800score awa摸板
Part I: Analysis of Issue: Structure and Template
Structure is the most important part of your essay. Your essay must be written in a standard format with the standard logical transitions. The E-rater will scan your essay to identify if it has a standard structure. · Introduction/Conclusion- These elements will provide the structure for your essay and keep you on track. · Number of Paragraphs. To satisfy the E-rater, your essay should be 4 to 5 paragraphs: an introduction, a conclusion, and three "body" paragraphs. Each paragraph should have 2 to 5 sentences (total essay about 300-400 words).
Note: You should skip a line between paragraphs since the TAB key does not function in the essay section.
Essay Template The template is just a guideline. You do not have to adhere to it. Often you will have to make
changes to suit your argument. · The numbers of sentences indicated for each paragraph is a guideline that varies depending on
how much content you have. · The transitional phrases we use in the Template are intentionally simplistic. This is not a
simple approach where you can "fill-in-the-blanks." Flesh out the template somewhat and use it as a
guideline to write a disciplined and focused essay.
Template 1) Introductory Paragraph (2-4 sentences) Make sure to keep your introductory paragraph concise, strong and effective. What the introductory paragraph should accomplish: · Explain the issue (briefly). · Show that you understand the full complexities of the issue (for example, by recognizing
competing interests or various factors). · State your position on the issue (without the details yet). Sample template for introductory paragraph (2 sentences): a) Whether ________________________ depends on _____________________. b) (insert your opinion), __________________________.
2) First Body Paragraph (3-5 sentences) Begin to develop your position with your most important reason. Use one or two examples to back up
your main point: a) The chief reason for my view is ___________________________________.
b) For example, ____________________________________.
c) Moreover, ______________________________.
d) Finally, ________________________.
3) Second Body Paragraph Expand your position with a "secondary" reason. Support your rationale further with at least one
example. · State your second reason (one only). · Provide rationale and/or evidence to support it.
Here's a sample template for the second body paragraph that accomplishes these objectives: a) Another reason for my view is_____________________________.
b) Specifically,________________.
c) The result is,__________________.
4) Optional Third Body Paragraph In this paragraph (optional) you acknowledge a competing viewpoint or counter-argument (and
rationale and/or examples that support it), and then provide rebuttals to further support your
position. In this paragraph you walk a tightrope, you must acknowledge the counter-argument, but
yet deny it immediately in the next sentence and use that denial to strengthen your own argument. · Acknowledge a different viewpoint or a counter-argument. · Provide rationale and/or examples that support it. · Provide a rebuttal. Here's a sample template for the third body paragraph that accomplishes the objectives indicated
above:
a) Some might argue,_____________________________.
b) Yet,____________________
c) Others might cite, __________________.
d) However,_____________________.
5) Conclusion Paragraph In this paragraph you write a summary of your position in 1 to 3 sentences: · State the thrust of your position. · Restate the main points from the body of your essay. The concluding paragraph is not the place for new information or reasons. It is not a place to draw
new conclusions. a) In sum, I concur that ________________________.
b) However,_________________; on the whole______________.
Part II: Analysis of Argument: Structure and Template
TEMPLATE As with the Issue essay, there is no single "correct," way to organize an Argument essay. In our
view, however, your essay should include separate "introduction" and "conclusion" paragraphs, as
well as at least two "body" paragraphs in which you develop your critique of the stated argument.
The following template spells out this structure in more detail, and each of the sample Analysis of
Argument essays in this book follow this basic pattern. You do not have to adhere strictly to this format in order to write an effective Argument essay.
You may find that some other form works better for you, especially for the body of your essay.
Also, the numbers of sentences indicated for each paragraph here are merely suggestions or
guidelines, not hard-and-fast rules. (Note: The transitional phrases used here are purposely simplistic; do not simply "parrot" them
word-for-word in your essay or adopt a mechanistic fill-in the blank approach. If you do, your
essay might appear stilted or contrived.)
Introductory Paragraph (2-4 sentences) Try to accomplish three goals in your introductory paragraph: · Briefly restate the argument. · Briefly trace the argument's line of reasoning. · Indicate the extent to which the argument is logically convincing. · If possible, sum up your arguments in one sentence (or two brief sentences). Here's a sample template for the first paragraph that accomplishes these goals:
The author concludes that____________, because ________. The author's line of reasoning is that
______________. This argument is unconvincing for several reasons; it is____________ and it uses
_____________.
First Body Paragraph (3-5 sentences) In the first body paragraph your goal is to critique one of the following: · The reasoning of the argument · One of the premises of the argument · One of the assumptions of the argument Here's a sample template for this paragraph that accomplishes this goal: First of all, ____________________________ is based upon the questionable assumption
________________________________. That _______________, however, _________________. Moreover, ________________________.
Second Body Paragraph (3-4 sentences) The purpose of the second paragraph is to address one of the following: · The reasoning of the argument · One of the premises of the argument · One of the assumptions of the argument
Here's a sample template for this paragraph that accomplishes this goal:
Secondly, the author assumes that_________________________. However, __________________________. It seems equally reasonable to assume that
____________________.
Third (and optional Fourth) Body Paragraph In this paragraph your goal is to critique one of the following: · The reasoning of the argument · One of the premises of the argument · One of the assumptions of the argument Here's a sample template for this paragraph that accomplishes this goal:
Finally, _______________________________________. The author fails to consider
__________________________________. For example, __________________. Because the author's argument
_________________.
Final Paragraph (2-3 sentences) In the final paragraph your goals are to: · Summarize your critique of the argument · State the main point of your essay The final paragraph is not the placer to introduce new arguments or issues. Sample template: In sum, I agree that______________________. However, ____________________; on balance, 作者: hsWang 时间: 2004-6-10 14:16
awa模板及七宗罪
说明：七宗罪是攻克AA之必备法宝。
模版部分：
Argument
In this argument the author reaches the conclusion that.... The basis for this recommendation is that.... An additional reason given in support of this recommendation is that...(The author cites...as an example in support of this recommendation). At first glance, the author's argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that it omits some important concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument.
In the first place,
In the second place,
In the third place,
In conclusion, the author fails to provide adequate justification for.... As it stands, the reasoning does not constitute a logical argument in favor of the recommendation. To strengthen the argument, the author would have to provide evidence to prove that.... To better assess the argument, we need additional detailed information about...so that we can establish the conclusion whether....
Issue
The issue of whether...is a complex and controversial one. Different people hold different views due to their respective angles. On the one hand, as is well-known and has often been advocated, ...; on the other hand, others probably insist that.... We do not have to look very far to see the valid standpoint of this matter. In the following analysis, I would like to reason and provide evidence favoring the former one and refuting the latter one. (The complex nature of the above issue requires us to consider it on a case-by-case basis. In my point of view, whether one has advantages over the other depends on the specific circumstances.)
In the first place, the important reason that can be presented to develop my position is that.... A good example may be found in the case that.... Under this circumstance/therefore, it is obvious that....
In addition, there is another reason for me to choose the former statement/consider the latter statement to be wrong. The reason is not far to seek:.... To illustrate, a case in point in this respect is that....
Admittedly, there is no denying that...in some conditions. As we know, .... However, this alone does not constitute a sufficient support to.... (When...of X and Y are carefully compared, the most striking conclusion is obvious. To sum up, while...may be true in exceptional cases, I agree that....)
