观点一般持支持态度，但也不排除有例外。
理论把握。针对的对象是什么，新老理论对于对象的论述有什么不同，也就实说新理论的不同之处就是作者支持的原因。
l 论点说明型：文章开始就提出一个论点，而不是现象，也就是会出现判断句：什么是什么，或者什么是因为什么原因引起的。特点：1有be动词或者remain这类系动词引导的判断句出现在第一段某处。（系表结构）
重点：态度把握。对于任何一个表示主要态度的句子做到“从前不从后”，也就是说速读的时候关键点放在后面的态度上，不管前面出现什么样的态度词，后面的态度才是作者的主要态度。
主题句。以主题词（也就是可以用来命名理论的代表性词）出现的句子作为文章的主题句。
结构。文章一般以总—分方式进行论述。要注意总论点和分论点之间的关联，各个分论点可能是从多个方面来论述支持总论点的，或者干脆就是把总论点提到的各个方面进行一番论述。
技巧。文章每段第一句话是重点，一定要读懂，后面的细节内容可以在遇到问题的时候再回原文找。重点是把握每个段落都在讲什么，以便回头找的时候方便迅速。
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阅读中的关键词汇及其代表的含义
2. also，another，and等连接的内容是并列关系，所以找前后两部分之中一部分能够简单读懂的，看明白就好，同时也可提高阅读速读。
3. in fact ，actually，indeed，practically如果位置是在一个理论观点的解释后面，表示一种转折，也就是说后面必然要出现一种和前面的解释相反的论点，或者直接用什么证据驳斥前面的解释并不合理。
4. ※be based on：通常表示作者所反对的理论之根据。
5. 让步结构，先引出一个理论或者解释，后面必然有转折反对这些词引出的说法，转折的这部分表述更加重要，应该是作者支持的观点。引导让步的方式有（1）while，although， wheras，though，despite，in spite of，等词引导的句子。（2）do，may，have等引导的强调内容放在句子的前半句，后面用but引出转折。（3）unproblematical，undoubtedly ，no doubt，no problem，without，of course，it is true that，等引导的句子；to be sure做插入语放在句中，表示让步。
6. “最高级，唯一性”：－est，most，all，any，every，each，without，anything，anyone，anybody，only，solely，alone，unique，exclusive。这些词要给与足够重视，一方面要注意原文里面有没有说什么东西是唯一怎么怎么的，或者什么东西是最怎么怎么的，一般是比较容易成为考点的，选项中可能会针对最高级所指的对象进行一些比较，需要根据最高级进行判断。
7. “”——引号，在文招的作用，重要程度不同。如果出现在一般解释性内容中，多是对前面关键词的进一步解释。如果出现在主题句中，或者里面有大写名词，大概是理论的关键店，具有某种感情倾向，应该仔细读懂。
8. for example，for instance前面的内容一般都是某个理论的结论或者中心论断，所以如果能看懂前面的东西，for example里面的内容就可以速读，遇到细节题的时候再回来定位。
9. but，as a result，however，rather，instead，nonetheless，nevertheless表示转折，一般跟在让步结构的后面。
10. 完成时引导的理论往往是作者给予负评价的理论。
11. the fact，lead to（led to）后面跟的东西是比较容易考到的。
12. 技巧：（旁门左道），问题是 。。。in order to …,答案一般是带有 “give an example”，“one”，“inllustrate”等词，如果此判断法失效，立刻回原文定位。
13. 其他值得品味感情色彩的连接词：（1）和略读内容有关的and，other words，put another way (2)强调marked by，characterized by ，90％可能是考点，不管在主题句还是在什么地方。
大牛三：
1． LSAT阅读的用法：建议不用，除非你时间多多。
2． GRE阅读的用法：复习的绝佳材料，最好上机做。只做90年以后的真题。
3． Kaplan阅读：网上机经公认的是与真实机考毫不搭旮，作得不好可以平常心对待，不必郁闷。
4． Princeton阅读：网上的意见不统一，有的说水平与机考相当，有的说形似神不似。在下采用和对待Kaplan一样的方法，用来模考，对细节不深究。
5． 课本上的最后六套“最新题”：较为公认的是认为难度与真实机考相当，考前不妨拿出来重温一下。
6． 词汇：阅读方面词汇应该不是问题，相反逻辑题词汇的掣肘因素反而突出一些。
作者: smart 时间: 2004-11-1 20:00
GMAT备考精华－改错篇
共分三部分：
1. GMAT语法家规
2. Sentence Correction Skills
3. GMAT改错难点分析
第一部分：GMAT语法家规，违则必罚
具体说来，GMAT的“家规”有如下数条：
1.在从句中，对以下连接词和引导词要保持高度警惕：
(1)which(或代词it)绝对不可指代前面的整个句子；
(2)because不可引导名词性从句；
(3)宾语从句中引导词that一般不能省略；
(4)if绝不可以引导名词性从句，如要表示“是否”，只能用whether引导；
(5)对不作为介词宾语的事物作限定性修饰，只用that而不用which。而which仅用于引导
对 介宾进行修饰的限定性从句和引导非限定性从句。
2.在require、demand等表“建议、命令”意义的词之后的that从句，要求用虚拟语气动
词 ，即动词原形，不加should。
3.绝对不可以单独使用that指代前面的单数或不可数名词，而一般是用that of+n.结构
指代 或换用其他表达方式。
4.绝不可以单独使用this、these来指代前面出现的单数或复数名词，而绝对要通过换用其他人称代词，或重复前面出现的名词或者改变句子结构来避免这样非正式且模糊的指代。如 sth. of this kind, like this /these等模糊表达均要用such+n.(n.即重复this、these所 指代的对象)来取代，意为“这些……”。另外，在“such……that”结构中，such只修饰具体名词，而不修饰抽象名词(如 rapidity、severity等)。
5.在我们通常使用的there be句型中，以下表达必错：
(1)there could be done sth.;
(2)there be sth. done;
(3)there being+名词词组
(4)there was sth.(抽象的表动作的名词)，如说there was a transmisscion万万不可。呈 般来说，GMAT中there be 仅用于“某处有某物”，而此物是指一具体名词，如knife，star ，wolf等，而非抽象名词conversion, relation等。
6.表示某人有某种能力做某事，最佳答案的选择依据是can do ＞be able to do ＞has (have) ability to do＞has(have) a capability of doing…在选择时，有can do 就不用含be able to do 的选项，依次类推。
7.当我们需要举例时，一律用such as结构，而不用like。
8.在GMAT改错题中，ETS倾向于用主动语态而非被动语态，当用主动或被动语态的选项在语法和句意上都无错误时，选择用主动语态表达的选项，即“主动优先原则”。
9.在GMAT中，关于being的以下使用必错：
(1)being+n.(2)being+adj.(3)as being+n./adj./v.-ving.;
GMAT认为在以上表达中，being完全多余。
10.当我们对一动宾结构进行替代时，不用do it, 一律用do so.;
11.介词短语：on account of, because of, despite(in spite of ), as a result of之后只跟简单的各词短语。若其后跟的是动名词或名词所有格+动名词短语，或名词短语之后 用一复杂的现在分词来修饰时，应改为与其相同意义的连词because, although等引导的从 句形式。
12.几种简单的表达方式：
(1)n. that is (are) adj. 必然要换为ad.+n.的名词短语结构，如a man who is poor 的选项必错，而应选含有a poor man的选项。
(2)当表示谓语部分，尤其是表示实义动词的含义时，就直接用其动词形式表示，而不要用名词形式或形容词形式，如：be a cause就一定会被cause(动词)替代；be suggestive of 一定会被 suggest替代。
(3)一些常见词的替换方式：not any 一定会被no替代；that which一定会被what替代；
hav ing been done会被 done(限定词)所替代。
13.平行结构的最后一个成立之前必定有一个连词 and, or, neither, nor或as well as, 否则嘴并列结构必存在问题。如：to do A. do B, do 的表达就必死无疑，正确表达应该是 to do A, do B, and do C 或 to do A, to do B, and to do C。;
14.在平行结构中，对于“不是……而是”的结构，ETS更喜欢用rather than,而很少用instead of。实践中，若5个选项中存在这两个词的互换，直接在含rather than的选项中找答案 ，除非含rather than的结构有语法或逻辑错误，才可考虑 instead of。
15.若在题中的划线部分(即A选项)中发现情态动词，那么在最后的正确答案中 必须有些情态动词或类似语气的词出现。实践中，此原则可转化为：不含此情态动词或类似语气词的选 项均为错误选项，立即排除。
对于GMAT的“家规”，也不必过于担心，熟悉之后，在实践中逐步巩固即可。对于GMAT“家 规”您可放心的是，GMAT“家规”训练出来的表达完全适用于其他语法书的“国法”，反之 则不然，或者说，GMAT的语法更苛刻些。不管如何苛刻，想考GMAT的话，您就必须得遵守，否则您就等着“家法侍侯”吧！
第二部分：Sentence Correction Skills
Make a checklist of errors to look for when u read a SC question. The most common are:
1. Pron. If a sentence contains a pron., check to see whether it clearly refers to the n. it is replacing; also check to see whether the pron. agrees in number with the n. to which it refers.
2. Misplaced modifiers: if the sentence begins with a modifying phrase, check to make sure that the noun it modifies comes directly after the modifying phrase
3. Parallel construction: If a sentence contains a list of things, or actions, or is broken up into two halves, check to make sure the parts of the sentence are parallel
4. Tense: If the answer choices contain diferent verb tenses, make sure that the tense of the verb or verbs tense should be consistent throughtout a sentence.
5. Subject-verb agreement: ETS sometimes puts extraneous prepositional phrases between the subject and the verb. Cover up these phrases so that u can see whether the subject and the verb of each clause in the sentence agree with each other.
6. Apples and Oranges: When a sentence makes a comparison, check to see whether the two things being compare are comparable.
7. Quantity words: Whenever u see a quantity word (countable vs. uncountable; two vs. three or more) check to see if its is being used correctly
8. Idiom: if a sentence contains an idiomatic expression that seems wrong to u, try taking the experience out of the sentence and creating a sentence of your own with the suspect expression.
These 8 points almost include all of the SC errors. From the very begining, u should go through the 8 points one by one on each choice, until u find some errors. Then, u can omit the checklist and find errors by yourself. Hope it is helpful.
