比较结构

1.  比较结构概念对等原则

比较对象之间要有可比性，概念必须对等。

2.  比较结构中的用词原则

1）  代替原则：比较从句中与比较对象重复的名词尽可能用that或those代替

2）  对称原则：比较的对应部分在形式上应尽可能保持对称

3）  语序原则：比较从句使用倒装结构和陈述语序皆可

4）  种属原则：当一个事物（属）与它所属的类（种）比较时，必须用any other把它自身排除在从属范围之外

3.  比较结构中的省略原则

在as或than引导的比较从句中，应遵循以下省略原则。

1）  比较从句与主句谓语相同时，可用do，did或does代替

2）  比较从句系动词be于主句系动词be相同时，可省略be，也可以不省略

3）  主句谓语动词有“助动词（have，has，had，will）”或“情态动词（can，could，may，should）”时，比较从句往往省略verb，保留助动词或情态动词

4）  比较从句与主句的主语和谓语都相同时，可全部省去，常常保留作状语的介词短语或状语从句

5）  比较从句中的主语和主句主语相同时，可以省略

4.  比较从句中的时态和情态

1）  比较从句与主句时态可以一致，也可以不一致

Contrary to the general impression, this quest for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped.

The economy of Florida is more diversified than it was ten years ago.

2）  比较从句与主句情态可以一致，也可以不一致

I can eat more food than he can.

I eat more food than he can.

5.  倍数的表达

1）  twice的用法

Ø  twice as many/much ... as

Dirt roads may evoke the bucolic simplicity of another century, but financially strained townships point out that dirt roads cost twice as much to maintain as paved roads do.

Ø  twice the n.

Rock samples taken from the remains of an asteroid about twice the size of the 6-mile-wide asteroid that eradicated the dinosaurs have been dated at 3.47 billion years old and thus are evidence of the earliest known asteroid impact on Earth.

Ø  twice what ...

In the 1980’s the rate of increase of the minority population of the United States was nearly twice what it was in the 1970’s.

2）  用动词表达倍数

动词double/triple/quadruple/quintuple可以用主动语态，也可以用被动语态，但不能与as搭配。

Although some officials noted that using machines for farming in China costs more than traditional hand cultivation, the mechanization of farming in the village of Long Bow doubled the corn yield while cutting costs to half those of the previous year.

3）  ... times（或数字）+ as + 形容词或副词 + as ...

A recent national study of the public schools shows that there is now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many as there were four years ago.

4）  sb. be + 百分数 + more likely to do sth. than to do sth.

According to a recent study, the elderly in the United States are four times more likely to give regular financial aid to their children than to receive it from them.

6.  比较结构中的习惯搭配

Ø  as + adj. + a/an + n. + as ...

在比较两个人或事物在某方面相同时，使用该结构。

Exercising is as good a way as any to lose unwanted weight.

Ø  more because ... than because ...

Two new studies indicate that many people become obese more because their bodies burn calories too slowly than because they eat too much.

Ø  not ... so much A as B （与其说A倒不如说B）

Child prodigies are marked not so much by their skills as by the fact that these skills are fully developed at a very early age.

Ø  the more ... the more ...（越…，越…）

该结构本为倒装语序，其中be动词常常省略，the more前不能再加修饰语。

A new study finds that the more hostility people show in their behavior and attitudes, the more likely they are to have calcium deposits in the arteries of their hearts.

Ø  no more ... than（与…同样不）；no more than （最多，不超过）

    A man can do no more than he can.

Ø  no less ... than（与…一样）；no less than（多达）

She is no less good at swimming than Mary.

We won no less than 500 in a competition.

Ø  more ... than与less ... than

Four eyes see more than two.

Ø  verb. + more/less of + n.

more of（在更大程度上）和less of（在较少程度上）修饰前面的动词。

I will see less of you in the future.

Ø  ... be more/less likely ... than

Many teenagers undergo stress, but results of a recent study indicate that the patterns of stress that girls experience are more likely to result in depression than are those that boys experience.

Ø  ... be probably not A, but more than likely B

According to scholars, the earliest writing was probably not a direct rendering of speech, but was more than likely began as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication, and only later merged with spoken language.

Ø  at least as great/big as ...（至少等于）

A representation of an object that is at least as large as the object.

Ø  as much as（几乎等于）

Each year companies in the United States could save as much as $58 billion by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improved worker performance if they simply provided offices with cleaner air.

Ø  as great as, or greater than ... （至少等于）和as good as, or better than ... （至少好于）

Today we are facing global and technological changes as great as, or even greater than those ever faced before.

Ø  the same as ...

The price is the same as before the war.

Ø  the same to A as to B

Galileo was convinced that natural phenomena, as manifestations of the laws of physics, would appear the same to someone on the deck of a ship moving smoothly and uniformly through the water as to a person standing on land.

Ø  like + n.

强调同一类事物在某方面具有相似性。

Ø  as + 句子

强调动作的相似性。

Ø  just as x, so y

It will not be possible to implicate melting sea ice in the coastal flooding that many global warming models have projected: just as melting ice cubes do not cause a glass of water to overflow, so melting sea ice does not increase oceanic volume.

Ø  x is to y what A is to B

A leading figure in the Scottish Enlightenment, Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism what Marx’s Das Kapital is to socialism.

7.  语义上比较或对比的结构

语义上具有比较或对比的结构（compared with，below，above，superior to），也要求比较对象具有可比性，在形式上要尽可能对称。

Compared with other Native Americans of the Southwest, the Quechans were singularly uninterested in the accumulation of material wealth or in the crafting of elaborate pottery and basketry.