Consequently, I advocate that..., because: (1) ...; (2) .... Due to the above-mentioned reasons, which sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole and thus become more persuasive, we may safely arrive at the conclusion I support.
严重推荐：Argument之七宗罪
第一宗罪：无因果联系 The author commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification. The line of the reasoning is that because A occurred before B, the former event is responsible for the latter. (The author uses the positive correlation between A and B to establish causality. However, the fact that A coincides with B does not necessarily prove that A caused B.) But this is fallacious reasoning unless other possible causal explanations have been considered and ruled out. For example, perhaps C is the cause of these events or perhaps B is caused by D.
第二宗罪 Insufficient-sample The evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. One example is logically unsounded to establish a general conclusion (The statistics from only a few recent years are not necessarily a good indicator of future trends), unless it can be shown that A1 is representative of all A. It is possible that.... In fact, in face of such limited evidence, the conclusion that B is completely unwarranted.
第三宗罪: 错误类比 (based on a false analogy )<横向> The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B in all respects. This assumption is weak, since although there are points of comparison between A and B, there is much dissimilarity as well. For example, A..., however, B.... Thus, it is likely much more difficult for B to do....
第四宗罪 all things are equal<纵向> The author commits the fallacy of “all things are equal”. The fact that happened two years ago is not a sound evidence to draw a conclusion that.... The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different locations. However, it is not clear in this argument whether the current conditions at AA are the same as they used to be two years ago. Thus it is impossible to conclude that....
第五宗罪 Either-Or choice The author assumes that AA and BB are mutually exclusive alternatives and there is no room for a middle ground. However, the author provides no reason for imposing an either-or choice. Common sense tells us that adjusting both AA and BB might produce better results.
第六宗罪 survey is doubtful The poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative. The claim does not indicate who conducted the poll, who responded, or when, where and how the poll was conducted. (Lacking information about the number of people surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to access the validity of the results. For example, if 200 persons were surveyed but only 2 responded, the conclusion that...would be highly suspect. Because the argument offers no evidence that would rule out this kind of interpretations,) Until these questions are answered, the results of the survey are worthless as evidence for the conclusion.
第七宗罪 gratuitous assumption The author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that.... However, no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption. In fact, this is not necessarily the case. For example, it is more likely that.... Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility
作者: hsWang 时间: 2004-6-10 14:17
作文废话魔版及例子集 作文废话模版及例子集（转贴）
Issue 模版
The issue of whether... is a complex and controversial one. One the one hand, many people may feel that..; on the other hand, others may think that… However, in the final analysis, I conclude that …. In the following discussion, I would like to present evidences favouring the former one and refuting the latter one/to support my point of view.
--- In the first place, the most important reason for my view is that 。For example/History has it that 例子 There is no better example than this to illustrate the strength /weakness of 某方. --- In addition, there is another reason for me to choose this statement/consider this statement to be wrong. The reason is not far to seek:原因2。For instance, 例子2。 --- Of course, it may be true that自己观点对立方的某些长处 in some conditions . However, this alone does not constitute a sufficient support to 对立方的观点。,When the advantage and disadvantage of X and Y are carefully compared, the most striking conclusion is obvious.
Given the reasons discussed above, which sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole and thus become more persuasive, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that XXX
例子集
Success
Bill Gates When Bill Gates made his decision to drop out from Harvard, he did not care too much of the result. Gates entered Harvard in 1973, and dropped out two years later when he and Allen started the engine of Microsoft. Many people did not understand why Gates gave up such a good opportunity to study in the world’s No.1 University. However, with size comes power, Microsoft dominates the PC market with its operating systems, such as MS-DOS and Windows. Now, Microsoft becomes the biggest software company in the world and Bill Gates becomes the richest man in the world.
We can learn from the experience of the great inventor Thomas Alva Edison that sometimes a series of apparent failures is really a precursor to success. The voluminous personal papers of Edison reveal that his inventions typically did not spring to life in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly from previous woks.
Mother Teresa Mother Teresa, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, dedicated the majority of her life to helping the poorest of the poor in India, thus gaining her the name "Saint of the Gutters." The devotion towards the poor won her respect throughout the world and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. She founded an order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India dedicated to serving the poor. Almost 50 years later, the Missionaries of Charity have grown from 12 sisters in India to over 3,000 in 517 missions throughout 100 countries worldwide. Lady Diana Spencer, Princess of Whales, is remembered and respected by people all over the world more for her beauty, kindness, humanity and charitable activities than for her technical skills.
Mandela Mandela, the South African black political leader and former president, was awarded 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to antiracism and antiapartheid. Nelson Mandela is one of the great moral and political leaders of our time: an international hero whose lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa won him the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of his country. Since his triumphant release in 1990 from more than a quarter-century of imprisonment, Mandela has been at the centre of the most compelling and inspiring political drama in the world. As president of the African National Congress and head of South Africa's antiapartheid movement, he was instrumental in moving the nation toward multiracial government and majority rule. He is revered everywhere as a vital force in the fight for human rights and racial equality.
Beethoven Beethoven, the German Composer, began to lose his hearing in 1801 and was entirely deaf by 1819. However, this obstacle could not keep him from becoming one of the most famous and prolific composers in art history. His music, including 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, several senates and so on, formes a transition from classical to romantic composition.
Individual, Companies,Leadership and Internal control
Mr. Lesson was accused of losing 1.3 billon dollars as a result of a risky derivative investment with the potential of a 27-billon gain. The collapse of Barings Bank in 1995 has been one of the most spectacular events in the banking world in recent years. Banks solvency and liquidity can be significantly threatened if speculative trading in financial derivatives is guided by a lack of adequate internal and external controls. There is evidence that such reasons are responsible for the failure of Barings in February 1995.
Recently, many multi-national companies, such as Cisco and Yahoo, stimulate the employees’ morale by offering stock options to their employees. Stock option provides a chance for employees to become the shareholders of the company. As the result, the interest and profit of the company is tightly connected with the employees’ interest and income.
Many firms adopt “Profit-Related-Pay” contracts (PRP contracts) and pay wages at levels that vary with firms’ profits. Many studies suggest that firms adopting PRP contracts show productivity per worker higher than that of their competitors who used more traditional contracts. The reason behind is that PRP contracts greatly change individual workers’ relationships to the firm, connecting their interest with firms’ interest.
The greater the division of labor in an economy, the greater the need for communication and coordination. This is because increased division of labor entails a larger number of specialized producers, which results in a greater number of disruptions of supply and production.
An employer looking for long-term employees may be better served by hiring applicants with broad background. By way of their more general education, these applicants have acquired a variety of general and transferable skills. They may be more suitable than their business-background colleagues to solve general management problems, deal with business associates from different cultures and view issues at a variety of aspects. In general, the employees with broad background can accustom to changes more quickly than their business-majored colleagues.
Daimler Chrysler, one of the most successful automobile companies in the world, contributes significantly to the local employment of Stuttgart, Germany.
Philip Morris, the largest tobacco company in the world, has been sued by government and many other groups for producing products that are harmful to health. The fines and legal fees that have resulted from the legal attacks against the company have costed the company substantial amounts of money.
Bayer, one of the largest pharmaceutic companies in the world, announced that the company would cease production of one of its major products, because of the hazardous ingredients it contained. By doing so, the company suffers great loss on profitability, but gains strong public support and understanding, which can contribute to the long-term success of the company.