第三部分：GMAT改错难点分析
难点一：
对一些基本语法知识的生疏。毋庸置疑，英语表达有一些固定的结构，比如：It is estimated （believed，thought）that；to do sth. is to do sth.；一些固定词组的搭配如accommodation to sth.，belief in，both. . .and 等，这些是我们学习英语表达的基础，掌握它们只能靠记忆。而很多准备GMAT的商业人士，因为长期不用而忘记这些用法，从而不可避免地影响GMAT改错的学习。
难点二：
GMAT 语法规则与通常我们所学的，甚至一些专业语法书籍的规则不尽相同。所以如果我们用已有的语法知识去解按新规则设计的题目，不可避免地会产生一些困惑。在中学课本中，我们曾学过“which”可指代前面整个句子的用法，例如：He worked in this field for several years，which contributed to his later success.在此句中，which 指前面整个句子，但在GMAT看来，which不能指代前面整个句子，因而此句话是错误的。又比如：中学语法课本说过，that引导宾语从句时，that 可省可不省；而GMAT则认为，that一般不可省。诸如此类的问题还有很多。在碰到此类问题时，若你马上摒弃以前的旧思想，以GMAT的要求去调整你已有的语法规则，那么你可能不会有太大的困惑。而若你试图通过查阅更全、更厚的语法书去证明你原有的语法知识是错的，而GMAT是正确的话，你最后会发觉你的这些时间、精力的耗费都是徒劳的，因为往往查阅的结果只会使你确信，你原有的相关知识是对的。
难点三：
不能有效地把握句子的重心。在GMAT改错中，几乎所有的题干都是复合句。每一个复合句都有一个主要信息和一个或几个附属信息。在英语表达中，主要信息必定要用一个完整的句子来表达，而次要信息则会采用从句、分词短语或独立结构来表述。如：Watching news on television，we had our dinner. 在这个简单的复合句中，We had our dinner是句子的主要信息，而从属信息是Watching news on television（采用分词形式，表主句的伴随状况）。对于这样一个正确的句子，ETS经常会采用主次颠倒和主次不分的手法对此句进行修改，制造出两个干扰项：（B）Having our dinner，we watched news on television（C）We had our dinner and watched news on television. （B）为主次颠倒（C）为主次不分。由于我们母语汉语中并无类似现象，且由于中英文表达上的差异性，经常就会导致GMAT考生认为三个句子的意思都是一样的，从而面对不知该选哪一个的困惑。
难点四：
未能体会GMAT的改错真谛。准确地说，GMAT改错除了改正语法错误之外，更强调表达的有效性和简洁性。这一点既是GMAT与TOEFL的不同之处，又是GMAT语法大大难于TOEFL语法的关键之所在。因为ETS经常对同一句意用二道三个语法上正确，但表达上有差异的选项干扰你的思路。如：(A)He was absent because he was ill. (B)He was absent for the reason that he was ill. 这两种表达在语法上都正确，但为什么GMAT选A而不选B 呢？其原因就在于表达的简洁性和有效性上，because比for the reason that简洁，所以选A。对于此点的不充分理解部分来源于我们有一个先入为主的观念，认为改错就一定只是针对语法现象，类似于TOEFL。同时，也由于我们在英语学习中缺乏这样的训练造就的。因为，一般非英语专业的学生很少有writing 课。即使有，老师只会告诉你同一意思可以用几个句型来表达，但从来不会要求你去辨别哪个是最简洁的，表达上是最有效的。
难点五：
不能把握题干的真实含义。在一些复杂的，较长划线部分的难题中，由于句中混杂较多的修饰成分和逻辑搭配不当问题，使得考生在很短的时间内无法分辨出句子的真实含义，经常在二三个选项间徘徊，总觉得这二三个选项的句意都可以理解通，由于时间限制，只好从中随机挑一个从而导致最后的失分。
难点六：
心理上的畏惧。由于以上几点的困惑及茫然，导致解题的准确度下降；自然而然，考生的自信心受挫，畏惧心里也就随之增强。
作者: smart 时间: 2004-11-1 20:03
GMAT备考精华－逻辑篇
共分三部分：
1. 时尚辅导班GMAT逻辑讲义
2. GMAT逻辑题型标志词总结
3. 管卫东GRE单题逻辑思想总结
第一部分：时尚辅导班GMAT逻辑讲义
一、 归纳题：从上到下（从原文到答案）
① 读题 1） 注意条件句，如if, as long as等，例 第二册P203 (20)
2） 注意有没有否绝对化词，如only，any，no, solely等
3） 注意有没有数学上的等式、不等式关系或比例(percent, proportion)
等， 例第二册第二册P117 ⒂、 P126⒆、 P169(1)、P248(14)
② 判断答案的原则：(1) 答案中不能出现原文中没有的新概念（包括新的动词、形容词
名词等，但是需要同义词的出现）
(2) 若原文在某一信息点上没有绝对化概念，那么答案中也没 有
(3) 不能出现新的比较
(4) 答案不能和原文信息相违背。
例题：第二册P115⑽ P116⑾ P123⑼ P126⒅
③ 推导结构
例题 第二册P122 ④， 讲义section 1(19题)
2）理解命题及常用表达（这一知识点需要好好把握，不仅仅在归纳题中有用， 在逻辑 描述题中，逻辑结构一致性，对上文最好的批评等问法中 都出现） 原命题和逆否命题为等价命题，逆命题和否命题为等价命题
(A→B+C, 逆否命题为～B/～C→～A), (A+B→C, 则其逆否命题为～C →～A／～B)
II. unless :=if not 即 not A unless B表达为 A→B
A unless B表达为非A→B
only if: A only if B表达为A→B
if only: A if only B表达为B→A
A is necessary to B: B→A
Whenever, whoever, wherever :=if
二、Weaken 和Support演绎题型（从下到上，即从答案到原文）
weaken support
Reasoning
Premise（前提），Conclusion（结论），Reasoning(推理过程，前提到结论的思维 变迁)
演绎题所面临的是一个“待评价的推理”，也就是从前提到结论的这个推理是否能够
成立我是不知道的，我需要对它进行评价。根据问题的不同问法，确定不同的解题态度
，问支持，就找一个选项说它可能对，问反对，找一个选项说它不一定对，问假设考虑
使结论成立需要什么，哪一个是使其成立的一个必要条件。
1．如何正确理解weaken , support
① 支持：(support),将答案放在论据和结论之间，对原文推理或者结论有支持作用就可
以， 所以既可非充分又可非必要
② 驳斥：（weaken），将答案放在论据和结论之间，对原文推理或者结论有驳斥作用就
可以， 所以也是既可非充分又可非必要
③ 如何理解充分和必要
1．充分：所谓充分条件就是仅有这条件就足以带来结果，不需考虑别的条件了。
它是谁成立，谁一定也成立，比如A→B, 如果A成立，那么一定有B
2．必要：所谓必要条件就是没有这个条件结果一定不对。
2．前因后果结构
推理中的前提和结论在大多数情况下用因果关系来表示，根据因果关系中的结果成立
不成立我们分为两种逻辑结构，前因后果结果和Causal Explanations结构，以后讲的答
案方向点区别并不大，但是我们为了利于理解进行这个分类
前因后果结构表示： (A——B)
从这个原因是否能够得到这个结果？(注意because, since, for等原因引导词 )
这个方法是否能够达到这个目的？(注意by引导方法，To的不定式引导目的)
从这个条件是否能够得到这个结论？(注意if，when, as long as等引导条件 )
★注意上面的结果、结论到底能不能够成立，目的到底能不能够达到，还不确定 。
驳斥、支持方向：
A方法可行， P122(7)
A-B之间 P113(3)、P116(12)
A之外因素的影响B P113(2)、P123(11)
直接对B说 讲义Section 1第4题
3．Causal Explanations
a. 对一个事实的发生、一个现象的存在，一个研究的发现，提出一种解释
也就是为什么这个事实会发生呢?为什么这个现象会存在呢?是这个原因导致的
b. 从一个已知的,已经发生的事实,已经存在的现象中得到一个结论,这个结论其实还是
对上面的事实发生、现象存在做出了一种解释
★ 注意上面的结果、事实，现象都是已经发生，已经成立了，问到底是不是这个原因导
致的， 这也是Causal Explanation结构和前因后果结构最本质的区别，务必仔细体会。
Causal Explanation结构的典型引导词：result、 due to、reason 、attribute to、 hypothesize、
the explanation is 、be responsible for
把这个事实当作B, 把这个原因解释当作A，
答案方向： 这个原因和结果之间的关系？（B-A之间）
有没有别的原因来对上面的事实、现象、研究发现作出解释（A之外的其他 原因）
支持：直接： 就是这原因导致结果，具体还可以表现为没有这个原因就没有这个结果。
例题：讲义Section 1第1题， P201(12)
间接：没有别的原因解释上面的事实或现象
驳斥：直接：原因和结果无关，具体表现为有这个原因没有这个结果或者没有这个原因
有这个结果
例题：P114(7), P115(9)
间接：还有别的原因存在解释上面的事实或现象 P124(13)
如何统一两种结构的答案方向？
4．Weaken, Support读题：
1）重点是找出原因和结果两句话，如果没有任何原因指示词，那么重点在 结论，紧
靠结论因果词（therefore ,thus）前面的往往就是原因
2）对to的不定式要读出(往往表示为对一个目的提出一个方法)
3）对any, all, none, everyone, each, no, in general, on the whole 等 词需注意，因可能会为范围差异
4）对only, solely加以注意，例：第四册：P18 ⑿
5）对动词的程度修饰，例：第四册：P7 ⑥
5. 一些辅助的类型
范围差异、数据得结果、因果顺序、比较原则
三：“Assumption”题型
假设定义：使结论成立的必要条件
① 读题： 和weaken ,support读题方法完全一样，再注意when、if等词语
② 答案方向：
前因后果结构
1)因果关系差异概念的桥梁作用 (A-B之间)
例题：P115(8)、P122(5)、P200(7)、P202(15)、P248(12)、P249(16 )
2)A可行性或者原因有意义：P228(9)、P246(7)
3)没有其他的因素来影响这个结果或者结论 P248(12)、P250(18)
Causal Explanations:
1)没有这个原因就没有这个结果 （两者之间）
3)没有其他的原因来解释上面的事实或者现象 P173(16)、P229(13)
★注意此类假设其答案中，很可能会有否定词或类似否定概念出现
注意： 和weaken、support一样，这两种结构的答案方向完全可以统一
四：“evaluate”题型
1．定义： 对某个问题两方面的回答（yes and no）或者某个信息两方面的回答，对原
文推理如果 一方面回答起到支持作用，则另一方面回答起到驳斥作用，如果一方面回答起到 驳斥作 用，则另一方面回答起到支持作用，这个问题或者信息就对原文有评价作用。
★注意一定是yes and no回答都起到作用，如果仅仅一方面回答起到作用，则 不是评价
2.答案方向：
1）直接说，结果和原因之间有没有关系(A-B) 例：第二册P172(10)、 P198(3)
2）A是否可行或者有意义。 讲义section 1(11题)
3）间接性答案：除A之外是否还有别的因素影响B， 例：第四册P104 ⑨
或者有没有其他的原因来解释原文中存在的事实或者现象
注意：evaluation、 assumption和weaken, support的统一
五：解释现象
1．解释result, situation等，统称为解释结果
具体读出要解释什么，现象是什么，解题要点：抓住要解释的对象，具体发生了什么 变化
2．解释矛盾，找一个选项说明为什么会存在这种矛盾，解题主要抓住区别点
3．答案要明确，满足无推导、无充分性。讲义section 1(第20题)
六．完成一段话“题型”
找答案需满足：1）在句子意思上满足原文，特别是可将最后一句话补全
2）答案必须和原文前半段描述有关系
例：第二册：P60 ⑧ P70 ④ P201 ⒁
七．“上文使用何种有疑问技术”题型（逻辑描述）
并不是让你找一个选项对上文推理进行驳斥，也不是问原文推理的缺陷，而是让你用逻
辑描述的语言来描述一下原文的推导过程。
例：第三册P4 （17）第四册P85 ⑨
八、提高（由学生自己去训练培养对weaken support碘的感觉）
1．Weaken:——求异 2．Support:——求同
所谓求同、求异就是答案和原文的一致或不一致，而不是答案中谁与谁一致或不一致，
它要求既不要考虑原文的因果之间为什么会如此，也不要考虑答案中因果之间为什么会
如此，更不可考虑此答案是如何使得对原文有支持或驳斥作用的，而仅仅辨认在答案满
足和原文有关时是保持和原文一致还是不一致，这一点往往对于难题来讲，特别还仅仅
剩下两个选项需要辨别的时候，更为有用
例：“因为这儿有个人，所以蚂蚁有两条腿。”对这一论证的支持或驳斥不应考虑为什
么人和蚂蚁有关，而只考虑在答案中说有人或说蚂蚁两条腿的情况下，找其相同或不同
就可以了，如“相邻近处没有人，蚂蚁也有两条腿”，在满足说蚂蚁有两条腿时说的是
没有人，和上边论述不一致，因此可weaken同理说“在邻近处没有人，蚂蚁也就无两条
腿，”就有support作用，你所需做的仅仅是寻找相同或不同点，仅此而已，大家可由第
三册上P1 ② P2 ⑼ P3 ⑿ P5 ⒇ P28 ③ ⑤ P29 ⑿ ⒂ P46 ⑥ P47 ⑩⒀碘
去理解weaken，由第二册上P30 ⑾ P31 ⒇ P45 ④ P48 ⒂ 等理解support.
