1    The Glass House Mountains in Queensland, Australia, were sighted in 1770 by the English navigator Captain James Cook, bv whom they were named supposedly because its sheer wet rocks glistened like glass.

(A)          by whom they were named supposedly because its

(B)          by whom they were named supposedly and their

(C)          naming them supposedly since their

(D)      who so named them supposedly because their

(E)          who so named it since supposedly their

考点： 主动vs被动

Og解释： To avoid a wordy and confusing series of passive clauses, the relative clause explaining what James Cook did should be an active-voice construction(who so named rather than by whom they were named). The possessive pronoun referring to the Glass House Mountains should be plural {their rather than its), to agree with the plural antecedent.

主动vs被动： 没有绝对的语法规则，不能绝对的说主动比被动好。语义为王，要理清句子中逻辑关系。注意og解释：这里被动不好主要是为了避免confusing series of passive clauses，逗号后与主句关系是解释进一步阐明主句中提到的James Cook具体做了什么，而非与前一句并列。主句用被动，从句也用被动，形式上一致，会产生语义上并列的歧义。用主动形式将两个句子形式上区分，两句从属关系变得明朗。

 被动语态应该被替代为主动语态的情况：unnecessarily indirect and wordy。

A： By whom they were supposedly named is a passive construction that is unnecessarily indirect and wordy, especially immediately following another passive construction。The singular its does not agree with the plural antecedent the Glass House Mountains.

B：By whom 同a ，and 没有表达出原文想表达的因果关系。

C：  As the object of a preposition and not the subject of the clause, James Cook does not work as the noun that the verbal phrase beginning with naming can describe; the preposition since loses the important causal logic of the sentence.

即：逗号Ving形式的逻辑主语是主句主语。

D：correct。这里两个复数形式代词指代明确，全文只出现一个复数名词，them，their皆指代此名次。

E： it 指代上文复数形式，应为them。

2  Although a surge in retail sales have raised hopes that there is a recovery finally under way, many economists say that without a large amount of spending the recovery might not last.

(A)           have raised hopes that there is a recovery finally

(B)          raised hopes for there being a recovery finally

(C)           had raised hopes for a recovery finally being

(D)      has raised hopes that a recovery is finally

(E)           raised hopes for a recovery finally

 

The subject of the first clause, the singular noun surge, must take the singular verb has raised rather than the plural have raised. It is superfluous and pointless to say that people hope both that there is a recovery and that such a recovery is underway. In this context, there is adds nothing and can be omitted to create a more concise sentence.

superfluous and pointless（多余和无意义）：

“简洁，直接” 是gmat语法主要要求。对于句子要精炼再精炼，简洁再简洁。

There be 句型： 翻译为这里有xxx。 There be sth +doing/done/adj 翻译为这里有xxx而且xxx怎么着了。即在sth后面断句，后面修饰sth的内容再和sth形成一句“sth怎么着了”这种句子读起来很不连贯，多余切无意义。（所谓的awkward and wordy）.

这里完成时态在语义上最精确。Although +句1（现象），句2. 尽管发生了句1，仍句2. 这里句1发生在句2之前，且对句2有影响。下一题although也是同样道理。

 

For a recovery finally is awkward and—to the extent that it can be seen as grammatical—does not make sense.

Hope后面复杂内容用that，这个不用解释了，记住吧。

 

3.           Although various eighteenth- and nineteenth-century American poets had professed an interest in Native American poetry and had pretended to imitate Native American forms in their own works, until almost 1900. scholars and critics did not begin seriously to study traditional Native American poetry in native languages.

 

(A)          until almost 1900, scholars and critics did not begin seriously to study

(B)          until almost 1900 scholars and critics had not begun seriously studying

(c)   not until almost 1900 were scholars and critics to begin seriously to study

(D)         it was not almost until 1900 when scholars and critics began to seriously study

(E)      it was not until almost 1900 that scholars and critics seriously began studying

a选项 是典型的歧义修饰。介词短语，夹在两个句子之前可以修饰前面或者后面句子，引起歧义。

B选项 although +现象，现象的影响。现象是过去发生一直存在到影响，用完成时态，影响用相应的一般时态（现象过去完成时，则这里用一般过去时）。

C选项：to begin to study,写得太对仗了！给人以他们是同一层面的错觉。实际上，study是从属于begin的。所以如果是从属关系的两层意思，动词表达方式上最好要区分开。

强调句式不wordy，因为强调句不翻译出任何意思，it也不会造成指代不明。

Not almost until +时间与not until almost +时间。正常语义上将，almost的应该是时间，而until的是almost那个时间。基本上修饰“直到xxx时间”不对。

4.           4 Of all the vast tides of migration that have swept through history, maybe none is more concentrated as the wave that brought 12 million immigrants onto American shores in little more than three decades.