Mitsubishi Motors had concealed significant defects in the break system of Pajero, one of the company’s major products, before apologized to public. Hundreds of car accidents were directly caused by the break error. Thus, the company suffered a great goods return, losing not only the market share but also the confidence of consumers.
Henry Ford’s factory was so efficient that by 1926 a new “model-T” cost only $310, one-third the price of the original 1908 model.
Discriminating services may cause misunderstanding and unpleasant result. The best example is Toshiba, one of the largest Japanese companies. In 2000, the Company announced that among notebook computers it produced, one model had serious defect. Users in North America could choose either replacements with an upgraded model or full refund. However, no such offer for users in China. Chinese users were outrage at the company’s discrimination and refused to use any of Toshiba’s notebook computers. What the company lost is not only the temporary revenue but also the consumer’s confidence, which contribute to the long-term success of the company.
Compared with government officers, private corporation managers must pay more attention to efficiency and effectiveness of their decisions. Normally, maximizing profitability is not the primary goal of government owned enterprises and governmental planning, so that many unrealistic decisions may be resulted. It is the hidden reason that many government owned enterprises become profitable after the privatisations.
Traditionally, the first firm to commercialise a new technology has benefited from unique opportunity to shape product definitions, forcing followers to adapt to a standard or invest in an unproven alternative. Today, however, the largest payoffs may go to companies that lead in developing integrated approaches for successful mass production and distribution. For example, SEGA, producer of Saturn, was the first company to develop home video game machine commercially, but Sony Entertainment INC., producer of Play Station, proved to be more successful at forming strategic alliance with other producers and distributors to manufacture and market its hardware and software. Because consumers had more choices on Play Station’s games, they seldom bought SEGA Saturn. By the end of the 1990’s, Play Station dominated the home video game market while SEGA Saturn was no longer in production.
The financial crash of October 1987 and the Asia Economic Crisis in 1998 demonstrate that the world’s capital markets are more closely integrated than ever before and that events in one part of the global village may be transmitted to the rest of the village—almost instantaneously.
The fact that in many corporations employees are being replaced by automated equipment in order to save money does not mean our lives are becoming worse. After all, it is the automation that boosts the industrial revolution, which in turn, creates thousands of hundreds more positions than in the past. If the corporations cannot improve its profitability, many more people will lost their jobs ultimately.
As the economic role of multinational, global corporations expands, the international economic environment will be shaped increasingly not by governments or international institutions, but by the interaction between governments and global corporations.
Traditionally, people think that companies are set up for making profit, not for saving our planet. Today, however, more and more multinational companies adopt the Corporate Social Responsibility Policy (CSR policy). These companies pay more attention to the social problems, from employee minimum wage to environment issues. On the one hand, these companies do not want people to protest in front of the office buildings; on the other hand, a good public image does help the companies promote their products to consumers.
The interview is an essential part of a successful firing program because with it, job applicants who have personalities that are unsuited to the requirements of the job will be eliminated from consideration.
Architecture
The Potala Palace is Tibet’s cardinal landmark and a structure that deserves a place as one of the wonders of eastern architecture. The Potala palace was built by Songtsen Gampo, the first king of Tibet, in the 7th century. The roof and many other parts of the Palace were decorated by pure gold, which was contributed by the Buddhist in Tibet. Since its construction, the Potala Palace has been the home of each successive Dalai Lamas, the religious leader of Tibet. This building dedicates not only to religious belief but also to the accommodation place—over a thousand Lamas live in it today. Shaped by the people of Tibet, the Potala Palace has a far-reaching influence on the Tibetan’s religion as well as every day lives.
Besides religious impact, buildings represent our intellectual and business behavior. Take Bank of China Tower as an example. It is located at No. 1 Garden Road, central Hong Kong. The tower itself is 315 meters high, and the unique style and spectacular appearance has made it one of the most distinguished buildings in the world. The BOC tower is a masterpiece of the world famous American-Chinese architect Mr. I.M.Pei. The inspiration of the design is derived from the elegant poise of bamboo. Now, the BOC tower is a symbolic of strength, vitality and growth, representing also the Bank’s commitment to the rapid development of Hong Kong and to servicing the community. The BOC tower has not only recorded a glorious page in the construction history of Hong Kong but also highlighted the new phases of expansion in Hong Kong.
Constructed in the Victory Age, the Big Bell is now the biggest bell in the world and is still one of the important parts of the English lives.
Energy
OPEC is one of the best examples. OPEC, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, is an international organization of eleven developing countries that are heavily reliant on oil revenues as their main source of income. Since oil revenues are so vital for the economic development of these nations, they aim to bring stability and harmony to the oil market by adjusting their oil output to help ensure a balance between supply and demand. In the long run, the stabilized out-put help to cease the problem of over-refining and over utilization of oil energy.
Nowadays, developed countries already masters the technology of using more efficiency and economical energy resources, such as water and solar energy, while the traditional and wasted energy still dominates in the developing countries. International cooperation enables the technology transfer between developed countries and developing countries and devotes to the benefit of entire human beings. A worldwide leader can speed up the decision-making progress and enhance the solidarity among the member countries.
Children
The immaturity of young children may deter them from making moral discrimination about harmful actions committed against or others. Many scientific research prove that young children do not take into account the intentions of a person committing accidental or deliberate harm and that it is difficult for young children to differentiate between unforeseeable and foreseeable, and thus preventable harm.
Television programs and movies that depict violence among teenagers are extremely popular. Given how influential these media are, we have good reason to believe that these depictions cause young people to engage in violent behavior. Hence, depictions of violence among teenagers should be prohibited from movies and television programs, if only in those programs and movies promoted to young audiences.
Others
It took Columbus, the Italian explorer in the service of Spain who determined that the earth is round, over 3 months to sail from Europe to America. However, we can do so by air within one day.
Rabbi Meir, a second-century scholar, admonished his disciples to look not at the pitcher but as its contents because, he stated “Many a new pitcher has been found to be full of old wine.” This was his way of emphasizing the importance of the distinction between form and idea, and of stressing that the integrity of an idea is more important than the form of its expression.
Old sayings
Get new insights through reviewing old materials---Confucius
Get twice the result with half the effort
Kill two birds with one stone.