第二部分：GMAT逻辑题型标志词总结
一.归纳题
标志词：conclusion; inferred; implied; supported; if above true, then
it is also true。(注：support不仅仅用于归纳法。举例来说，归纳法的表达应为：
Which of the following are supported by the argument above?如果换个说法就可以
变成加强题型的表述：Which of the following support the argument above?所以在解
题的时候要格外小心。)
二.演绎题
1.第一种文章：前提推结论型
A.假设题：
标志词：assume; assumption; presuppose (特指对于前提的假设); additional
premise; not true unless; depend on; rely on.
B.加强题：
标志词：support(注意和归纳题目的区分); strengthen, conclusion can be
drawn if it were true that.
C.削弱题：
标志词：weaken; cast doubt; argue against; damage; counter; challenge;
flaw; refute; jeopardize; criticism; undermine; drawback; reasoning error;
weakness. (其中flaw，criticism，reasoning error和weakness属于名词性的削弱)。
D.评价题：
标志词：evaluate，appraisal。(根据加强题做)
2.第二种文章：因果结构
文章内部标志词：A is due to B; A is attribute to B; A is result of B;
blame B on/for A; B is responsible for A; credit A to B.
问题中的标志词：explanation; interpretation; hypothesis。
3.第三种文章：“**结构”(表面上仍然是前提推出结论的结构，实质为因果结构，即 结论是前提的解释)。此类文章没有与众不同的标志词，需要考生在实战时分析判断。
从题型上看，第一类文章的线索显然多于后两类，也就是说解题上较为方便，幸运的是 第一类题目一般占去了考题的绝大部分，所以说还是有技巧可寻的。
第三部分：管卫东GRE单题逻辑思想总结，同样适用GMAT
一、 总则：
1、 傻子原则：题目说了的你才知道，没说的你都不知道。不要用自己的常识给题目下任何判断。
2、 不充分原则：由选项推导题目只需要选项成为题目的必要条件而不需要其成为充分必要条件。
二、 有关与无关：（帮助你在考试时迅速排除与题目无关的选项）
有关是指选项与题目说的是一件事，即句子的主干至少有两部分相同。
注意：如果其中相同的部分有一部分是谓语，则首先考虑两种不同的状态能否共存。
三、 逻辑单题分：
1、 特殊类：对话、完成段话、句子作用
A、 对话：根据问题寻找答案
Q：一方驳斥，一方支持（如何支持与驳斥原文？）
思路：寻找原文与选项的不同点；对关键词两人是否有不同的理解；两人都说过的问题，但范围不同
Q：两人围绕何种观点进行讨论？
思路：注意第二个人的最后一句话
Q：第二人是如何驳斥第一人的？
思路：第二个人提出了第一个人没有提出的问题方向；第二人驳斥第一人的结论；第二人对第一人提出的问题做出了进一步论述，即驳斥了第一人的原因
B、 完成段话：
思路：填空中的正确选项应与题目给出的前半段有明确关联，形成一定逻辑，而同时又与后半段保持一定的一致。
2、 非特殊类：归纳与演绎
A、 归纳：由上至下的思路（即由题目到选项的解题思路）
注意：选项中不能有原文没提到的事，不能有原文中没有出现过的绝对化的概念，同时保持与原文的一致性。
B、 演绎：由狭上的思路
a、 选项与原文存在逻辑结构：支持、驳斥、评价等
思路：根据原文内容选出选项，然后进行求同（支持）、求异（驳斥），若存在相近选项则取非绝对的是正确选项。
[取非]：将选项中的话，加上谓语否定词，使其意思完全颠倒。
[取非绝对]：取非后意思绝对化
b、 解释：寻找矛盾点，正确选项中应有矛盾点的出现但不能违背原文的意思。
注意：解释的范围不能小于原文范围。
作者: smart 时间: 2004-11-1 20:06
GMAT备考精华－数学篇1.1
共分四部分：
1. 数学术语总汇
2. 数学基本概念
3. 救命三招
4. 排列组合和概率题目汇编（又名狒狒笔记）
第一部分：数学术语总汇
代数部分
1. 有关数学运算
add，plus 加 subtract 减 multiply, times 乘 divide 除
power 乘方 radical sign, root sign 根号
the nth power of x x的n次幂 the nth root of x x的n次方根
square root 平方根 cube root 立方根
dividend 被除数 divisor 因子，除数 quotient 商 remainder 余数difference 差 multiplicand 被乘数 multiplier 乘数 product 积
arithmetic mean 算术平均值 weighted average 加权平均值 geometric mean 几何平均数 common logarithm 常用对数
exponent 指数，幂 base 乘幂的底数,底边 digit 数字
inverse function 反函数 complementary function 余函数 factorization 因式分解 absolute value 绝对值
round to 四舍五入to the nearest 四舍五入 round off 四舍五入
=: is equal to / is the same as / the result is / yields / gives / is
A+B: A add to B / A increased by B / A more than B / A greater than B
A-B: A less B / A take away B / A diminished by B / B less than A / B is substracted from A
2. 有关集合
set 集合 elements 元素 union 并集intersection 交集 (proper) subset (真)子集 solution set 解集
3.有关代数式、方程和不等式
algebraic term 代数项 like terms, similar terms 同类项 numerical coefficient 数字系数 literal coefficient 字母系数 inequality 不等式 triangle inequality 三角不等式 constant 常数 variable 变量 range 值域 original equation 原方程 equivalent equation 同解方程，等价方程 linear equation 线性方程
4.有关数论
natural number 自然数 positive number 正数 negative number 负数
odd integer, odd number 奇数 even integer, even number 偶数integer, whole number 整数 positive whole number 正整数negative whole number 负整数 consecutive number 连续整数
real number 实数 rational number 有理数 irrational（number） 无理数 reciprocal,inverse 倒数
composite number 合数 e.g. 4,6,8,9,10,12,14,15……
prime number 质数 e.g. 2,3,5,7,11,13,15…… 注意：所有的质数(2除外)都是奇数，但奇数不一定是质数
common divisor 公约数 multiple 倍数 (least)common multiple (最小)公倍数 (prime) factor (质)因子 common factor 公因子 ordinary scale, decimal scale 十进制 nonnegative 非负的common ratio 公比
proper fraction 真分数 improper fraction 假分数(eg. 7/3) mixed number 带分数 vulgar fraction，common fraction 普通分数 simple fraction 简分数 complex fraction 繁分数(2又3/4) numerator 分子 denominator 分母 (least) common denominator （最小）公分母 quarter 四分之一 decimal fraction 纯小数 infinite decimal 无穷小数 recurring decimal 循环小数
thousands,hundreds,tens,ones/units 千位,百位,十位,个位
decimal point / period 小数点
tenths,hundredths,thousandths unit 十分位,百分位,千分位
the ratio of 3 to 4 = 3:4 比率
3/4: three fourths / fourths of three / three over four
...2/3 as many A as B: A=2/3*B
...twice as many... A as B: A=2*B
mode 众数(出现频率最高的数,可能不止一个)
5.其它
arithmetic progression(sequence) 等差数列
geometric progression(sequence) 等比数列
approximate 近似 (anti)clockwise (逆) 顺时针方向 cardinal 基数 ordinal 序数 direct proportion 正比 distinct 不同的 estimation 估计，近似 parentheses 括号 proportion 比例 permutation 排列 combination 组合 table 表格 trigonometric function 三角函数 unit 单位,位
定理: 1.正整数n有奇数个因子,则n为完全平方数
2.因子个数求解公式:将整数n分解为质因子乘积形式,然后将每个质因子的幂分别加一相乘.eg. 200=2*2*2 * 5*5 因子个数=(3+1)(2+1)=12个
3.能被8整除的数后三位的和能被8整除;能被9整除的数各位数的和能被9整除.
