Sample Questions:

SC4.1.         During the recession of 1973, home mortgage foreclosures resulted in tens of thousands of Americans being evicted from homes that they can no longer afford monthly payments.

A.       that they can

B.        that they could

C.        on which they can

D.       because they can

E.        for which they could

Answer:

根据during the recession of 1973和resulted in，我们可以确定本句的时态基调为一般过去时。因而，homes之后的限制性定语从句的时态也应是一般过去时(那时他们付不起每月的费用)，can在从句中除有情态的语气外，还可以是一般现在时的标志。因此，在限制性定语从句中用can的都错，排除A、C、D，只有B、E选用could，即can的过式。但B中的that的先行词homes在从句中不知作什么成分，而E正确表达了原意，homes作为for的宾语。 答案：E

SC4.2.         States officials report that soaring rates of liability insurance have risen to force cutbacks in the operations of everything from local governments and school districts to day-care centers and recreational facilities．

A.       rates of liability insurance have risen to force

B.        rates of liability insurance are a force for

C.        rates for liability insurance are forcing

D.       rises in liability insurance rates are forcing

E.        liability insurance rates have risen to force

Answer:

注意在未划线部分之前还有一个soaring，因而A、D、E中的rise或risen就属于同义重复，同时A、E中risen后跟动词不定式不符合rise的用法，排除A、D、E。原旬划线部分强调一种动作，即“上升的费率迫使削减”，而不是说“上升的费率是一种力量”，因而我们选C不选B。C中用了现在进行时，与report及soaring遥相呼应，表明了force这个动作是正在发生的一个动作。 答案：C

SC4.3.         Tenor George Shirley sang more than 20 leading roles at the Metropolitan Operas since having his debut there as Fernando in Cosifan tulle on October 24, 1961．

A.       sang more than 20 leading roles at the Metropolitan Opera since having

B.        sang more than 20 leading roles at the Metropolitan Opera since having had

C.        has sung more than 20 leading roles at the Metropolitan Opera since

D.       has sung more than 20 leading roles at the Metropolitan Opera after

E.        has sung more than 20 leading roles at the Metropolitan Opera subsequently to

Answer:

根据A、B中的since短语句判断A、B时态不对，同时since后跟having动名词组这种表达不符合习惯，应用since+名词短语／从句。C、D、E均用了现在完成时，但D、E中的现在完成时态与后面的after，subsequently to短语无法对应，而C中的完成时与since时间短语完美匹配。 答案：C

SC4.4.         Even though its per capita food supply hardly increased during two decades, stringent rationing and planned distribution have allowed the People’s Republic of China to ensure nutritional levels of 2, 000 calories per person per day for its population．

A.       Even though its per capita food supply hardly increases during

B.        Even though its per capita food supply has hardly increased in

C.        Despite its per capital food supply hardly increasing over

D.       Despite there being hardly any increase in its per capita food supply during

E.        Although there is hardly any increase in per capita food supply for

Answer:

根据上篇所述GMAT公理，C、D的despite+名词这种复杂结构应换用although、though等引导的让步从句，而A、B、E最大的差异在于时态。通过未划线部分的two decades及主句中的have allowed可以断定Even though让步状语从句中的时态应与主句一致：用现在完成时，为什么?因为two decades是一个时段，无论A中的increased或E中的is都无法与此时段匹配，无法表明持续性的动作，再排除A、E，选B，用现在完成时。B中做了个小的改动，用in替换during，因为during时间短语较少与现在完成时连用，而in短语却通常与现在完成时态连用。 答案：B

SC4.5.         Although the Supreme courts meld as long ago as 1880 that Blacks could not be excluded outright from jury service, nearly a century of case-by-case adjudication has been necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be drawn from a fair cross section of the community．

A.       has been necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be

B.        was necessary for developing and enforcing the principle of all juries being

C.        was to be necessary in developing and enforce the principle of all juries to be

D.       is necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be

E.        will be necessary for developing and enforcing the principle of all juries being

Answer:

该句的主语是nearly a century，这种用法是可以的。为了帮助理解：再举一来自TOEFL的填空题为例：The last half of the nineteen century witnessed the steady improvement of the means of travel．又如E5—22中的the end of the eighteen century作主语。根据．从句中的as long ago as 1880及句子意思，可判断主句中的nearly a century这个时段是指从1880起说话时的一个时段，而在此时段的动作应该是用现在完成时。B、C、D、E中的was、is、will都是不对的。同时，B、C、E的principle之后都用of短语替换了原来that从句。根据本篇第一章第五点的(3)条原则判断，这些表达都不如用that从句作同位语。因为只有采用that从句才能准确表达原意。 答案：A

语法点提示：as long ago as=as early as早在…

SC4.6.         A study commissioned by the Department of Agriculture showed that if calves exercise and associated with other calves, they will require less medication and gain weight quicker than do those raised in confinement．

A.       associated with other calves, they will require less medication and gain weight quicker than do

B.        associated with other calves, they require less medication and gain weight quicker than

C.        associate with other calves, they required less medication and will gain weight quicker than do

D.       associate with other calves, they have required less medication and will gain weight more quickly than do

E.        associate with other calves, they require less medication and gain weight more quickly than

Answer:

根据刚刚提到的原则，that从句的内容是研究的结果，属于客观事实，即“只要有这种条件，就有某种结果”。表明that从句中if条件句与后面的主句都应用一般现在时，表示“客观存在”。由此可判断出：A、B中的associated、will不对，A、B、C中的quicker词性不对，应用副词more quickly。C中的have required和will不对；D中的will不对。选E。当然，如果我们不知道此原则，我们同样可以采用其他方法解决此题。在A、B中：根据平行原则(详看第五章)，exercise与associated不对应；quicker的词性不对；在C、D中，据题意可判断require与gain两个动作是同时的，并不存在明显的一个在先，一个在后的情况，因而C、D都不符合平行原则，同样，只剩下正确答案：E。 答案：E