Tough time does not last long, but tough people do
作者: hsWang 时间: 2004-6-10 14:17
补充一些sayings： 补充一些sayings：
Don’t part with your illusions. When they are gone you may still exist, but you have ceased to live.Mark Twain 不要放弃你的幻想。当幻想没有了以后，你还可以生存，但是你虽生犹死。 Man errs so long as strives.Johann Wolfgang Goethe,German poet and dramatist 人只要奋斗就会犯错误。 Where there is a will, there is a way.Thomas Edison 有志者，事竟成。 Character cannot be developed in ease and quiet. Only through experience of trial and suffering can the soul be strengthened, vision cleared, ambition inspired, and success achieved.Helen Keller 要使性格有所发展并非简单之事，只有通过艰难和困苦的磨练才能使心灵强化，视野开阔，雄心振奋，从而达到成功的目的。 Virtue is bold, and goodness never fearful.William Shakespeare 美德是勇敢的，善良从来无所畏惧。 Histories make men wise; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.Francis Bacon 历史使人明智；诗词使人灵秀；数学使人周密；自然哲学使人深邃；伦理使人庄重；逻辑修辞学使人善辩。 Never too old to learn.Thomas Middleton, British writer 活到老学到老。 The more you study, the more you will find yourself ignorant.Rene Descartes, French philosopher/mathematician 学，然后知不足。 All happy families are like one another; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.Leo Tolstoy, Russian writer 所有幸福的家庭都十分相似；而每个不幸的家庭各有自不幸。 Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother.Charles BernardFrench philosopher 经验是智慧之父，记忆是智慧之母。 Knowledge is power.Francis Bacon 知识就是力量。 Experience is not what happens to a man; it is what a man does with what happens to him.Aldous Leonard HuxleyAmerican writer 经验不会从天降；经验只有通过实践才能获得。 I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.Voltaire, French writer 我不同意你说的话，但是我愿意誓死捍卫你说话的权利。 Plato is dear to me, but dearer still is truth.Aristotle, Ancient Greek philosopher 吾爱吾师，吾更爱真理。 Imagination is more important than knowledge.Albert Einstein 想象力比知识更为重要。 Do not, for one repulse, give up the purpose that you resolved to effect.William Shakespeare 不要只因一次失败，就放弃你原来决心想达到的目的。 I want to bring out the secrets of nature and apply them for the happiness of man. I don’t know of any better service to offer for the short time we are in the world.Thomas Edison 我想揭示大自然的秘密，用来造福人类。认为，在我们的短暂一生中，最好的贡献莫过于此了。 It is at our mother’s knee that we acquire our noblest and truest and highest ideals, but there is seldom any money in them.Mark Twain 就是在我们母亲的膝上，我们获得了我们的最高尚、最真诚和最远大的理想，但是里面很少有任何金钱。 The ideals which have lighted my way, and time after time have given me new courage to face life cheerfully have been kindness, beauty and truth.Albert Einstein 有些理想曾为我引过道路，并不断给我新的勇气以欣然面对人生，那些理想就是—真、善、美。 The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today.Franklin Roosevelt 实现明天理想的唯一障碍是今天的疑虑。 If you have great talents, industry will improve them; if you have but moderate abilities, industry will supply their deficiency.Joshuas Reynolds, American female essayist 如果你很有天赋，勤勉会使其更加完善；如果你能力一般，勤勉会补足其缺陷。 My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.John Kennedy 美国同胞们，不要问国家能为你们做些什么，而要问你们能为国家做些什么。全世界的公民们，不要问美国将为你们做些什么，而要问我们共同能为人类的自由做些什么。 Achievement provides the only real pleasure in life.Thomas Edison 有所成就是人生唯一的真正的乐趣。 Success covers a multitude of blunders.George Bernard Shaw 成功由大量的失误铸成。 You have to believe in yourself. That’s the secret of success.Charles Chaplin 人必须相信自己，这是成功的秘诀。 A light heart lives long.William Shakespeare 豁达者长寿。 Bitter pills may have blessed effects.Anonymous 良药苦口利于病。 Diseases of the soul are more dangerous than those of the body. M.T. Cicero,Ancient Roman orator and statesman 心灵上的疾病比身体上的疾病更危险。 The first wealth is health.Ralph Waldo Emerson, American thinker 健康是人生第一财富。 All the splendor in the world is not worth a good friend.Voltaire, French thinker 人世间所有的荣华富贵不如一个好朋友。 Beggars do not envy millionaires, though of course they will envy other beggars who are more successful.Bertrand Russell 乞丐并不羡慕百万富翁，尽管他们一定会羡慕比他们乞讨得多的乞丐。 It is good to have money to buy things that money can buy, but it is better not to lose things money cannot buy.George H Lorimer, American journalist 有钱去买能买得到的东西当然不错，但是不丢失用金钱买不到的东西更好。 Money is a good servant and a bad master.Francis Bacon 金钱是善仆，也是恶主。 No country, however rich, can afford the waste of its human resources.Frankin Roosevelt 任何一个国家，不管它多么富裕，都浪费不起人力资源。 A contented mind is the greatest blessing a man enjoy in this world.Joseph Addison, American writer 知足是人生在世最大的幸事。 The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved.Vitor Hugo 生活中最大的幸福是坚信有人爱我们。 Do you love life? Then do not squander time; for that’s the stuff life is made of.Benjamin Franklin 你热爱生命吗？那么，别浪费时间，因为生命是由时间组成的。 Never leave that until tomorrow, which you can do today. Benjamin Franklin 今天的事不要拖到明天。 The time of life is short, to spend that shortness basely, it would be too long.William Shakespeare 人生苦短，若虚度年华，则短暂的人生就太长了。 To choose time is to save time. Francis Bacon 合理安排时间是节约时间。 Liberty is the only thing you cannot have unless you give it to others.William A. White, American journalist 自由就是这样的东西，不给予别人，你自己也无法得到。 Liberty, when it begins to take root, is a plant of rapid growth. George Washington 自由一旦生根，便是株迅猛生长的植物。 Smokers and nonsmokers cannot be equally free in the same railway carriage.George Bernard Shaw 吸烟者和不吸烟者在同一节车厢里无法享受同样的自由。 A good laugh is sunshine in a house.William Makepeace Thackeray,British novelist 令人愉快的欢笑是房间里的阳光。 He that travels far knows much.John Ray, British scientist 远行者见闻多。 I never consider ease and joyfulness as the purpose of life itself.Albert Einstein 我从来不认为安逸和欢乐就是生活本身的目的。 In almost every face and every person, they may discover fine feathers and defects, good and bad qualities. Benjamin Franklin 人各有其面，有优缺点，有长短处。 The principal thing in this world is to keep one’s soul aloft. Flaubert 人生在世首要大事是保持灵魂的高尚。 Cultivation to the mind is as necessary as food for the body.Cicero, Ancient Roman statesman and orator 学习对于头脑，如同食物对于身体一样不可缺少。 My philosophy of life is work.Thomas Alva Edison 我的人生哲学就是工作。 Work banishes those three great evils: boredom, vice, and poverty.Voltaire, French philosopher 工作撵跑三个魔鬼：无聊，堕落和贫穷。 A friend is, as it were, a second self.Cicero 可以说，朋友是另一个自我。 Friendship is an essential ingredient in the making of a healthful, rewarding life. Ralph Waldo EmersonAmerican thinker 友谊是使人的一生健康而有意义所不可缺少的组成部分。 Friendship is both a source of pleasure and a component of good health.Ralph Waldo Emerson 友谊既是快乐之源泉，又是健康之要素。 Mistakes are an essential part of education.Bertrand Russell, British philosopher 从错误中吸取教训是教育极为重要的一部分。 Initiative is doing the right thing without being told.Elbert Hubbard, American writer 主动性是指在没有人告诉你的情况下去做合适的事情。 Strong reasons make strong actions.William Shakespeare 强有力的理由产生强有力的行动。 There is no time like the present.Tobias George SmallettBritish novelist 时不待我，没有比现在更宝贵的了。 Although the world is full of suffering, it is full also of the overcoming of it.Hellen Keller, American writer 虽然世界多苦难，但是苦难总是能战胜的。 To be proud of learning is the greatest ignorance.Jereny Taylor, American composer 以学识自傲是最大的无知。 A friendship founded on business is better than business founded on friendship.John D. Rockerfeller, American businessman 建立在商务基础上的友谊胜过建立在友谊基础上的商务。 No society can make a perpetual constitution, or even a perpetual law.Thomas Jefferson, American president 没有哪个社会可以制订一部永远适用的宪法，甚至一条永远适用的法律。 A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops. H. B. Adams, American historian 教师的影响是永恒的；无法估计他的影响会有多深远。 Education is a progressive discovery of our ignorance. Durant, American historian 教育是一个逐步发现自己无知的过程。 Example is always more efficacious than precept.Samuel Johnson British writer and critic 身教胜于言教。 作者: hsWang 时间: 2004-6-10 14:18
担心作文的XDJM看过来（6。0作文 ）