4.熟悉一下根号2、3、5的值
sqrt(2)=1.414
sqrt(3)=1.732
sqrt(5)=2.236
几何部分
1. 所有的角
alternate angle 内错角 corresponding angle 同位角 vertical angle 对顶角 central angle 圆心角 interior angle 内角 exterior angle 外角 supplementary angles 补角 complementary angle 余角 adjacent angle 邻角 acute angle 锐角 obtuse angle 钝角 right angle 直角 round angle 周角 straight angle 平角 included angle 夹角
2.所有的三角形
equilateral triangle 等边三角形 scalene triangle 不等边三角形 isosceles triangle 等腰三角形 right triangle 直角三角形 oblique 斜三角形 inscribed triangle 内接三角形
3.有关收敛的平面图形，除三角形外
semicircle 半圆 concentric circles 同心圆 quadrilateral 四边形 pentagon 五边形 hexagon 六边形 heptagon 七边形 octagon 八边形 nonagon 九边形 decagon 十边形 polygon 多边形 parallelogram 平行四边形 equilateral 等边形 plane 平面 square 正方形，平方 rectangle 长方形 regular polygon 正多边形 rhombus 菱形 trapezoid 梯形
4.其它平面图形
arc 弧 line, straight line 直线 line segment 线段 parallel lines 平行线 segment of a circle 弧形
5.有关立体图形
cube 立方体，立方数 rectangular solid 长方体 regular solid/regular polyhedron 正多面体 circular cylinder 圆柱体 cone 圆锥 sphere 球体 solid 立体的
6.有关图形上的附属物
altitude 高 depth 深度 side 边长 circumference, perimeter 周长 radian 弧度 surface area 表面积 volume 体积 arm 直角三角形的股 cross section 横截面 center of a circle 圆心 chord 弦 radius 半径 angle bisector 角平分线 diagonal 对角线 diameter 直径 edge 棱 face of a solid 立体的面 hypotenuse 斜边 included side 夹边 leg 三角形的直角边 median of a triangle 三角形的中线 base 底边 opposite 直角三角形中的对边 midpoint 中点 endpoint 端点 vertex (复数形式vertices)顶点 tangent 切线的 transversal 截线 intercept 截距slop 斜率
7.有关坐标
coordinate system 坐标系 rectangular coordinate 直角坐标系 origin 原点 abscissa 横坐标 ordinate 纵坐标 number line 数轴 quadrant 象限 slope 斜率 complex plane 复平面
8.其它
plane geometry 平面几何 trigonometry 三角学 bisect 平分 circumscribe 外切 inscribe 内切 intersect 相交 perpendicular 垂直 pythagorean theorem 勾股定理 congruent 全等的 multilateral 多边的
定理: 1.多边形内角和=(n-2)x180
2.菱形面积=1/2 x 对角线乘积
3.三角形 余玄定理C^2=A^2+B^2-2ABCOSt t为AB两条线间的夹角
4.Y=k1X+B1,Y=k2X+B2，两线垂直的条件为K1K2=-1
实际应用部分
1.单位类
cent 美分 penny 一美分硬币 nickel 5美分硬币 dime 一角硬币buck/dollor 一美元 dozen 打（12个） score 廿(20个) Centigrade 摄氏{C=(F-32)x5/9} Fahrenheit 华氏{F=(C+32)x9/5} quart 夸脱 gallon 加仑(1 gallon = 4 quart) yard 码 meter 米 micron 微米 inch 英寸 foot 英尺 minute 分(角度的度量单位，60分=1度) square measure 平方单位制 cubic meter 立方米 pint 品脱(干量或液量的单位)
2.有关文字叙述题，主要是有关商业
intercalary year(leap year) 闰年(366天) common year 平年(365天) depreciation 折旧 down payment 直接付款 discount 打折 margin 利润 profit 利润 principal 本金 interest 利息 simple interest 单利 compounded interest 复利 dividend 红利 decrease to 减少到 decrease by 减少了 increase to 增加到 increase by 增加了 denote 表示 list price 标价 markup 涨价 per capita 每人 ratio 比率 retail price 零售价 tie 打平
第二部分：数学基本概念
1． mode（众数） 一堆数中出现频率最高的一个或几个数 e.g. mode of 1,1,1,2,3,0,0,0,5 is 1 and 0
2． range（值域） 一堆数中最大和最小数之差 e.g. range of 1,1,2,3,5 is 5-1=4
3． mean（平均数） arithmatic mean（算术平均数） （不用解释了吧？） geometric mean （几何平均数） n个数之积的n次方根
4． median（中数） 将一堆数排序之后，正中间的一个数（奇数个数字）， 或者中间两个数的平均数（偶数个数字） e.g. median of 1,7,4,9,2,2,2,2,2,5,8 is 2 median of 1,7,4,9,2,5 is (5+7)/2=6
5． standard error（标准偏差） 一堆数中，每个数与平均数的差的绝对值之和，除以这堆数的个数(n) e.g. standard error of 0,2,5,7,6 is: (|0-4|+|2-4|+|5-4|+|7-4|+|6-4|)/5=2.4
6． standard variation 一堆数中，每个数与平均数之差的平方之和，再除以n e.g. standard variation of 0,2,5,7,6 is: _ 2 2 2 2 2_ |_(0-4) +(2-4)+(5-4)+(7-4)+(6-4)_|/5=6.8
7． standard deviation 就是standard variation的平方根 标准方差的公式：d^2=[(a1-a)^2+(a2-a)^2+....+(an-a)^2 ]/n d 为标准方差
8． 三角形 余玄定理C^2=A^2+B^2-2ABCOSt t为AB两条线间的夹角
9． Y=k1X+B1,Y=k2X+B2，两线垂直的条件为K1K2=-1
10.三的倍数的特点：所有位数之和可被3整除
11. N的阶乘公式: N!=1*2*3*....(N-2)*(N-1)*N 且规定0!=1 例如 8!=1*2*3*4*5*6*7*8
12. 熟悉一下根号2、3、5的值 sqrt(2)=1.414 sqrt(3)=1.732 sqrt(5)=2.236 13. ...2/3 as many A as B: A=2/3*B ...twice as many... A as B: A=2*B
14. a if only b: b->a
15. 概率P=满足某个条件的所有可能情况数量/所有可能情况数量
性质 0<=P<=1
a1,a2为两两不相容的事件（即发生了a1，就不会发生a2）
P(a1或a2)=P(a1)+P(a2)
a1,a2不是两两不相容的事件，分别用集合A和集合B来表示
即集合A与集合B有交集，表示为A*B （a1发生且a2发生）
集合A与集合B的并集，表示为A U B （a1发生或a2发生）
则
P（A U B）= P(A)+P(B)-P(A*B)。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。公式2
还有就是条件概率：
考虑的是事件A已发生的条件下事件B发生的概率
定义：设A，B是两个事件，且P（A）>0,称
P（B|A）=P（A*B）/P（A）
第三部分：救命三招
1． 代数法 往变量里分别代三个数（最大，最小，中间值）看看满足不满足
2． 穷举法 分别举几个特例，不妨从最简单的举起，然后总结一下规律
3． 圆整法 对付计算复杂的图表题，不妨四舍五入舍去零头，算完后看跟那个答案最接近即可
第四部分：排列组合和概率题目汇编
说明：（C63：6在下，3在上。P63同理）
排列组合和概率
1、 10人中有6人是男性，2、 问组成4人组，3、 3男1女的组合数。
基本组合题：C63 C41
4、 有4对人，5、 任取3人，6、 组成一个小组，7、 不8、 能从任意一对中取2个，9、 问有多少种可能性？
C83 –C41 C61 先取得所有的组合数，然后减去选取了成对的情况，
10、 15人中取5人，11、 有3个不12、 能都取，13、 有多少种取法?
C155 –C122
14、 7人比赛，15、 A在B的前面的可能性有多少种
P77 / 2 A在B前的次数与在其后的次数相等
16、 3对人分为A,B,C三组，17、 考虑组顺和组中的人顺，18、 有多少种分法?
P33 ×（P22 ）3 先考虑组顺，再考虑人顺
19、 17个人中任取3人分别放在3个屋中，20、 其中7个只能在某两个屋，21、 另外10个只能在另一个屋，22、 有多少种分法？
P72 P101
23、 A,B,C,D,E,F排在1，24、 2，25、 3，26、 4，27、 5，28、 6这六个位置，29、 问A不30、 在1，31、 B不32、 在2，33、 C不34、 在3的排列的种数？
P66 -3P55 +3P44 -P33 (先取总数，后分别把A放1，B放2, C放3,把这个数量算出，从总数中减去即可，建议用三个同样的环相互交错取总数的方法计算)
35、 4幅大小不同36、 的画，37、 要求两幅最大的排在一起，38、 有多少种排法？
2P33
39、 5辆车排成一排，40、 1辆黄色，41、 1两蓝色，42、 3辆红色，43、 且3辆红车不44、 可分辨，45、 问有多少种排法？
P55 /P33 如果再加一个条件2辆不可分辨的白色车，同理：P77 /P33 P22
46、 6个身高不同47、 的人分成2排，48、 每排3人，49、 每排从左到右，50、 由低到高，51、 且后排的人比他身前的人高，52、 问有多少种排法？
5种。穷举发。6个人，为1，2，3，4，5，6，即
1
5
6
1，5，6，三数固定，把2，3，4，在里面摆。此题在2001年一月份出现。
53、 掷一个均匀硬币2N次，54、 求出现正面K次的概率。
C2nk(1/2) 2n 独立重复试验。如果在一次试验中某事件发生的概率是P，那么在n次独立重复试验中这个事件恰好发生K次的概率为Pn（K）＝Cnk Pk (1－P) n-k
（一夫妇生四孩子，问生2男2女的情况之几率；每次生男女概率相同，1/2,如抛硬币问题（抛四次，2次朝上）,即C42(1/2) 4＝3/8
55、 有5个白色珠子和4个黑色珠子，56、 从中任取3个，57、 问其中至少有一个是黑色的概率。
1- C53 /C93
58、 自然数计划S中所有满足nŸ 100, 问满足n(n+1)(n+2) 被6整除的n的取值概率？
由于3个连续自然数必包括一个偶数及一个可被3整除的数，因此100％
59、 设0为正方形ABCD[ 坐标60、 为（1，61、 1），62、 （1，63、 －64、 1），65、 （－66、 1，67、 1），68、 （－69、 1，70、 －71、 1）]中的一点，72、 求起落在x2+y2Ÿ 1的概率。
面积法。x2+y2＝1为一个以原点为圆心，半径为1的圆，面积为л,正方形面积为4，
ANSWER: л/4
73、 A>B（成的概率）？
（1） A前半部分的成概率为1％，（2） B前半部分成概率为1.4%.
（3） A后半部分的成概率为10％，（4） B后半部分成概率为8.5%.
C. P(A)=1%*10% P(B)=1.4%*8.5%
74、 集合A中有100个数，75、 B中有50个数，76、 并且满足A中元素于B中元素关系a+b=10的有20对。问任意分别从A和B中各抽签一个，77、 抽到满足a+b=10的a,b的概率。
C201 /C1001 C501
78、 有两组数，79、 都是『1，80、 2，81、 3，82、 4，83、 5，84、 6』，85、 分别任意取出两个，86、 其中一个比另一个大2的概率？
2*4/ C61 C61由于注明分别，即分两次取。
87、 从0到9这10个数中任取一个数并且记下它的值，88、 再取一个数也记下它的值。当两个值的和为8时，89、 出现5的概率是多少？
2/9. 总共有{(8,0)(0,8)（1，7）（7,1）（6,2）(2,6)(5,3)(3,5)(4,4)}集合中不能有重复元素
90、 5双不同91、 颜色的袜子，92、 从中任取两只，93、 是一对的概率为多少？
5/ C102
94、 从0到9中挑出4个数编4位数的电话号码，95、 求首位不96、 是0且数字不97、 重复98、 的概率。
(P104 -C93)/104
99、 两把keys,放到有5个keys的keychain（直线）中，100、 相邻的概率为多少?
O
K
O
K
O
K
O
K
O
K
O
两把keys放入后的排列为P72，两把keys相邻的情况把两把看成一把，放入上图O的位置C61再排两把keys,即再×2，所以为2 C61 /P72 .放入环的情况相当于放入4个keys的直线中，2 C51 /P62 考友可自行画图理解。
101、 3男生，102、 3女生，103、 从中挑出4个，104、 问男女相等的概率？
C32 C32 /C64
105、 4对夫妇，106、 从中任意选出3人组成一个小组，107、 不108、 能从任一对夫妇中同109、 时选择两人，110、 问符合选择条件的概率是多少？
(C83 –C61 C41 )/C83
111、 从6双不同112、 的手套中任取4只，113、 求其中恰有一双配对的概率。
C61 C52 C21 C21 /C124
114、 3个打字员为4家公司服115、 务，116、 每家公司各有一份文件录入，117、 问每个打字员都收到文件的概率？
(C42 C21 )C31 /34 先把文件分为2，1，1三堆，然后把这三堆文件分给三个打字员。
118、 有4组人，119、 每组一男一女，120、 从每组各取一人，121、 问取出两男两女的概率。
与11题相同。C42(1/2) 4＝3/8
122、 一个人掷飞标，123、 其中击中靶心的概率为0.7,他连续掷4次飞标，124、 有2次击中靶心的概率为多少？
见11题C42 ×0．72×0．32
125、 某种硬币每掷一次正面朝上的几率为0.6，126、 问连续抛5次，127、 至少有4次朝上的概率。
见11题0．65＋C54 ×0．64×0.4
128、 A的发生概率为0.6，129、 B发生的概率为0.5，130、 问A,B都不131、 发生的最大概率？
0.4 请画两个圆分别代表A,B发生的概率，当B包含于A时，即是A,B 都不发生的最大概率。 I＝A+B-A3 B+AB AB=1-0.6-0.5+0.63 0.5=0.4
132、 某种动物由出生而133、 活到20岁的概率为0.7，134、 活到25岁的概率为0.56，135、 求现龄为20岁的这种动物活到25岁的概率。
0.56/0.7 P(0-20)*P(20-25)=P(0-25)
136、 There are 6 groups in a room. Each group consists of 3 men. How many handshakes will there be if each man only shakes hands with people who are outside his group?