 

(A)          maybe none is more concentrated as

(B)          it may be that none is more concentrated as

(C)          perhaps it is none that is more concentrated than

(D)          maybe it is none that was more concentrated than

(E)      perhaps none was more concentrated than

more 后面一定是than ， as 一定不对。 More是更，as是一样。语义上无论如何都说不通。应该是更xxx，比xxx。

读句子要完整，关注画线句子后面是过去时态，与画线内部对应。

Maybe and perhaps are interchangeable; perhaps is slightly more formal.

这句话说明maybe 和perhaps用时出现，优先选择perhaps。

It may be that wordy 这里不是强调句式。非强调句式的it that一定是wordy！语义上完全可以省略。

5．  Diabetes, together with its serious complications, ranks as the nation's third leading cause of death, surpassed only by heart disease and cancer.

(A)           ranks as the nation's third leading cause of death, surpassed only

(B)          rank as the nation's third leading cause of death, only surpassed

(0   has the rank of the nation's third leading cause of death, only surpassed

(D)          are the nation's third leading causes of death, surpassed only

(E)           have been ranked as the nation's third leading causes of death, only surpassed

together with ，along with，with，同位语，等这种插入语，不影响主谓一致性。注意“its”不能根据主语结尾是“s”主观判断为复数形式。对于不认识的名词要根据逻辑意思，和句子中其他内容判断。

Only修饰的是 by heart disease and cancer. 如果放在压制“前面”，仅仅的是“压制”了。这句话明显强调的是仅仅被xx压制，不被其他压制，而不是仅仅是压制，而不是其他动作。

 注意rank动词形式，和have rank（名次），前者明显比后者简洁。

6 In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.

(A)          due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt
from the stone was crystallizing

(B)          due to moisture that tourists had exhaled, thereby raising its humidity to such levels that salt from the stone would crystallize

(C)          because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from the stone would crystallize

(D)          because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists raising the humidity within them to levels
so high as to make the salt from the stone crystallize

(E)      because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing

句意理解：C关闭，为了清理维修。清理维修是由于顾客呼吸出的盐分，细菌怎么着了。

这里清理维护的原因不是呼吸，而是呼吸出盐分，细菌怎么着和一系列动作。

Due to 用法：曼哈顿讲解：

Due to means "cause by".  遇到due to 如果翻译成”caused by” 合理就才正确。

It doed not mean the same thing as "because of ",

Incorrect: The game was postponed due to rain.

Correct:   The game was postponed because of rain.

Correct:   The game's postponement was due to rain.

这道题不能翻译成“呼吸引起了维修清理”而是那一些列动作，过程。

7 As its sales of computer products have surpassed those of measuring instruments, the company has become increasingly willing to compete for the mass market sales they would in the past have conceded to rivals.

(A)          they would in the past have conceded to rivals

(B)          they would have conceded previously to their
rivals

(0   that in the past would have been conceded
previously to rivals

(D)          it previously would have conceded to rivals in
the past

(E)      it would in the past have conceded to rivals

主谓一致。

8 The widely accepted big bang theory holds that the universe began in an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.

(A)          that the universe began in an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago and has been expanding

(B)          that the universe had begun in an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago and had been expanding

(C)          that the beginning of the universe was an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago that has expanded

(D)          the beginning of the universe to have been an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago that is expanding

(E)          the universe to have begun in an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago and has been expanding

10 Carnivorous mammals can endure what would otherwise be lethal levels of body heat because they have a heat-exchange network which kept the brain from getting too hot.

(A)          which kept

(B)          that keeps

(C)          which has kept

(D)          that has been keeping

(E)          having kept

 

关于c的完成时态：Mistaken shift in tense: In this sentence the present tense expresses a timeless general principle; in contrast, has kept indicates amore definite context and time period and suggests that the heat-exchange net work may no longer have this effect.

Og讲解说明完成时不能用于表示timeless general principle。

12 Rising inventories, when unaccompanied correspondingly by increases in sales, can lead
to production cutbacks that would hamper reconomic growth.

(A)          when unaccompanied correspondingly by increases in sales, can lead

(B)          when not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales, possibly leads

(C)          when they were unaccompanied by corresponding sales increases, can lead

(D)          if not accompanied by correspondingly increased sales, possibly leads

(E)          if not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales, can lead

Diction; Agreement

The modifying phrase when ... sales is needlessly difficult to understand. The adverb correspondingly is incorrectly and ambiguously used; using the adjective corresponding to modify increases in sales makes the intended meaning clearer. Unaccompanied is not wrong but not accompanied more effectively expresses the intended negation.