本人是12月底靠的，不是很好，6**。今天收到正式的成绩单。作文竟然有6分，HOHO，以我的水平，4分都没有，都靠的摸版，我用的就是12月那个满分的大牛用的摸版，我考试中有一篇是写关于建筑反映社会态度的，我中文都写不出，何况英文，写的狗屁不通，竟然6分，大家都用吧，我打字也很慢，都用粘贴的，而且是不加改写的帖。题目最起码重复两遍。字数最多400，摸版就280个字了呵呵，大家不用担心了。好了谢谢那位大牛了。 ***** 附上模板 ISSUE: Recently there is a debate over whether …..Some people assert that.., while other people believe that…As a matter of fact, the issue of whether ….. is a complex and controversial one. Different people hold different views due to their distinct backgrounds. Therefore, there is not a universal answer to this question, and whether one choice takes precedence over the other may quite depend on the specific situation. The decision, nevertheless, is not an easy one to make. Actually, the final judgment should rely on a case-by-case analysis. As far as I am concerned, however, I agree that …. , and do not agree that….. My view can be greatly substantiated by the following discussions. The first argument that can be presented to develop my position is that… A good example may be found in the case that… Under this circumstance, it is obvious that…. In addition, there is another reason for me to choose this statement. The reason is not far to seek…. To illustrate, let us consider that … Hence, another equally important aspect is that…. Admittedly, it may be true that …. in some conditions. However, this alone does not constitute a sufficient support to claim that ….,Actually, these cases are rare and therefore are too specific and too weak to strengthen the view that…When the advantages and disadvantages of x and y are carefully examined, the most striking conclusion is obvious that… To sum up, due to the above mentioned reasons, which sometimes correlate with each other to generate an integrate whole and thus become more convincing than any single one of them, we may be comfortable to say that …., because…. ARGUMENT In this argument, the author concludes that… To support his conclusion, the author points out that…. In addition, the author reasons that… Further more, he also assumes that … . At first glance, the author’s argument appears to be somehow appealing, while a close examination will reveal how groundless it is. We do not have to look very far to see the invalidity of this argument. This argument is problematic for the following reasons. In the first place, this argument rests on a gratuitous assumption that …. The author unfairly assumes that…. However, the assumption is questionable because the author provides no evidence to support this argument. The arguer fails to take into account other facts that might contribute to the result that …….. It is likely that , ……………..; it is also likely that ………………………… Any of these scenarios, if true, would show that ………………….. (72) Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility. In the second place, the argument commits a logic fallacy of “after this and therefore because of this”. In no case can the mere fact that… be cited as evidence to support the assumption that there is a causal-effect relationship between A and B. Moreover, that just because B can be statistically correlated with A does not necessarily mean that A is the cause of B. In fact, the author has obviously neglected the possibility of other alternative facts such as…, or … may contribute to a certain extent to B. It may be only a coincidence that …… . Unless the author can rule out other factors relevant to …, this assumption in question can not be accepted. In the third place, the evidence that the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. One example is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion. Unless the arguer can show that A1 is representative of all A, the conclusion that B… is completely unwarranted. In fact, in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all. In the fourth place, the argument has also committed a false analogy fallacy. The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B in all respects, and the author assumes without justification that all things are equal, and that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different locations. There is, however, no guarantee that this is the case. Nor does the author cite any evidence to support this assumption. Lacking this assumption, the conclusion that … is entirely unfounded. In fact, it is highly doubtful that the facts drawn from B are applicable to A. Differences between A and B clearly out weight the similarities, thus making the analogy highly less than valid. For example, A..., however, B.... Thus, it is likely much more difficult for B to do....
In addition, the conclusion unjustifiably relies on the poll while the validity of the survey itself is doubtful. The poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative. The claim does not indicate who, when, how and by whom the survey is conducted, neither does it mention what is the sample size, or how the samples are selected. Until these questions are answered the results are worthless as evidence to support that…. Besides, the author assumes that A and B are mutually exclusive alternatives. However, the author has never offered any reasons or evidences for imposing an either/or choice. Common sense and observation tells us that adjoining both A and B might produce better results.
To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the author claims. To make the argument more convincing concerning…. , the arguer would have to provide more information that………………. The arguer should also demonstrate that……………….to make this argument logically acceptable. (51) Since the author commits the above mentioned logical mistakes and fails to consider the whole situation comprehensively, his ideas should not be adopted. The conclusion would be strengthened if he…. In conclusion, the arguer fails to substantiate his claim that …. Because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer claims. To strengthen the argument, the arguer must convince us that…. In addition, the arguer could have to provide more precise information to support his claim.
It is entirely possible that management has become lax regarding any number of factors that can affect the bottom line such as inferior products, careless product pricing, inefficient production, poor employee expense monitoring, ineffective advertising, sloppy buying policies and other wasteful spending. **** 建议大家参考修改成自己的模板后再使用。 2002年曾发生ETS发现几百名GRE考生使用相同的写作模板，于是扣下了这些考生的作文……结果可想而知 **** 附真实案例 关于中国等地11月GRE笔试成绩被HOLD的问题！ 中国等地11月GRE笔试成绩一直被HOLD。直至昨天ETS的最新通知说： 这次参加GRE笔考的学生中，有900个人的作文里面发现相同的模版而且有很多人都引用了同一个关于Patterns of Culture by Ruth Benedict的例子，这些人的成绩会被hold等待20号的最终审查消息，其他5100个人的成绩已经被cleared并给他们的学校和个人发成绩了！
望大家GMAT作文中也能够慎重对待模板。
PS:原文 Officials of the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) Program are investigating the validity of scores for 900 test takers in China, Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong who took the paper-based General Test in November 2002. As a result, scores are being held for these individuals pending review. Scores for 5,100 other test takers from these countries have been cleared and are being reported to them and to schools. The investigation centers on the Analytical Writing essays submitted during the paper-based GRE General Test administration in November 2002. Officials of the company believe as many as 900 of the essays may not reflect the actual work of those test takers. Investigators have found the presence of paragraphs and sentences containing identical language or subject references. They have also discovered that the source of some of the material submitted is Patterns of Culture by Ruth Benedict. This indicates that persons other than the test takers may have provided prewritten essays in advance. This would mean that the essays are not valid indicators of test takers'' critical thinking and analytical writing ability. The 900 essays are being further studied by a panel of test security and measurement experts who will determine which and how many will be scored or cancelled. The panel has been charged to review the essays promptly so that test takers can be notified. ETS officials are extremely pleased with the integrity and honesty of the more than 5,100 other test takers from those countries who created their own work. They serve as an example to others who seek an advantage on the test through unfair practices. Test takers who are found to have produced invalid work will have their scores cancelled and will forfeit their testing fee. If they wish to test again, they may do so at future administrations of the GRE General Test. An additional update will be provided on the GRE Web site at www.gre.org on January 20, 2003.