18C2 - 6(3C2) = 18X17/2 - 6(3X2/2) = 153 - 18 = 135. I) 18 people shake had with each other or 18C2 II) Then subtract the hand shakes within each group. Six such group with 6 hand shakes each or 6(3C2)
137、 if you tossed a coin three times, what s the probability that you get the same side all three times.
the probability that you get one side 1/8 plus the probsbility that you get another side 1/8 totaling 1/4.
排列组合练习题 二
各项定义请参照ETS的PP3中的MATH部分的Discrete Probability
1、一只袋中状语5个乒乓球，其中3只白色，2只红色，现从袋中取球两次，每次一只，取出后不足放回。试求：1）两只球都是白色的概率
2）两只球颜色不同的概率
3）至少有一只白球的概率
1）C32 /C52 2) C31C21 /C52 3) 1- C22 /C52
2、甲乙两个射手彼此独立地射击同一目标各一次，甲射中的概率为0.9，乙射中的概率为0.8，求目标被射中的概率。
1-(1-0.9)(1-0.8)=0.98
3、三人独立地去破译一个密码，他们能译出的概率分别为1/5,1/3,1/4, 求将此密码译出的概率。
1-(1-1/5)(1-1/3)(1-1/4)=3/5
4、某市共有10000辆自行车，其牌照号码从00001到10000，求偶然遇到的一辆自行车，其牌照号码中有数字8的概率。
1-(9/10)4
5、电话号码由四个数字组成，每个数字可以是0，1，2，3，4，5，6，7，8，9中的任一个数，求电话号码是由完全不同的数字组成的概率。
P104 /104
6、袋中有a只白球，b只红球，依次将球一只只摸出，不放回，求第K次摸出白球的概率（1Ÿ kŸ a+b）
Ca1 Pa+b-1a+b-1 /Pa+ba+b =a/(a+b)
7、3封不同的信，有4个信箱可供投递，共有多少种投信的方法?
43
8、有5个队伍参加了某联赛，两两之间进行循环赛两场，没有平局，试问总共输的场次是多少？
2C52
9、从5位男同学和4位女同学中选出4位参加一个座谈会，要求与会成员中既有男同学又有女同学，有几种不同的选法？
C94 –C54 -C44 =120
10、七人并坐，甲不坐首位，乙不坐末位，有几种不同的坐法？
P77 –2P66 +P55 =3720
11、用0，2，4，6，9这五个数字可以组成数字不重复的五位偶数共有多少个？
P55 -2P44 +P33 =78 9不在末位，0不在首位
12、6张同排联号的电影票，分给3名男生和3名女生，如欲男女相间而坐，则不同的分法数为多少？
2 P33 P33=72
13甲乙丙丁戊五人并排站成一排，如果乙必须站在甲的右边（甲乙可以不相邻），那么不同的排法共有多少种？
(1/2)P55
14、晚会上有5个不同的唱歌节目和3个不同的舞蹈节目，问：分别按以下要求各可排出几种不同的节目单？1）3个舞蹈节目排在一起
2）3个舞蹈节目彼此分隔
3）3个舞蹈节目先后顺序一定
1) P33 P6 先把3个舞蹈节目看成一个节目与唱歌节目节目进行排列，2) 后内部排列
3) C63 P33 P55
4) P85
15、4本不同的书分给2人，每人2本，不同的分法有多少种？
C42 (3本分给2人分法：2C31 ) (6本分给3人，每人2本分法: C62C42 )
作者: smart 时间: 2004-11-1 20:08
GMAT备考之百家争鸣
序言：这里既有牛人，也有小鸟；重要是能给后来者带来信心，无他。
ONE：
150小时=7** 写给复习感觉不太好的G友
分数：Q 5* V3* Total 7**
我这篇文章是用来安慰人的。本人3月份-5月份上的，由于有其他更重要的事情，呵呵，阅读只上了一节课，useless,作文只上过一节课，这个还不如模板有用。重点听了霏霏的逻辑和数学，还有白大虾的语法，颇有收益，值得一听。当时只是尽量完成逻辑作业，其他所有作业都不做，因为当时上班。5。1假所有课都逃了，也没有补什么，毕竟生活本身最重要，我不能因为考试放弃生活本身，否则生活就没有什么意义了。
5月结束后，GMAT就被扔了，毕竟生活不能总是考G
到7月份中重新开始看，但也是断断续续，不系统，不彻底。三天打鱼，三天晒网。到了八孕旬，只是完整的做了一边OG,到了8月15日，有点开始着急，定了个复习计划，但每天只能保证平均6小时到8月28日。共78小时左右。在8月27日想考试延期，看了51test,延期必须在一个星期前付款，看来只能华山一条路了。于是8月29日飞回了北京。当天看书看到两点。
以后作息
8月29日 20：00-凌晨2：00，看了讲义，从网上和软件中寻找模考软件。 4小时
8月30日 8：00-12：00 模考kaplan 550 可恶。12：30-凌晨2：00，看以前的数学错题和数学宝殿 18小时
8月31日 8：00-12：00 模考pr 650可恶。12：30-凌晨2：00，看以前的逻辑错题和逻辑宝殿 18小时
9月1日 8：00-12：00 模考pp3 740 找自信。12：30-凌晨2：00，看以前的语法错题和自己总结语法。我非常赞成SC为王的话，因为我在考试时时放弃了一片阅读的。 18小时
9月2日。放松，背背作文模板。看看JJ,其实也不指望月初能够碰上多少，只是从广大朋友的经历中寻找勇气和动力。6小时工作了。睡觉前喝了点beer,睡得不错。
从8月15日到9月2日，总共78+4+18+18+18+6=142小时左右，考到7**，也算是满意了。
自己个人的想法，模考软件只能练paste，由于可能是**软件的缘故，分数不准。就如pr，数学全对也只给47分，呵呵。
不过我的经历只能供大家参考，虽然我的补充材料和阅读补充材料没有做完，但是本人在二年前考过GRE,22**,所以阅读能力和词汇还是可以的。不过我觉的如果大家6级过了，考GMAT花上一个月30天，每天扎扎实实10小时，共300小时上700分是没有问题了。
最后祝大家9月份考G顺利！
TWO：
5*, 3*, 7*0 95%
这个分数有点遗憾，不过也基本反映本人实力，所以没什么可抱怨的。本文分三部分，gmat复习体会，感想和一个附注。
一 GMAT 之九阴真经
中国人准备GMAT没有几个能够完全靠实力取胜，毕竟不是自己的母语，所以我这里介绍的经验谈不上正大光明，也不敢称之为九阳真经。大家凑合学几招，能够像周芷若那样突然伸出九阴白骨爪暗风惨惨的将ETS吓住一回也就够用了。
GMAT 和 ETS 的其他考试一样，要求你在短时间内做出判断。这有点像围棋中的快棋赛，我认为并不能够真实反映出选手的实力。如果量化一下的话，十分的考试有6分来自实力，2分来自发挥，2分来自运气。三者比例虽然不同，但相互关联，缺一不可。如果你实力不够的话，就只好靠发挥了。如果运气不够的话，嘿嘿，就只好靠重考了。
SC:
我认为SC是最反映一个人英语实力的地方。你可以在似懂非懂的情况下做完逻辑和阅读。只有SC, 你必须focus on 它的细节。也只有在这种训练中，你会逐步提高自己对英语的鉴别能力。
在复习中我建议大家将所有的SC题目分成两部分，第一部分在考试20天前反复的做，直至滚瓜烂熟，第二部分大约5,6套题可以在考前20天内去做。这样你可以保证考试时对语法的新鲜感和应变能力。我因为太早做完了语法题，到考试的时候见了新题直犯晕。
对于复习材料，OG的解释很好，但不全。而且OG收集的题目似乎都是些容易的题目，可以找到明显的错误。LZM对入门还是有好处的，毕竟省了你很多夫去查语法书。但看完OG再看 LZM，你就会发现这家伙专门找一些边边角角去解释，而 OG往往从句子的意思入手去分析问题。这也说明中国人普遍存在的问题，不能够对英语句子做精确的理解。
CR:
CR就像玩脑筋急转弯，而且是很无聊的那种。比如说：一只螃蟹爬过一淌牛粪堆，结果发现始终只有七只脚的脚印，为什么？：（呵呵，答案见页底）。我觉得在作题时分清scope是非常重要的。你一定要知道什么是evidence，什么是conclusion 和问题的scope是什么。然后在选项中寻找答案。你不太可能事先就知道答案是什么。
光于复习材料，lsat能够教你许多清晰的逻辑思路。所以考试一个援前做做还是有好处的。但是gmat 很注重你从模糊的信息中提取出相对而言较为正确的答案的能力。Lsat在做过6，7套题后，你会发现每套题似乎都很相像。而gmat总能千变万化。这就是严瑾和不严谨的区别。
RC:
RC要求的阅读能力和平常阅读英语资料的能力是很不一样的。我人在北美，天天看 CNN 和 Times，一点问题也没有。但一回到gmat 阅读，该不懂的还是不懂。平常老外说话或者写文章，目的是要让你看懂。但 ETS写文章目的是要看你能不能看懂，甚至看你能不能在看不太懂的情况下作对题。这也就是许多国内的GRE, GMAT 高手到了国外，英语阅读和写作能力未必比其他一些得低分的人强的原因。我一直反对鼓吹用gre, gmat去提高英语能力的人。像我一个 EE的研究生或者一个MBA 只要能看懂和自己相关的文章就行了，实在没有必要去了解细胞的多态性和一个17世纪的权威如何看待妇女解放运动。
关于材料，阅读的材料可以说非常之丰富。lsat, GRE 和 Gmat 都有很多很好的阅读资料。我建议平时无论拿哪个练手都可以，考前则应逐步转回gmat的阅读材料。
AWA
找个模版不失为一个取巧的好办法。谁也不能在一，二个月内锻炼出像莎士比亚一样的文采。况且就算你写出莎翁的文采，只会识0 和 1 的机器也不能欣赏。评语大致如下：严重缺乏逻辑，无端使用语气词，刻意煽情，乱搞男女关系：另外，建议你一定要将网上的模版改成自己的，否则有可能被发现剽窃。国外有很多查是否剽窃的软件，也常常被大学的老师使用。
MATH:
Math是很让人琢磨不透的。你准备再充分，一道小题就可以让你阴沟里翻船。中国人都希望能够拿满分。在verbal 里你即使不太懂，还能感觉出哪个像正确答案，但在 math 里，如果你不会做这道题，五个数字就像五个癞蛤蟆一样，你永远不知道哪一个更漂亮（嘿嘿，除非你也是个癞蛤蟆）。机考中难题往往在后面，所以你应该尽量给后面可能出现的难题留一点时间。在感觉时间不够的时候，一定要做出选择，无论是一个英俊的穷小子还是一个富裕的干瘪老头，一定要选一个，否则迎接你的就是一个干瘪的穷老头。
注重培养习惯：
重申一点，英语考试不能完全反映一个人的英语实力，但可以反映一个人的素质。你一定要有一个明晰的解题习惯。比如说SC要注重句子的细节，逻辑要注重scope，阅读要注重主题思想和每部分间的关联。
另一方面的习惯就是培养你在模糊的情况下做判断的能力。许多人在五选二的情况下往往选择了错误的答案。在一个感觉正确和另一个感觉不出问题的答案间选择了那个感觉不出问题的错误选项。
THREE：
Math: 51 Verbal:34 Total:710
谈一点点GMAT的复习感受：累。尤其是我这样必须经常出差的，而且工作没有太多规律。好在我年轻（今年本命年）。第一次，放弃春节，全力以赴满以为可以一举成，结果考前意外，考试失蹄。退&废了一个月，天天看电视磨阳光，跑到雍和宫求宁静。4-5月，国际出差，随江访团去了一次尼日利亚，然后赴埃及十天，吸了一些Power of Pyramid。回来，重新做人，重新开始学习。但刚开始总是不愿意接受第一次失败的事实，担心太多，进入7月份才定下心来复习。7月复习开始后，基本上所有能找到的题都做了两遍以上，已不清楚OG、补充材料以及模考资料做了多少次了。个人认为Kaplan非常有用，任何一个部分都有非常意义，尤其是要注意其分析和解释。PR次之，可以与ETS比着找感觉。LSAT没做过多少，阅读和逻辑把GRE PP3都做了一遍，总体上感觉还是有帮助的。总之：如果你能保证每做过的以上题都很清楚思路及考点，而且能保证你的阅读速度，对付ETS已经足够。(晕天转地的，此时的我已经基本上没有表达能力和逻辑思维了。)
FOUR：
Math 50,Verbal 28, Total 660.