A     Unaccompanied correspondingly is awkward and ambiguous.

B     Plural subject inventories does not agree with the singular verb leads.

C     Wrong tense: past tense were indicates a completed event, but can lead indicates a possibility that continues.

D    Correspondingly increased sales is awkward and unclear; verb (leads) does not agree with the subject (inventories).

E    Correct. Not accompanied emphasizes the negative and is preferable to unaccompanied  in this usage; corresponding modifies increases in sales; the modifier is clear and comprehensible, and there is no subject-verb agreement problem.

when ... sales is needlessly difficult to understand: 关于when的用法。When 经常被误用作if， 实际上，when 不能代表条件，when翻译时“当。。时”这个意思不能舍去。这个句子中，“存货如果不适应销量增长”不需翻译出当。。时。

Correspondingly increased sales 明显没有 corresponding increases in sales好

这里翻译成相应的销量增长。 Adv+adj+n 不好。

14 Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electromagnetic activity, are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun's poles or equator.

(A)           are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on

(B)          are visible as dark spots that never have been sighted on the surface of the Sun

(0   appear on the surface of the Sun as dark spots although never sighted at

(D)          appear as dark spots on the surface of the Sun, although never having been sighted at.

(E)           appear as dark spots on the Sun's surface, which have never been sighted on

语义上区分appear和are visible： 出现和可见，出现有动作化过程，从不可见到可见是出现。这里强调的是一个状态，要用可见。

19 The Iroquois were primarily planters, but supplementing their cultivation of maize, squash, and beans with fishing and hunting.

(A)          but supplementing

(B)          and had supplemented

(C)          and even though they supplemented

(D)      although they supplemented

(E)          but with supplementing

Grammatical construction; Verb form

The participle supplementing would normally be expected to modify the first clause, describing or extending its meaning, but the logic of this sentence demands a contrast, not an extension. Consequently, the second part of the sentence must be revised to emphasize the contrast properly. The logic of the sentence also argues against a construction that would set the two clauses and the importance of their content equal when they clearly should not be. The best solution is to have the main clause describe the primary activity, and a subordinate clause, although they supplemented, describe the supplementary activity.  Although用法，表达转折且两个句子重要性不同。而But没有侧重。

A    Tne construction using supplementing fails to support the intended meaning of
the sentence.

B    And does not convey contrast; had supplemented is the past perfect tense but
the simple past is required to match were.

C    And does not convey contrast and should be omitted; and even though creates a sentence fragment.

D    Correct. Using although creates a subordinate clause in this sentence and logically links that clause with the main clause; the simple past supplemented parallels the simple past were.

E    But with is awkward and unclear; supplementing is a modifier when a contrasting clause is needed.

The correct answer is D.

22 None of the attempts to specify the causes of crime explains why most of the people exposed to the alleged causes do not commit crimes and, conversely, why so many of those not so exposed  do.

强调前后比较，读法：两种人行为的比较。most of the people exposed to the alleged causes和so many of those not so exposed 要能看到这点！！！

26 Emily Dickinson's letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and ending shortly before Emily's death in 1886. outnumbering her letters to anyone else.

(A)          Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and ending shortly before Emily's death in 1886, outnumbering

(B)          Dickinson were written over a period that begins a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and ended shortly before Emily's death in 1886, outnumber

(C)          Dickinson, written over a period beginning a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and that ends shortly before Emily's death in 1886 and outnumbering

(D)          Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan's marriage
to Emily's brother, ending shortly before Emily's death in 1886, and outnumbering

(E)          Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan's marriage
to Emily's brother and ending shortly before Emily's death in 1886, outnumber

A    The long, wordy opening clause gives too much emphasis to the period when
Dickinson's letters were written; it is unclear what outnumbering refers to.

B     The verbs describing the letter-writing period (begins and ended) are not parallel.

C    The verbs describing the letter-writing period need to be in parallel form and agree in tense—e.g., beginning and ending or that began and that ended; this is a fragment
because it lacks a main verb for letters.

D    The lack of a main verb for the subject of the sentence, letters, makes this a fragment.

E    Correct. The information about the period when Dickinson's letters were written is
contained in an adjectival phrase set off by commas, and the main verb outnumber refers clearly to letters.

Og54 比较两处highlight，发现定语从句比现在分词作定语好的用法。修饰period内容过长，用现在分词不如非限制定语从句用得直接，清楚。

建议类：advocate,advise, move, recommend
sb. suggest,propose
命令类：order,decree,mandate,command,demand
要求类：request,require,insisit,