2003-1-26 08:02 PM
***** 案例下文：GRE Analytical Writing Scores Cancelled For 64 International Test Takers 发信站: 日月光华 (2003年01月18日11:44:32 星期六), 站内信件 GRE Analytical Writing Scores Cancelled For 64 International Test Takers
Officials of the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) Program have announced that 64 GRE General Test Analytical Writing scores have been cancelled for students from the November 23, 2002, paper test administration in China, Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong. These 64 test takers are among the over 6,000 individuals who took the test on that date. The affected scores were cancelled because the essays do not contain sufficient original material to provide a valid indication of their analytical writing skills. Investigators found the presence of paragraphs and sentences containing identical language or identical examples in a common essay structure. For many of these essays, published sources for the language and examples were discovered. Further invalidating the scores is the fact that these students did not provide their own ideas or examples to illustrate their critical thinking. "We understand that test takers may draw upon similar ideas for these analytical essays," says John Yopp, vice president of ETS's Graduate and Professional Education division. "And while this is acceptable, test takers must realize the graduate education community in the United States values most highly the ability of students to develop their own perspectives in analytical essays. The graduate community also values students who can illustrate through their essays not just how thoroughly they memorize and recall citations, but how much original thinking they do to show how they differ from their fellow test takers." "We are extremely pleased that some 6,000 test takers created their own essays. They serve as an example to all test takers and show that the vast majority students do their own original work. It reflects well on their hard work and dedication to learning," Yopp concluded. Officials are in the process of releasing scores of students whose scores have been cleared and of notifying those whose scores have been cancelled. Several hundred additional essays have not yet been scored because of insufficient quality in the conversion of handwriting to digital images. This prevented the essays from being scored through the nation-wide network of readers.These essays are being reviewed and scores will be released as soon as they are available. Students whose scores have been cancelled have forfeited their test fees and must pay to take the test again at an upcoming GRE General Test administration. No record of the score cancellations, or the reason for cancellation, will appear on their future score reports sent to colleges and universities 作者: hsWang 时间: 2004-6-10 14:19
我GMAT的作文摸版（6。0）
我是靠GMAT的，本人水平实在很菜，但拿到成绩单后竟然有6分，真是FT，主要归功摸版，我 的摸版主要是借鉴一个6分大牛的，和各位XDJM分享 ISSUE: Recently there is a debate over whether …..Some people assert that.., while other people believe that…As a matter of fact, the issue of whether ….. is a complex and controversial one. Different people hold different views due to their distinct backgrounds. Therefore, there is not a universal answer to this question, and whether one choice takes precedence over the other may quite depend on the specific situation. The decision, nevertheless, is not an easy one to make. Actually, the final judgment should rely on a case-by-case analysis. As far as I am concerned, however, I agree that …. , and do not agree that….. My view can be greatly substantiated by the following discussions.
The first argument that can be presented to develop my position is that… A good example may be found in the case that… Under this circumstance, it is obvious that….
In addition, there is another reason for me to choose this statement. The reason is not far to seek…. To illustrate, let us consider that … Hence, another equally important aspect is that….
Admittedly, it may be true that …. in some conditions. However, this alone does not constitute a sufficient support to claim that ….,Actually, these cases are rare and therefore are too specific and too weak to strengthen the view that…When the advantages and disadvantages of x and y are carefully examined, the most striking conclusion is obvious that…
To sum up, due to the above mentioned reasons, which sometimes correlate with each other to generate an integrate whole and thus become more convincing than any single one of them, we may be comfortable to say that …., because….
ARGUMENT
In this argument, the author concludes that… To support his conclusion, the author points out that…. In addition, the author reasons that… Further more, he also assumes that … . At first glance, the author’s argument appears to be somehow appealing, while a close examination will reveal how groundless it is. We do not have to look very far to see the invalidity of this argument. This argument is problematic for the following reasons.
In the first place, this argument rests on a gratuitous assumption that …. The author unfairly assumes that…. However, the assumption is questionable because the author provides no evidence to support this argument. The arguer fails to take into account other facts that might contribute to the result that …….. It is likely that , ……………..; it is also likely that ………………………… Any of these scenarios, if true, would show that ………………….. (72) Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.
In the second place, the argument commits a logic fallacy of “after this and therefore because of this”. In no case can the mere fact that… be cited as evidence to support the assumption that there is a causal-effect relationship between A and B. Moreover, that just because B can be statistically correlated with A does not necessarily mean that A is the cause of B. In fact, the author has obviously neglected the possibility of other alternative facts such as…, or … may contribute to a certain extent to B. It may be only a coincidence that …… . Unless the author can rule out other factors relevant to …, this assumption in question can not be accepted.
In the third place, the evidence that the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. One example is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion. Unless the arguer can show that A1 is representative of all A, the conclusion that B… is completely unwarranted. In fact, in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all.
In the fourth place, the argument has also committed a false analogy fallacy. The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B in all respects, and the author assumes without justification that all things are equal, and that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different locations. There is, however, no guarantee that this is the case. Nor does the author cite any evidence to support this assumption. Lacking this assumption, the conclusion that … is entirely unfounded. In fact, it is highly doubtful that the facts drawn from B are applicable to A. Differences between A and B clearly out weight the similarities, thus making the analogy highly less than valid. For example, A..., however, B.... Thus, it is likely much more difficult for B to do....
In addition, the conclusion unjustifiably relies on the poll while the validity of the survey itself is doubtful. The poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative. The claim does not indicate who, when, how and by whom the survey is conducted, neither does it mention what is the sample size, or how the samples are selected. Until these questions are answered the results are worthless as evidence to support that….
Besides, the author assumes that A and B are mutually exclusive alternatives. However, the author has never offered any reasons or evidences for imposing an either/or choice. Common sense and observation tells us that adjoining both A and B might produce better results.
To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the author claims. To make the argument more convincing concerning…. , the arguer would have to provide more information that………………. The arguer should also demonstrate that……………….to make this argument logically acceptable. (51)
Since the author commits the above mentioned logical mistakes and fails to consider the whole situation comprehensively, his ideas should not be adopted. The conclusion would be strengthened if he….
In conclusion, the arguer fails to substantiate his claim that …. Because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer claims. To strengthen the argument, the arguer must convince us that…. In addition, the arguer could have to provide more precise information to support his claim.