谈一谈自己的情况,希望鼓励大家杀”鸡”成.
我相信我的基础比大家都差,20岁之前一直是专业运动员.没有完成系统的中学教育.8年前来到北美, 一直从事专业体育工作.直到两年前,遇到几为颇有成就的朋友,才激发了自己努力读书的心愿.
今年2月在不知深浅的情况下一试GMAT,被这厮三两招擒于马下,500分结束第一回合.还好,多年的体育锻炼和8年北美的江湖游历培养了我面对困难的乐观态度.心一横,跟供职的CIBC撒一谎,请了半年长假.在家研习杀鸡武,准备再战ETS.
3月份的NHL季后赛大战,4月份的NBA总决战,加上6月全月的世界杯,让我几乎忘记了为什么请假在家.还好,身边的杀”鸡”俱乐部的各位师兄弟姐妹的当头棒喝又让我回到正确的道路上.继而开始发奋,尤其感谢河南万爷,湖北白爷,天府吴爷给兄弟我在数学上的帮助.我相信没有几个人可以受一天10 几个连续不停的数学电话之搔扰.真心感谢你们的帮助.并且预祝万爷,白爷,Echo, Judy及远在国内的赵Kelly小姐下月血刄ETS.
天府吴爷,不伦你对未来的生活作出何种选择,只要你认为这种选择可以实现你的理想,并带给你生活的乐趣.兄弟我都会一直支持你.但是,要记住, 人们不能作出坚强而正确的决定,往往是因为人为地放大了自己眼前的困难
作者: smart 时间: 2004-11-1 20:09
FIVE：
这次是第二次与ETS交手，710分
复习经历：
三月参加班，由于工作较忙，基本只能保证完成教师布置的练习，五月份开始集中投入，但备考思路不对，成绩不理想（见前一次机经）。考完以后发现下一次只能在十一月初考了，很郁闷。突然天降喜讯，抓到九月的一个机会，又开始重新准备。在高人指点下，紧抓阅读、语法和做题速度几个要点，实考证明是对路了。阅读我以LSAT，High-gre-reading，GMAT review的次序练习，前二者重视抓速度，后者琢磨考点，考前两周熟悉机经。复习过程中坚持背太傻单词。语法过了一遍LZM，之后狂攻OG，前后细读了四遍，细细体会ETS的讲解，还自己做了每个题的考点总结。逻辑先做了十套20个部分的LSAT逻辑，之后每天定量限时完成GRE review和GMAT review上的逻辑题，逐渐提升到一分半一题。
单词的记忆明显增强了阅读的信心，对语法句子结构的推敲提高了理解难句的能力。先追求速度，后来在思考总结中，逐渐体会和吸收了的一些阅读要诀，又提高了准确率。感觉补充材料上选的阅读题不够绕，已有些远离机考。语法方面，感觉LZM可作为入门读物，要摸准ETS的思路还是要靠吃透OG，自己的总结至关重要。别人的东西可以背下来，但终究是别人的，尤如把一把刀放在生手手中，他还是舞不起来，自己体会总结方能做到手中无刀，心中有刀，以无刀胜有刀。事实上，石林的语法笔记，我也只是拿来与自己的总结作印证，很多语法现象证明英雄所见略同。LSAT的折磨与GRE review、GMAT review的限时练习生生磨出了我的题目阅读速度和一些逻辑感觉，多数题目基本上可做到，读到正确选项就感觉明显是答案。
关于机经与模考软件的作用。我重视数学机经，是将它作为真题练习，体会ETS的出题思路，并不期望遇到多少重复题，因此发现换了题库也安之若素。阅读机经、逻辑机经对于节省时间好处明显，后者的答案多数有较好的参考价值。这一次，我并不将模考软件作为对自己水平的测试，因为感觉kaplan和PR都不完全对路，PP3则麻痹人，只将他们作为机考体会PACE的工具。考前做了两套kaplan，为的是用难题来检查自己的不足，一次640，一次590。虽然第二次奇差，倒未背上太多心理压力，反而庆幸及时发现了自己数学部分节奏不好的毛病，实考时因此能做出适当的调整。（PS题做出符合选项的答案就不再纠缠，DS题则作一遍检查）。
这一次上阵，感觉自己还未达到理想的应试水平，所幸运气较好，Verbal部分不难，主要是阅读材料短，占了些便宜。个人认为GMAT考试无捷径可走（当然复习对路会省些时间），打实基础，才是必胜的保证，祝后来的朋友考得更好。
SIX:
25天：540-700，我的GMAT经历（菜鸟的复习心得）
今天，考完了，成绩700（51/32），92%，想和大家（主要是底子很菜的）交流一下我的体会。
我是8月27号开始复习的，过去（四级没过，TOEFL240（机考）=580（笔试）），第一次PP540（47/15），我想这个成绩很多人都觉得可耻吧，其实我觉得第一次摸考只是让你知道自己的弱点，我的做MARKETING的，所以我明白市场有问题没有关系，关键是你必须树立一个目标，然后一定要对问题进行细分，并针对相对问题找到可行的方案。
于是我根据自己的实际情况，制订了的目标：我的数学还可以，有JJ帮忙正常应该50。语文方面，特别是阅读巨差，因此短时间阅读不可能有很大的突破，所以我把重点放在语法上，这样只要语法保证70-80%，阅读、逻辑40%的正确率，语文可以拿到26分以上，总分可以达到650。
我最初的复习计划如下：（单位：小时）
AWA： 40
RD：50
SC：40
CR：50
PS：40
JJ：50
检索申请学校资料：10
合计：280小时（25天）
最后执行的情况如下：
AWA： 21
RD：21
SC：58
CR：36
PS：29
JJ：51
检索申请学校资料：21
合计：237小时
从计划和执行情况大家可以看出，我在SC上的时间等于RD+CR。
SC的复习方面，LZM两遍，OG3遍，关键看语法点。
CR：陈向东一遍，正确率60%。LAST太难，搞不懂，放弃
RD：杨继一遍（没做完），正确率60%，GRE没时间看了。
PS：看了一些公式，做了几套，感觉只要细心，基本没问题。
JJ：看当月的JJ，关键是把考的知识点搞懂，而不是单个题目。
摸考：没时间
经过20多天的复习，我对自己的情况基本有了底，数学由于基本考点都掌握了，50应该没问题。语文方面语法可以保证60-80%，逻辑和阅读40-60%，成绩应该在25-35，这样估计正常发挥成绩应该在650-720之间。
考前的晚上，痛苦的事情终于发生了，11点睡觉，3点醒了，怎么也睡不着了，到6点才迷糊了一会儿，7点20起床，头象铅一样，幸好这样的情况我已经有了准备。
为了对付考试疲劳问题，特地准备了雀巢的特级精装COFFEE（不是普通速容的那种），过去试过效果，对不经常喝咖啡的我，一杯曾经让我一夜睡不着，比红牛厉害多了，过去打麻将喝红牛觉得没什么效果（如果红牛对神经的刺激超过咖啡，它肯定通不过药检），早上，煮了特别浓的1L带在身边，开了近40公里到了考场（多伦多），吃一个小面包（不能多，否则一夜没睡好，肯定打瞌睡）喝了半L咖啡，开始考试，基本一小时后，咖啡因开始起作用，考数学时特兴奋，每一题出来，相关知识立刻涌现，JJ很多，但一点没想过去的答案，全部重做了一边，只有一题没看到过知识点，（下列那个不是多边型的对角线数量：5，6，9，12，20，划了图好象是9，但无法确定）,51很重要，总分可以加30。
每次间隔，喝几口咖啡，考语文前吃半个小面包。阅读全是JJ，但作题还是要去读文章，建议大家看JJ了解大概意思就可以了。语法的作用关键时候就发挥出来了，每题几乎本能的不看内容，先看考点，首先是主谓语，立刻可以排除2-3个，然后是并列和搭配，8-10题答案30秒/题就可以出来了，其他的在2-3个当中权衡一下，基本1-1分种半可以解决，如果全部读懂内容再分析，下面时间肯定不够。逻辑看不懂的用排除法立刻猜一个，否则花了4-5分钟，答案基本还是错的。第3，6是阅读，保证正确率，细读，后两个考感觉。
最后15分钟开始发晕（咖啡因开始失效），几个语法很简单，但不知道怎么了，象丢了魂一样，思想老是断路。
出来后，不断流虚汗、胃痉挛，思想不集中，一直想吐，估计是超浓度的咖啡造成（估计吸毒后才不多就是这样）。
以上就是我的复习和考试体会，关键是细分项目，该拿容易拿的先保证，已经考试是保证良好的状态。任何中国人考650-720是很容易的。
SEVEN:
当看到屏幕上出现730时，我心中感到了踏实，这不是个值得炫耀的成绩，但是我珍视它，正如任何一个曾经失败过的人一样，我对跌倒过爬起来的胜利格外珍惜。两个月前，我败过，败的很惨，当时自认为了得的我，得到了一个与自己的期望值差100分、低于TOFEL分数的成绩：650。**上有个叫FEATHER的女孩的签名我很喜欢：如果你没有考过GMAT，你怎么会知道自己输的这么惨。永远会记得当时自己走出考场的心情，在考试方面我一直很顺：高考地区第一名、大学毕业第一名、六级95分、注册会计师、TOFEL653。从此GMAT像一道魔咒套到了我的身上，我不停的问自己：为什么别人能行，我却不行？今天的成绩证明：爱拼总会赢。
一、一战备考经历
从去年12月做了出国的打算，2月份因为硕士论文答辩，只零零星星看了一些的教材。从3月开始全身心投入TG的学习，5月考TOFEL，之前只看了一点GMAT逻辑和阅读。GMAT阅读的确很锻炼人，做了一段GMAT阅读后，我得TOFEL摸考阅读从未错超过两题，最终考试TOFEL阅读得了满分，为拿下653打下基础。关于TOFEL我想顺便提一句，语法和阅读都很好突破，听力需要水滴石穿。尽管之前我的雅思听力已经得了7分，但美语的连读、失音、爆破和习语都需要时间适应。5月11日考完TOFEL， 上网发现已经开课的GMAT班还没有报满，马上奔至妙峰山下。在曾有一段感觉良好的时期，做费费布置的逻辑作业，曾有100题错4题的记录，就可笑的认为自己是个逻辑天才。在只做了一点OG的情况下，在一个班里同学都去了三里屯酒吧、去了PARTY、去了山上采樱桃的晚上，我在的机房摸出了750，从此就错误的认为GMAT不过如此，奠定了一战告败的基础。第一次考试前，我没有做完OG，没有做完补充材料，摸考KAPLAN640，PRICENTON730 700 680 700，带着毕胜的信心进了考场，整个考VERBAL的过程就如一场噩梦，阅读都很长、逻辑很难，只有语法还感觉好点。650的现实是残酷的，但其实是正常的，尤其对一个准备不足、盲目自满的人。
