GWD-30-Q22-Q25 拉丁美洲妇女从农村移到城市对其生活的影响

      While acknowledging that

            there are greater employment

            opportunities for Latin Ameri-

Line    can women in cities than in the

  (5) countryside, social science

theorists have continued to

argue that urban migration

has unequivocally hurt

women’s status.  However,

 (10) the effects of migration are

more complex than these

theorists presume.  For

example, effects can vary

depending on women’s

 (15) financial condition and social

class.  Brazilian women in the

lowest socioeconomic class

have relatively greater job

opportunities and job security

 (20) in cities than do men of the

            same class, although there is

            no compelling evidence that

for these women the move to

the city is a move out of pov-

 (25) erty.  Thus, these women

may improve their status in

relation to men but at the

same time may experience

no improvement in their

 (30) economic standing.

      In addition, working out-

side the home, which is more

            common in urban than in rural

areas, helps women in the

 (35)         lowest socioeconomic class

make contacts to extend

exchange networks—the flow

of gifts, loans, or child care

            from those who currently

 (40) have access to resources

to those who do not.  More-

over, poor women working in

urban areas actively seek to

cultivate long-term employer-

 (45) employee relations.  When

an emergency arises that

requires greater resources

than an exchange network

can provide, these women

 (50) often appeal for and receive

aid from their wealthy employ-

ers.  However, the structure

of many poor women’s

work—often a labor force

 (55) of one in an employer’s

home—makes it difficult for

them to organize to improve

their economic conditions in

general.

 (60)       Not surprisingly, then,

Latin American women in the

lowest socioeconomic class

differ in their opinions about

the effects of urban migration

 (65) on their lives.  Some find

urban living, with access to

electricity and running water,

an improvement and would

never return to the country-

 (70) side.  Others, disliking the

overcrowding and crime,

would return to the country-

side if there were work

opportunities for them there.

 (75) Thus, urban life has had both

negative and positive impacts

on women’s lives.  In gen-

eral, urban migration has not

provided economic pros-

perity or upward mobility for

women in the lowest socio-

economic class, despite their

intelligent and energetic utili-

zation of the resources

available to them.

两个原题为：Q22:

In the first paragraph, the author refers to the experiences of Brazilian women most probably in order to

A.                   A          support an earlier assertion made by social science theorists about the effects of urban migration

B.                   B       provide an example of one area in which urban migration has failed to improve Latin American women’s lives

C.                   C         substantiate the claim that the effects of urban migration cannot be easily characterized

D.                   D    illustrate the effect that urban migration has had on the economic status of Latin American women

E.                    E     compare the effect that urban migration has had on the economic status of Latin American women with its effect on the economic status of Latin American men

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Q24:

The author mentions which of the following as a disadvantage of urban employment for Latin American women in the lowest socioeconomic group?

A.                              It is difficult for these women to obtain reliable, long-term employment.

B.                              It is difficult for these women to organize effectively in order to obtain better wages.

C.                               It is difficult for these women to find employers who are supportive when emergencies arise.

D.                              The structure of their jobs makes it difficult for these women to participate in exchange networks.

E.                               Working in urban areas makes these women more vulnerable to health problems than they would be in rural areas.