It is entirely possible that management has become lax regarding any number of factors that can affect the bottom line such as inferior products, careless product pricing, inefficient production, poor employee expense monitoring, ineffective advertising, sloppy buying policies and other wasteful spending. 作者: hsWang 时间: 2004-6-10 14:20
[原创]AWA6分模版－新鲜出炉
今天刚收到ETS寄过来的成绩，看到6分的AWA，真是太高兴了。还一直以为是否自己的模版痕迹太露，看来ETS的水平很菜。先谈一下我对ETS的作文评分理解。在网上看到过，一个作文打分有两道关：第一个是E-Rater，是ETS自己特臭美搞出来的一个计算机的评分工具，主要是查拼写、语法还有一些关键词。关键词就是例如：furthermore, thus, in conclusion, based on the assertion that ，之类的承前启后的转接词，还有就是写Argue里面的逻辑错误的关键词，如 insufficient sample fallacy, “after this and therefore because of this” fallacy。E-rater这个傻东西肯定好打发。接下来可就是人来看了。不过，也不用害怕，米国的人很贵，所以ETS也就只能找一些学校里的TA来看。TA通常就是研究生给本课生做助教的人。他们也不愿意看啊，所以也就是一目十行的过，看网上做过这活的哥们说，也就是两分钟一个人。所以，呵呵，模版功效无比。我的情况是由于工作原因，每天都要写一堆英文的邮件，以为自己没有问题，去年没有怎么在意模版，结果就是我去年的AWA只有可怜的4分，percentile只有42％，今年是6，对应的是97％，所以觉得可以来帮助一下曾经和我一样痛苦的人。首先，感谢我的太太。因为我的模版是她编的，我提前10天开始看作文。总共写过三个issue, 三个argue。Issue的题目倒是全部看了一遍，argue看了十个就没时间了，就索性不看了。我觉得我的主要发现是在argue上，我的argue模版的第二段，当然是每一个argue题目都适用。关键是第三段，也就是指出具体的逻辑错误，我以为无论是那一种逻辑错误，都可“以不变应万变”的套路去应对。自己感觉，写作文的重点就是不要觉得车轱辘话多，翻过来，覆过去，结果就400字以上了。呵呵，现在写申请的essay，可是没有模版可以套了。闲话一堆，下面是我的模版。其实也就是我自己练习写的一篇issue, 一篇argue，去掉具体内容，剩下的废话就是模版。呵呵，要知道，光是每个模版就有差不多300字，那么写上400字是轻而易举的了。
Issue： The rise of multinational corporations is leading to global homogeneity*. Because people everywhere are beginning to want the same products and services, regional differences are rapidly disappearing.”
* homogeneity: sameness, similarity
Whether the rise of multinational corporations is leading to global homogeneity is a broadly debated topic that attracted many attentions. While it is true that in some circumstances that because people everywhere are beginning to want the same products and services, regional differences are rapidly disappearing, in other instances, however, the argument may not be valid. Therefore, as far as I am concerned, I agree that the rise of multinational corporations is not leading to global homogeneity.
First of all, regional differences are reflected more by the different culture, different building style and history more by the same products and services. The example can be found in the case that when one drinks Coke at the street corner of Roma and Beijing, he can easily distinguish the difference between Beijing and Roma. Under this circumstance, it is obvious that the rise of multinational corporations will not diminish the regional difference.
In addition, while multinational corporations enter different regions, the corporations usually adjust their products to meet the taste of the local people. The reason is not far to see from the example of that the languages of Windows, an operation system produced by Microsoft, vary from country to country. To illustrate, we may consider that Microsoft produced different Windows to meet the distinct requirement of each region. Thus, the rise of multinational corporations is not leading to global homogeneity.
Finally, during the multinational corporation enter the global market, these corporations not only bring the products and services to the regions, but also introduce the regional differences to the world. For example, one can feel the culture difference of Germany and Japanese by their different car models. Some might argue that the more and more similar posters are hanging on the street in the different regions. However, this argument alone can hardly support the conclusion that the rise of multinational corporations is leading to global homogeneity. In fact, these cases are rare and therefore are too weak to make this conclusion. When the advantages and disadvantages are carefully examined, the most striking conclusion is that the rise of multinational corporations is not leading to global homogeneity.
In conclusion, it is likely that the rise of multinational corporations is leading to global homogeneity in little extent. However, considering the above presented reasons, we may safely to draw the conclusion that the rise of multinational corporations is not leading to global homogeneity
Argue: “When the Apogee Company had all its operations in one location, it was more profitable than it is today. Therefore, the Apogee Company should close down its field offices and conduct all its operations from a single location. Such centralization would improve profitability by cutting costs and helping the company maintain better supervision of all employees.”
The author in this argument is trying to establish that Apogee Company should close down its field offices and conduct all its operations from a single location. This conclusion is based on the assertion that Apogee Company’s more profit in the past years was simply caused by operating in one location. To support this conclusion, the author reasons that such centralization would improve profitability by cutting costs. In addition, he assumes that centralization would help the company maintain better supervision of all employees. Closely examining the author’s logic and reasoning, we find that neither of these reasons provides sufficient support for the conclusion and this argument suffers two serious logical flaws.
First of all, this argument relies on a groundless assumption that the reason why Apogee Company is less profitable than before is because it was operated in multiple locations. However, no evidence stated in the report supports this crucial assumption. There are many other factors that could have caused or contributed to the result that the Apogee Company is less profitable. It is possible that the competitors of Apogee Company are stronger than past; it is also possible that the slowdown of the overall economical environment have caused the less profitability on today than past. Any of these scenarios, if true, would show that Apogee Company’s poor financial performance is not due to the multi- location operation. Therefore, without ruling out other factors or presenting stronger evidence, the author cannot conclusively assert that Apogee should close down its field offices and conduct all its operations from a single location,
Second, the author commits the “after this and therefore because of this” fallacy where the author assumes that because the poor financial performance occurred after the Apogee Company conducted its operation from more than one location, the multi-location operation was responsible for the poor financial performance. The statistical relationship between the poor financial performance and multi-location operation can not necessarily establish the causality between Apogee Company’s poor financial performance and its multi location operation. In fact, the author obviously ignored the possibility of other alternative factors such as the price increase of raw materials, or the extra expense for the construction of new factory, which may contribute to the Apogee Company’s poor financial performance. It may be only a coincidence that the poor financial performance happened after Apogee Company moved from one location operation to multi-location operation. Unless the author can rule out other factors relevant to the relation between poor financial performance and multi- location operation, this assumption is in question and can not be accepted.
In conclusion, this argument is ineffective because the author commits the above mentioned logical mistakes. The author could strengthen the conclusion that Apogee Company should close its field offices and conducts all its operation in single location by demonstrating that the poor financial performance was a result of multi-location operation.
The issue of whether… is a complex and controversial one. Different people hold different views due to their respective angles. In my opinion, however, I agree that … do not agree that…. My view will be greatly confirmed by the following discussion.
The first argument that can be presented to develop my position is that … A good example may be found in the case that… Under this circumstance/ therefore, it is obvious that…
In addition, there is another reason for me to choose this statement. / consider this statement to be wrong. The reason is not far to seek:… To illustrate, let us consider that … Hence, another equally important aspect is that…
Admittedly, it may be true that… in some conditions. However, this alone does not constitute a sufficient support to …, When the advantage and disadvantage of X and Y are carefully compared, the most striking conclusion is obvious.
Consequently, due to the above-mentioned reasons, which sometimes intertwine to FORM an organic whole and thus become more persuasive, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that…, because…
Argument:
In this argument, the author concludes that.. To support his conclusion, the author points out that… In addition, he reasons that… This argument is unconvincing for several reasons.(第二次考时v19把这句观点句给忘了，不知为什么还得5。5分)
In the first place, ….
In the second place,…
Finally,…
Since the author commits the above mentioned logical mistakes and fails to consider the whole situation comprehensively, his ideas should not be adopted. The conclusion would be strengthened if he (注， argument 的摸版很灵活，推荐AA的七宗罪)
ISSUE: Recently there is a debate over whether….Different people hold different views because of their distinct background. Some people assert that…, while other peop le believe that….As a matter of fact, the issue of whether…is a complex and con troversial one. Therefore there is not a universal answer, and whether one choice takes precedence over the other depends on specific situation. Actually the fina l judgment should rely on a case-by-case analysis. As far as I am concerned, I ag ree that, and do not agree that. My view can be greatly substantiated by the foll owing discussions.