二、二战备考经历
虽然失败后的两个月，我活的很压抑，但我没有倒下，我认真总结了失败的教训：阅读能力太差、逻辑能力欠缺、对在机器上做题不适应。针对以上弱点，我认真阅读了几份高分机经，作出了备考策略：一定要先适应机考环境，一定要把阅读能力提高上去。我从**上下载了电子版的LAST和H-GRE，头一个月，我看了杨鹏的GRE难句，每天50道LAST题，然后认真总结，8篇GRE阅读，然后把每一篇都念的烂熟。朗读其实是非常提高阅读能力，有时候文章读到第三遍，才觉得深刻理解，而且ETS本身的文章都很符合语法规范，对提高语法能力也有帮助。LAST的逻辑推理其实不难，需要克服的是它别别扭扭的表达方式。我个人认为LAST很练阅读，而想通过LAST的逻辑题对机考中的逻辑难题居高临下是不可能的，那些难题可能属于个人的能力和思维问题，是练不出来的。做LAST的过程**搞了LAST讨论专栏，我得到了SUNNY和LASERLEE的很大帮助，其实我的LAST做的很不稳定，作到最后常一套错2题，一套错7题，很是烦恼，但毕竟为了11道逻辑题练了1400道题。GRE阅读做的不错，158篇文章做的很稳定，30分钟22题错3-6题，据GRE考生说，还不错。最后一个月，我回到GMAT， 认真复习了OG和补充资料，并且坚持隔天摸考，摸考成绩大家不要在意，关键练感觉，我觉得KAPLAN较好，PRICENTON难度与笔试题相当，与今天的机考题相差很远。
三、关于GMAT
大家千万不要轻视它，这是ETS最自豪的产品，据说92%的测试精确度，如果想拿高分，必须要下很大的夫。前10题最重要应该是真的，因为我的10-20题逻辑、语法难的读不下题去，做完20题还剩下34分钟，20题以后的题很友好，后21题我用了29分钟做完，最后提前5分钟做完，所以PACE不要强求，确保前20题是重要的。语法很难，我自以为语法是强项，不到1分钟可以做一题，可是第一道语法，我就花了3分钟。逻辑有几道绝对超出LAST难题的难度，这可能是我没有到达750的原因，只有阅读，跟笔试题差不多的难度。另外，数学的机经很重要，**的总结基本包括所有难题，我没有遇到超出**总结的难题，所以今天就不写了。VERBAL机经我一眼也没有看过，建议基础稍好一点的也不要看，每一个我们都要很费劲，加上别人的干扰恐怕会有负面作用。另外，坚持就是胜利，做到10-20题，我几乎无法呼吸，以为又要败了，但20题后，峰回路转又一村。
EIGHT:
考完了，一看，我居然是最后一个。咱就再跟它耗会儿吧。答了些问题，但没有调查问卷了，估计ETS自己也觉得很蠢找骂的，取消了。没这娱乐项目，只好准备要分数了。我水平应在720，有710就可以了。先找数字大的，看见7就放心了，看往后看，两个0。心里就气—-----就觉得象考了60分一样-----其实是59，老师给面子，拉了1分。出来，阿姨还问呢，觉得满意么，小伙子。我当时正不爽，不太礼貌：I deserve more.
感想：
1． 坚决反对句子为王的右倾修正主义错误。改错能达到80-90%正确率已足够。再多都是浪费时间，----也很难保证那10%正确。
2． 逻辑用LSAT确能提高阅读及真正的逻辑思维能力。但感觉GMAT是**的智力测验。用LSAT还总有点有劲用不上的感觉。另外GMAT在逻辑中用很多生词和陌生现象很不好。我的考试里至少有四五个逻辑跟动物有关，非常不爽。我考前GMAT,GRE逻辑都正确率90%了，考的时候估计只有60%正确。如何提高，还请各位大虾指教。
3． 阅读文章如前人所述，不难。而且题也不难。但我觉得每一篇文章都有一个巨搞的题，只是大虾觉得容易。非牛人则错多对少。我等接近小牛的人就觉得这巨搞的题有两个答案非常接近，有点碰运气的成分。例如我的第一篇阅读最后一题：问从文章里可以看出消费者的什么态度？本来我选E，消费者不知道是厂家还是零售商打折扣。后来有空，发觉A也对，消费者觉得零售商不应该将打折的商品加价卖给他们。这两个内容文章都没提到，它们的表达也和另三个不一样----不绝对化，和中心有关。我后来选了A，因为觉得E和文章的中心关系更远：即谁打折消费者不需要关心，他们更关心价格而不是提供者。
4． 可见GMAT阅读的精华在这四道题中，了解出题者的思路非常重要。这四道题加上逻辑及改错的各四题，构成了上700的障碍。之所以这么想，只是觉得阅读的难题更容易感觉的，题与题的难易差距非常明显。相信ETS一定也设定了改错和逻辑的难题，只是不太明显，难以察觉吧了。
5． 另外坚决反对确保前10或20题的左倾机会主义路线。考试中，第20题中的换题库非常明显。估计我数学一般，所以给了我verbal部分开始比较容易。只可惜我牢记前人的僵化的保前二十题的策略，后面时间有点紧张，这样难题需要的时间长，不够的话，一样做不对，得不到高分。可见正确的策略是：简单就做快点，难的在后面的。难的就慢点做，做上去，再难，做不出再下来。-----前人说过做过就过，不要回头的道理就在此。
写这么多，累了。具体的题目我有点不屑一谈了。总之，觉得大家应讨论ETS的诡计在哪里。容易是因为什么，考的内容或阅读或思路容易，困难是因为什么困难。只有群策群力，研究GMAT机考思路才能在有一定基础和训练的前提下都取得好成绩。否则事倍半，想高分，难啊。
NINE：
结果是：q49 V40,730。
对于这个分数，暨满意又遗憾。满意的是没有发挥失常，遗憾的是再也没有机会圆大牛之梦了（我是肯定不会重考的了。）正如前人指出：上700分是容易的，上750是困难的。
关于复习的几点感想：
1， 作文模板的作用：非常有用，是节省时间提高效率的好方法。可惜我考前才明白，所以花了很多夫看题目，收效却甚微，白白浪费了时间。
2， 机警的作用：
没什么用处。语文机警还有可能起副作用。这也是我没写机警的原因之一（原因之二是记不清楚了，不好意思）
我个人认为看机警的目的只有二：一，学习别人的复习经验，比如模板，lsat题等，都是从前人经验中学到的；二，比较并对自己做一个评测。通过对不同成绩得主的复习情况与自己的比较，可以相对客观的知道自己的水平。这比模考可准的多了。
3， 模考的作用：
其实没用。都和机考有很大差距。至于说拿来练PACE, 我觉得也不合适，KANPLAN 太
难，PP3全做过，这样的pace不练也罢。
另外，千万别把分数当真，我的KANPLAN 第一次考了680，第二天princeton考了600，（而且都是临考前三天）气得我当场决定，再也不看光盘了。
唯一有用的恐怕也就是通过PP3 熟悉一下考试界面，那倒是一模一样的。
4， 复习资料的选择
必备：og （一定要看后面语法的解释，非常有用。只要真正读通了，语法就轻松搞定）
笔试题（的白皮书）
gre 阅读 （掐点做，培养快速阅读的感觉。然后精读，每句话搞明白，每篇文章结构搞明白。原则是：宁精勿滥）
LSAT 逻辑 （太好的东西了，即使不考试，做起来的感觉也练脑子,而且对gmat逻辑绝对有用）
牛津英文词典(在学习动词的用法是很有用。因为每个动词都有详细的用法标示。比如只能接动名词，只能用不定式，不能接THAT从句，固定介词搭配等。其实考试未必考，但对理解语法规则很有帮助，比起lzm总结的固定搭配可全面权威多了。
参考：阳鹏的难句（有时间尽量看，挺好的一本书。就是有一两句的解释我不太同意。）
LZM书 （最好不要在看完og 的解释前看，否则会误入歧途，看完OG后再翻翻，有批判性的阅读，满有成就感）
陈向东的逻辑解析（太厚，而且讲的不是很好。这是我从头做到尾的教训。逻辑说白了，是阅读。要是觉得对逻辑分析感兴趣，不如看LSAT。）
5， 的作用
作用一：督促不自觉的人学习（至少对我而言，这是最重要的原因）
作用二：资料倒是挺齐
至于老师，逻辑和阅读没什么用，白勇的语法一开始觉得挺神，后来自己通读了og解释，发现其实都在那上面了。可见og的作用。不过白勇的总结省却了自己查语法规则的时间，也挺好。
还有我的教训是，虽然大家数学都不错，但也不能大意，对题型和常犯的错误要了解。
最后一点，也是最重要的一点，做题绝对不要贪多，一定要注意自己总结，做过的题才能真正有用。
作者: smart 时间: 2004-11-1 20:11
GMAT备考精华-OVERVIEW
1. 考试简介
2. 报名事宜
3. 考点分布
4. 备考思路
[考试简介]
The Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT*) is created and administered by the Educational Testing Service (ETS). Admissions officers use the GMAT to measure academic ability. In fact, ETS data has shown that GMAT scores are consistently good, though imperfect, predictors of academic success in the first year of business school.