SC4.7.         Although early soap operas were first aired on evening radio in the 1920's, they had moved to the daytime hours of the 1930’s when the evening schedule became crowded with comedians and variety shows．

A.       were first aired on evening radio in the 1920’s, they had moved to the daytime hours of the 1930’s

B.        were first aired on evening radio in the 1920’s, they were moved to the day time hours in the 1930’s

C.        were aired first on evening radio in the 1920’s, moving to the daytime hours in the 1930’s

D.       were aired first in the evening on 1920’s radio, they moved to the daytime hours of; the 1930’s

E.        aired on evening radio first in the 1920’s, they were moved to the 1930’s in the daytime hours

Answer:

读题意，主句应用被动语态，因而A、D错。E让步状语从句用被动语态错，C句子：结构改变，导致没有主旬，错。选B。 答案：B

SC4.8.         The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month．

A.       world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month

B.        world proclaiming a sacred truce during the festival’s month

C.        world when they proclaimed a sacred truce for the festival month

D.       world, for a scared truce was proclaimed during the month of the festival

E.        world by proclamation of a sacred truce that was for the month of the festival

Answer:

根据主动语态优先于被动语态原则，在选项中惟有C是主动的，而且无语法错误，选C。A、D之所以在这里认为不好就是因为它们都是使用了被动语态。B中的proclaiming的逻辑主语不明确，且无论如何都不可能与states有联系(而states才是proclaiming 的动作执行者)，E的表达笨拙且改变了原句的意思。 答案：c

语法点提示：in that意为because。

SC4.9.         The boom in agricultural exports in the early 1970’S emptied United States grain bins and many were led to thinking that overproduction was now a problem of the past

A.       many were led to thinking that overproduction was now

B.        many had been led to thinking of overproduction as if it were

C.        the thought this led to was that overproduction had become

D.       led many to the thought of overproduction as if it were

E.        led many to think that overproduction had become

Answer:

根据主动语态优先原则及lead一词很少用被动形式，可以判定A、B错。C中this指代不清，GMA：T中从不用this来作代词，同时其表达过于笨拙且复杂化。D中的the thought of overproduction与as if状语从句连接改变了原句中“overproduction与从句的内容是一体的”概念，错。E中的led sb．t0 do sth．表达符合习惯：led与emptied并列共用主语the boom，that从句中用了过去完成时(1970年之前属于“过去的过去”)。 答案：E

另一题解方法：A、B中的thinking使用不当，排除A、B。

语法点提示：lead一词主要有两种用法：lead to+n． 导致，产生某事； sth．1ead sb．To do sth 促使某人做某事

SC4.10.     In astronomy the term “red shift” denotes the extent to which light from a distant galaxy has been shifted towards the red, or long-wave, end of the light spectrum by the rapid motion of the galaxy away form the Earth．

A.       to which light from a distant galaxy has been shifted

B.        to which light from a distant galaxy has shifted

C.        that light from a distant galaxy has been shifted

D.       of light from a distant galaxy shifting

E.        of the shift of light from a distant galaxy

Answer:

C改成由that引导的定语从句，则extent在定语从句中要么作主语，要么作宾语。但把extent代入句中，发现都不对，因而C错。D、E中the extent之后用介词短语，改变了句意(类似于在名词一章中：用of还是that从句对抽象名词的修饰)。在A、B中，尽管结构有差异，但A表示动作shift是被动的，而B表明主动之意。因为本题题干属于专业知识，一般来说无专业知识光凭我们的主观想象是无法判断其应是“主动”还是“被动”。但在未划线部分，我们发现了一关键词“by”，这给我们这些外行一个提示，该句应用被动语态。 答案：A

语法点提示：the extent to which限定性定语从句，这是extent的习惯用法，表明“某个动作到了某种程度”。

SC4.11.     For many people, household labor remains demanding even if able to afford household appliances their grandparents would find a miracle．

A.       even if able to afford household appliances their grandparents would find a miracle

B.        despite being able to afford household appliances their grandparents would find a miracle

C.        even if they can afford household appliances their grandparents would have found miraculous

D.       although they could afford household appliances their grandparents would find miraculous

E.        even if they are able to afford household appliances which would have been a miracle to their grandparents

Answer:

因为“现在这些家庭用具在他们的祖父母时代是没有的”，所以划线部分是对过去事实相反的假设，A、B、D中定语从旬中的谓语形式would find都不对，另外，A中able to的逻辑主语不清，B中的despite的表达是不可以接受的(参看第一篇公理)，D中could不对，因为他们现在可以买得起，应用真实条件句(用can代替could)。剩下C、E，由于can优先于be able to，且E中的定语从句的意思与原句意思有出入。C中的find sth．+adj．属于find的一种习惯用法。 答案：c

语法点提示：find sth．+adj． 发现某物怎么样

SC4.12.     Bankers require that the financial information presented to them by mortgage applicants be complete and follow a prescribed format．

A.       be complete and follow a prescribed format

B.        is complete and it follows fl prescribed format

C.        be complete and a prescribed format is followed

D.       to be complete and a prescribed format be followed

E.        be completed, and it followed a prescribed format

Answer:

根据required引起的虚拟宾语从句的要求及原句中be complete和follow是同一宾语从句中的两个并列谓语，可立即排除B(is)，C(is)，D(to be)和E(followed)。A中的be和follow满足虚拟宾语从句谓语动词的要求，并共用同一主语：information。C、D中的and之后的被动语态的使用是不恰当的(follow意为：遵循，按照…行事)。 答案：A

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