In the first place, the important reason that can be presented to develop my pos ition is that…… A good example may be found in the case that…… Under this cir cumstance, it is obvious that….
In addition, there is another reason for me to choose this statement. The reason is not so far to seek…… To illustrate, let us consider that ……Hence another equally important aspect is that……
Admittedly, it may be true that …… , in some conditions. However, this alone d oes not constitute a sufficient support to claim that……Actually, these cases ar e rare and therefore are too specific and too weak to strengthen the view that…. . When the advantages and disadvantages of X and Y are carefully examined, the mo st striking conclusion is obvious that……
To sum up, due to the above mentioned reasons, which sometimes correlate with ea ch other to generate an integral whole and thus become more convincing than any s ingle one of them, we may be comfortable to say that……, because ……
其他段落： 通过挣钱来实现的目的： Making money is not an end in or of itself, but rather a means of obtaining mate rial goods and services and of attaining other important goals, such as providing securities for oneself and one’s family, lifelong learning, freedom to travel o r the pursuit of hobbies.
挣钱是合理的论述： As we all know, the first thing that any one should do on earth is to sustain th e minimal material required by survivance. Without adequate profit out of investm ent, any individuals or organizations can not obtain the required minimal materia l, and therefore cannot make a living. Furthermore, in the economic and fiercely competitive world, individuals and org anizations cannot be satisfied with what they have already achieved. To survive b etter, they have to strive for further success, for great development, and hence for greater profit.
人的其他动机： Human motivations are far too complex. Many of our daily decision rest on love s ympathy, humanity and other things.
企业与社区的关系： A business enters to an implied contract with the community in which it operates , under which the community permits the business to do business in it while the b usiness implicitly promises to benefit the community rather than do harm to it. In pursuit of profits, a business can indeed benefit the community in which it o perates by ways of providing jobs, low-priced products and economic growth.
ARGUMENT:
总魔板 In this argument, the author concludes that… To support his conclusion, the aut hor points out that…. In addition, the author reasons that… Further more, he al so assumes that … . At first glance, the author’s argument appears to be someho w appealing, while a close examination will reveal how groundless it is. We do no t have to look very far to see the invalidity of this argument. This argument is problematic for the following reasons.
In the first place, this argument rests on a gratuitous assumption that …. Howe ver, the assumption is questionable because the author provides no evidence to su pport this argument. The arguer fails to take into account other facts that might contribute to the result that …….. It is likely that , ……………..; it is als o likely that ………………………… Any of these scenarios, if true, would show th at ………………Therefore, this argument in question nee not to be accepted withou t ruling out such possibility.
In the second place, the argument commits a logic fallacy of “after this and th erefore because of this”. In no case can the mere fact that… be cited as eviden ce to support the assumption that there is a causal-effect relationship between A and B. Moreover, that just because B can be statistically correlated with A does not necessarily mean that A is the cause of B. In fact, the author has obviously neglected the possibility of other alternative facts such as…, or … may contri bute to a certain extent to B. It may be only a coincidence that …… . Unless th e author can rule out other factors relevant to …, this assumption in question c an not be accepted.
In the third place, the evidence that the author provides is insufficient to sup port the conclusion drawn from it. One example is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion. Unless the arguer can show that A1 is representative of all A, the conclusion that B… is completely unwarranted. In fact, in face of such l imited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all.
In the fourth place, the argument has also committed a false analogy fallacy. Th e argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B in all respects, and the author assumes without justification that all things are equal, and that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different l ocations. No evidence is provided to support this assumption. However there are a ll kinds of important differences between ……. and other …making the analogy hi ghly less than valid. For example, A..., however, B....Thus lacking this assumpti on, the conclusion that … is entirely unfounded.
Last but no least, the validity of the survey on which the argument relies is do ubtful in itself. The survey cited by the author is too vague to be informative. The claim does not indicate who conducted this survey and when and how the survey is conducted, neither does it mention what is the sample size, or how the sample s are selected. Until these questions are answered the results of this survey are worthless as evidence to support that….
Besides, the author assumes that A and B are mutually exclusive alternatives and there is no room for a middle ground. However, the author has never offered any reasons or evidences for imposing an either-or choice. Common sense and observati on tells us that adjoining both A and B might produce better results.
普通的结尾 In conclusion, the arguer fails to substantiate his claim that …. Because the e vidence cited in the analysis is too weak to lend strong support to what the argu er claims. To strengthen the argument, the arguer must convince us that…. In add ition, the arguer could have to provide more precise information to support his c laim.
建议文章的结尾： In conclusion, it is imprudent for … to … solely on the basis of the evidence presented. Because the evidence cited in the analysis is too weak to lend strong support to what the arguer claims. To make the argument more convincing, the argu er should provide more substantial evidence concerning that…Moreover, I would s uspend my judgment about the credibility of the recommendation(conclusion) until the arguer could provide all concrete evidence to rule out all the above possibil ities that I analyzed.
调研文章的结尾： In conclusion, the survey on which the argument relies lacks credibility and the refore does not lend strong support to the conclusion that…To strengthen the arg ument, the arguer must convince us that…. Moreover, I would suspend my judgment about the credibility of the recommendation(conclusion) until the arguer could pr ovide all concrete evidence to rule out all the above possibilities that I analyz ed. 作者: hsWang 时间: 2004-6-10 14:22
开头：From this argument, we are informed that the author’s line of reasoning is that A was the cause of B. The validity of this conclusion must be, however, based on two assumptions. First, A and B should absolutely have the cause-and-effect relationship and second, only the occurrence of A causes B. The two basic assumptions, however, when under careful consideration, all fail to support the arguer’s conclusion.
直接驳斥可以管三种文体，1，两个现象。2，SAMPLE代替POPULATION。3，有相同点就有因果关系。 Direct critics:
A: phenomenon
Two phenomena are mentioned in the argument and A is regarded as the cause of B simply because of the coexistence of A and B (B happens immediately after the occurrence of A). If such a reasoning is right, we can assume a sequence of two facts that a terrible storm happens in US one day and a fly waves its wing just at the same moment (before). With the same reasoning in the argument, it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that one movement of the wing of a fly in china causes a big storm in US. What is a ridiculous conclusion!
B: Sample represent the population:
A and B are both mentioned in the article. A is a situation in a sample and B in a population. We know that the sample statistics can never surely represent the population and vice versa. If sample and population can reflect the real situation each other, we can assume a sequence of facts that one person argue that all the computers in the PC World are ill-functioned with the reason that the computer he bought does not work properly. Obviously, such evidence is not sufficient.
C: exchange the concepts
The relationship of A and B in the article is just that there are some similar points that A and B present at the same time. However, if such a reasoning based on some similar points is right, we can presumptuously assume a fact that the professor in math department and a computer can all calculated very complex formula so they two are all eligible for the assessment of Nobile price. Obviously, any one with common sense will disagree such a ridiculous reasoning.
结尾， End:
To sum up, the argument above lacks credibility and the reasoning of the arguer fails to support the conclusion. Admittedly, however, if the faults in the argument are corrected, more evidence is given and the existence of A and B is verified, the whole reasoning the argument would be more strong.