GMAT scores are also used by admissions committees as a useful guide in comparing the credentials of candidates from widely varying backgrounds. The exam itself measures general verbal, mathematical, and analytical writing skills. It does not test business competence nor specific subject knowledge.
The GMAT at a Glance
(3部分)
1. Analytical Writing Assessment (AWA)
Time: 60 minutes
Format: Consists of two 30-minute essays
Topics Tested: Analysis of an argument Analysis of an Issue
2. Quantitative Section
Time: 75 minutes
Format: Maximum of 37 multiple choice questions
Topics Tested: Algebra Arithmetic Geometry
Question Types: Problem Solving Data Sufficiency
3. Verbal Section
Time: 75 minutes
Format: Maximum of 41 questions
Topics Tested: Reading Grammar Analytical Reasoning
Question Types: Reading Comprehension Sentence Correction Critical Reasoning
[报名事宜]
价格
GMAT考试费现为200美元，按照当前银行的汇率和手续费，折合人币为1680 元。
报名
考生如果要报名考试,需要与报名中心联系,一般过程是:
1、索取GMAT Bulletin
电话索取：010-62510901 （也可采用传真方式：010-62515002）
信函方式：地址与汇款地址相同(见下) （也可填写在线Bulletin索取表）
网上下载
2、汇考试费
A.可采用邮政汇款方式：
地址： 北京8717信箱
收款人： 中国国外考试协调处
邮编： 100080
请注意：在汇款单的附言处留下您的有效联系电话、传真和身份证号码等信息。
B.北京地区可通过中国银行转帐方式付款，快捷、方便！
3、考生填写申请表，寄送申请表
A.可以用电话、传真或信件的方式与报名中心联系。
电话号码： 010-62510901
传真号码： 010-62515002
邮寄地址同上。
以传真或信件方式报名者请填写GMAT Bulletin 中 International Test Scheduling Form，并传真或寄给报名中心。
B.考生也可直接在网上填写GMAT International Test Scheduling Form直接发送。
请注意：对于除了邮寄地址外没有其它有效联络方式的考生，报名中心只能在收到考试费和报名信息后安排3个星期以后的考试。
4、报名中心完成注册后，将按照考生所留下的E-mail地址、电话、传真或邮寄地址与其联系进行确认。在预定考试日期前3天没有得到确认信息者，请与报名中心联系。
修改/取消
报名一经确认，考生若要求修改考试地点、时间或取消考试， 请至少在确认的考试日期前7天（不包括国家法定节日在内）中午12:00之前让报名中心收到更改费和新的更改信息。修改费为40美元，折合人币为336元。报名中心在没有收到修改费时，不会为考生修改。对于决定取消考试者，ETS将自动返还80美元。
证件要求
参加GMAT考试的考生需携带两种有效证件，其中至少有一种是护照、身份证或军人证。没有这类证件者，考场管理员有权拒绝您参加考试。另一种证件可以是驾驶证、工作证或学生证，缺少第二种有效证件者，可从所在学校、单位、街道派出所等地开具介绍信，信上需有本人照片 ，本人签字，个人体貌特征描述和单位人事部门电话，并且在照片上盖有介绍单位的公章。GMAT考试的考生不需要携带确认函。
[考点分布]
北京 北京海淀区海淀路167号一层。(100080) 乘332路、320路、808路、302路、特6路、716路、718路汽车到海淀黄庄站下，考场位于人大附中南侧／麦当劳向南100米。
北京 北京海淀区苏州街75号鼎钧大厦5层B座519室。(100080) 乘367路汽车到盛唐饭店站下, 904路汽车到万泉河路站下, 386路汽车到海淀妇产医院站下。
长沙 长沙市岳麓区麓山路， 湖南师范大学外国语学院一层西侧。(410081) 自火车站：乘彭立珊专线车、202路汽车直达。 自长途汽车东、西站：乘26、7、107路汽车到火车站转； 自机场：乘航专线车到航大酒店转202路汽车；从市区：除上述路线外，乘106路、203路、314路、216路汽车到湖南师范大学
成都 四川成都市一环路南一段24号， 四川大学(西区)出国留学人员培训部一层。(610065) 自火车站：北站乘27路到成都科技大学站、34路磨子桥站下车； 自机场：航班车一环路下，转车至磨子桥； 成都科技大学正门、行政楼后面即为出国人员培训部
大连 辽宁大连市黄河路850号， 辽宁师范大学北院新文科楼一号楼1105-1106室。(116029) 自火车站：101路师大站下车，前行过街桥向北 自机场：701路泉涌站下车转乘101路无轨 自码头：708路师大站下车
广州 广州白云区黄石东路， 广东外语外贸大学专家楼一层。(510421) 乘805路，274、76路汽车到外语学院站，进广东外语外贸大学正校门，按指路牌可到考场。
哈尔滨 黑龙江哈尔滨南岗区西大直街92号， 哈尔滨工业大学机械楼3001室。(150001) 乘10路、55路、64路、107路、82路、86路、104路、78路汽车等到哈工大站下,由哈工大侧门进入，机械楼三层3001室
济南 济南市经十路73号， 山东工业大学实验楼11层。(250061) 自火车站：乘18路汽车省体育场站下车，西行约100米工大北门；乘3路汽车解放桥换乘2路汽车到千佛山下车西行约100米工大南门，至山工大科学实验大楼十一层。
昆明 昆明市学府路2号， 云南省教育委员会大楼314房间。(650223) 火车站乘23路汽车至火车北站,再转乘22路或9路汽车到小菜园站下，省教育委员会大楼314室。
南京 南京汉口路22号， 南京大学国外考试中心(图书馆北侧门一楼)。(210093) 乘1路、16路、33路、34路汽车鼓楼南站下车步行10分钟，南京大学图书馆北侧门一层
上海 上海徐汇区钦州南路500号， 上海教育考试院一层。(200233) 43路汽车上海师大站下车，或乘地铁至新龙华站，从地铁出口（沪闵路）右转、在丁字路口左转（过马路）至柳州南路，前行250米左右在丁字路口左转至钦州南路，前行约100米。
武汉 武汉市江汉区杨汊湖小区省教育考试院考场一层。(430023) 可在琴台/航空路/新华路/取水楼等站转乘535路汽车至杨汊湖总站.
西安 西安长安南路， 西安外国语学院出国留学人员培训部教学楼110室。(710061) 乘3路，603路汽车西安外院下车,东走约100米，由外院北门进入校内，出国留学人员培训部一层110室。
厦门 福建厦门市思明南路422号， 厦门大学基金楼101室。(361005) 乘1路、15路、18路、21路、45路汽车，机场航班车到火车站转乘1路汽车厦大旧门下车，右拐、前行 50米再右拐、经小卖部后、在路口左拐，前行50米。
[备考思路]
Step one: 打基础，TOEFL词汇准备
Step tw 辅导班，摸清GMAT游戏规则
Step three: 广泛阅读，反复锤炼，揣摩GMAT感觉，真可谓“衣带渐宽终不悔，为伊消的人憔悴”，提高的过程总是最痛苦的过程。
Step four: 个人发挥，走出自己的颠峰之路。
作者: smart 时间: 2004-11-1 20:12
快评GMAT教材
GMAT真题（白皮书）：基本教材，初级阶段入门练习。
GMAT语法改错精解 刘振：总结的不错，最好是先作题，再看前面总结；也有例外，据说有战友做了两遍，上场还是不知所措，死读书？不得知。
GMAT阅读精解 杨某：借来看看即可，或是站在书店随便翻翻，性价鲍差。
GRE/GMAT阅读难句精解 杨某：前言中吹嘘其背单词厉害，不过是记忆规律的运用；话说回来，此书总结的不错，可阅。
LSAT真题（黄皮书）：用于练习逻辑思维；全价买，实用篇幅不到40%，可惜，可与战友同购。
原版GMAT (The Official Guide for GMAT Review )教材：号称奇强无比，原版价格不菲；门口有盗版。
MATH：不用教材，到网上下栽基本术语概念，最后研读鸡经，至多到书店翻翻书，至少50。除非数学太差。
作文：不用教材，网上下栽摸版，搜刮经典句型，至少5.0。还有，练习打字速度。
欢迎续评！
作者: watergate 时间: 2004-11-1 21:54
大牛，哪里找的这么多好帖子？俺们菜鸟谢谢你了。。。
作者: falcons 时间: 2005-9-17 13:48
many thanks !!!
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many thanks !!!
作者: daisy1234 时间: 2006-1-4 14:22
xiexei
作者: meimei5656 时间: 2006-1-22 17:56
many thanks !!!!!!!
作者: srddw 时间: 2006-6-26 21:50
Great Thanks[em01]
作者: dingzhiyin19 时间: 2006-7-4 13:22
强，顶！！！！！！！！！！
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thanks
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many thanks !!!!!!!!!!!!!
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3X
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many thanks !!!!!
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太好了！非常感谢！
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many thanks !!!!!!!
作者: rose_gj 时间: 2007-4-9 22:06
非常感谢，辛苦了
作者: dingbo_009 时间: 2007-5-12 18:22
辛苦了，谢谢
作者: simplezhu 时间: 2007-6-16 23:55 标题: 回复：（smart）GMAT备考精华篇
[em17]
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many thanks @!
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MANY THANKS !!!!
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感谢！！
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thanks !
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感谢了！！[em01]
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作者: michellej 时间: 2007-12-11 23:45
好帖呀，谢谢LZ！
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非常感谢！！！[em05]
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作者: icy_dido1983 时间: 2008-1-16 06:51
many thanks !!!!!
作者: anonym1106 时间: 2008-1-17 06:23
ding !
作者: EquityBeta 时间: 2008-1-18 20:29
many thanks !!!!!!!!!!!
作者: BCorBentley 时间: 2008-1-22 06:59
thanks !!
作者: GreenHorse 时间: 2008-1-24 20:35
many thanks !!!!!!!!!!!!
作者: lucyloveandy 时间: 2008-1-29 21:08
many thanks !!!!!!!!!!!!!
作者: mandyuuqq 时间: 2008-1-30 19:32
many thanks !!!!!
作者: EquityBeta 时间: 2008-2-4 11:23
many thanks !!!!!!
作者: Freehorser 时间: 2008-2-8 09:48
thanks !!!!!!!!!!
作者: lonelyplanet 时间: 2008-2-10 08:13
many thanks !!!!
作者: jiaminzhi 时间: 2008-2-19 06:39
many thanks !!!!!!!!
作者: summertao 时间: 2008-2-20 20:22
many thanks !!!!!!!!!!!
作者: littlegirl 时间: 2008-2-24 19:05
many thanks !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
作者: sunnylee 时间: 2008-2-26 06:46
thanks !!!!!!!!!!
作者: WalkByFaith 时间: 2008-3-3 06:57
many thanks !!!!!!!!!!!
作者: nocturnetian 时间: 2008-3-4 07:08
many thanks !!!!!
作者: MerisaLees 时间: 2008-3-6 06:51
many thanks !!!!!!!
作者: mandyuuqq 时间: 2008-3-7 07:02
many thanks !!!!!!!!!!!
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