Argument 各攻击点范本： 首段：
The conclusion endorsed in this argument is that … To substantiate this conclusion, the author points out that … Furthermore, the author reasons that … In addition, the author assumes that … Admittedly, the argument appears to be somewhat convictive, yet meticulous scrutiny reveals that the author’s line of reasoning bears several inevitable fallacies.
尾段
Based on the reasons I listed above, the argument is not persuasive as it stands. The evidence cited in support of the author’s conclusion does little to prove the conclusion since it does not address the possibilities and assumptions I have already raised. Ultimately, the argument might have been more compelling by making it clear that …… [Moreover, I will still suspect this conclusion until the author finally rules out all the potentialities mentioned above.]
各攻击点范本：
Hasty Generalization 小集合-〉大集合，特殊-〉广泛
Misapplied Generalization 大范围-〉小范围、特殊个体
First, the most egregious reasoning error in this argument is the author’s use of evidence pertaining to particular/general group as the basis for a general/particular group. The evidence cited, while suggestive of these trends, is insufficient to warrant their truth because there is no reason to believe that the data drawn from this particular/general group is representative of the general/particular group. The mere fact that 小范围中一个这样了 hardly suffices to infer 大范围也这样. There are all kinds of important difference between 小范围and 大范围. It is entirely possible that…… Without better evidence that 小范围和大范围情况一样, it is just likely that there is no such trend in 小范围. For that matter, the author cannot justify its recommendation to …, at least not based on ……. Furthermore, implementing the author’s suggestion might amount to poor advice.
Post hoc, ergo propter hoc 先后因果和同时因果都能用
In the first place, the author has engaged in “after this, therefore because of this” reasoning in assuming that A is the sole reason behind B. The only reason offered for believing that A caused B is the fact that the former preceded/coincided with the latter. No additional evidence linking the two events is offered in the argument, thus leaving the possibility that the two events are not causally related but merely correlated. Many other prospective factors could bring about the same result. For example, ……
In this argument, unfortunately, while temporal precedence/concurrence such as A is one of the conditions required to establish a causal relationship between two events, by itself it is not a sufficient condition.
说B就是由A导致的，忽略它因
The author has focused only on A. No evidence is provided to support the assumption that B was determined solely by A. While A is an seemingly contributing factor to B, it is hardly the only such factor. A more detailed analysis would reveal that other factors far outweigh the factor on which the author focuses. For example, ……
Lacking a more comprehensive analysis of the causes, it is presumptuous for the author to attribute B to A.
False Analogy A这样-〉B也会这样
（相对于两件事）
In the second place, the author commits a fallacy of false analogy in assuming that A will achieve/have/suffer the same result as B, if A像B那样做. Yet, it supplies no evidence whatsoever to substantiate this assumption. Some points of comparison between A and B or the environments and conditions in which they are hold may not be sufficient enough to warrant this claim. For example, ……
Apparently, the comparability between A and B is not proved or even considered, thus making the analogy untenable. In other words, there may be many dissimilarities between A and B that preclude them from having a similar effect on … .
All things are equal （相对于一件事）
以前A这样-〉现在或以后A也会这样
在某地，A这样-〉在另外某地，A也会这样
Finally, the author’s assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained/will remain the same at different time/at different locations. However, it fails to consider that the current conditions are wholly distinct for every possible reason. It is not clear in this argument whether 可能变化的东西. [Admittedly, had ten years elapsed the argument would be even weaker, yet … years is sufficient time for a significant change in the overall economy and …. ] The author’s failure to investigate or even consider other possible transformations renders the conclusion highly suspect.
One-sidedness 某个决定有一个优点，就认为这是最好的，用这个决定代替原来的决定，而忽略了这个决定可能带来的其他缺点。作者假设了做这个决定不会牺牲原先决定的优势，适得其反。
原则：凡事各有利弊，不能因有利或有弊就说事情好和坏。
Thirdly, the author turns on the dubious assumption that … can … without sacrificing the … The argument fails to consider the benefits … might bring as well as the harm … might occur. In fact, （这个决定所带来的坏处）…… After evaluate the situation more comprehensively, it may turns out that the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. Because the argument lacks a complete analysis of the situation, the author’s forecast of … cannot be taken seriously.
False Dilemma A or B的选择，只选A或者B In addition, the author assumes that A and B are mutually exclusive alternatives and there is no room for a middle ground. However, the author provides no reason for imposing an either-or choice. Adjusting the two solutions might produce better results. It is equally possible that A and B are both feasible in solve the problem. Furthermore, if the author is wrong in the assumption that A and B are the only two possible causes of the problem, then the most effective solution might include other complex measures-for example …, …, and … .
Appeal to Ignorance 没有证据（投诉、反馈）表明支持A，就说A是不对的，没有证据反对A，就说A是对的。
First, the argument turns on the assumption that customers who did not complain were satisfied with … However, the evidence offered is insufficient to support the claim: lack of proof is not proof. It is entirely possible that people express their displeasure simply by not returning the complaint sheets. The greater the percentage of such people, the weaker the argument’s evidence as a sign of customer’s satisfaction with … is. Lacking more concrete information about customer’s attitudes, the author cannot assume that the great majority of customer who did not complain are pleased with …..
Vested interest 攻击调查的回应者的既得利益 (弱攻击) We have strong reasons to question the creditability and neutrality of the reports made by …, who has vested interest and therefore is prone to take the position to his own advantage.
Specious evidence 似是而非的数据和证据
Finally, the author assumes that the numbers of …, …, and … are all reliable indicators of ……. However, no evidence is offered to support this assumption nor is it obvious that any of these factors are directly linked to …. Without the absolute number/value of …, the mere percentage cannot safely indicate anything. It is entirely probable that …… Drawing any reliable conclusion based on these specious evidences is unjustified.
Doubtful survey/Information too vague 质疑的，模糊的调查
攻击统计和抽样调查
Next, the poll/survey cited by the author is described in the vaguest possible terms. The argument does not indicate who conducted the poll, who responded, or how the poll was conducted. Lacking information about the number of people surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to evaluate the validity of the results. If hundreds of people are surveyed but only few people responded, then the survey results are worthless as evidence for ….
Respondent 攻击回复者的统计有效性 Biased sample; A threshold problem with the argument involves statistical reliability of the survey. The author provides no evidence that the number of respondent is statistically significant or that the respondents were representative of all …… in general. For example, the survey has to do with…, it makes sense that only less … would respond to it, thereby distorting the overall picture of whole group due to the biased sample. Lacking information about the randomness and the size of the survey’s sample, the author cannot make a convincing argument based on that survey. | 
