Customer loyalty programs are attempts to bond customers
to a company and its products and services by offering
incentives – such as airline frequent flyer programs or special
credit cards with valuable benefits – to loyal customers.
In support of loyalty programs, companies often invoke the
"80/20" principle, which states that about 80 percent of revenue
typically comes from only about 20 percent of customers.
However, this profitable 20 percent are not necessarily loyal
buyers, especially in the sense of exclusive loyalty. Studies
have demonstrated that only about 10 percent of buyers for
many types of frequently purchased consumer goods are 100
percent loyal to a particular brand over a one-year period.
Moreover, 100-percent-loyal buyers tend to be light buyers
of the product or service. "Divided loyalty" better describes
actual consumer behavior, since customers typically vary the
brands they buy. The reasons for this behavior are fairly
straightforward: people buy different brands for different occasions or for variety, or a
brand may be the only one in stock or may offer better value because of a special deal.
Most buyers who change brands are not lost forever; usually, they are heavy consumers
who simply
(35) prefer to buy a number of brands. Such multi-brand loyalty means that one
company's most profitable customers will probably be its competitors' most profitable
customers as well.
(40) Still, advocates of loyalty programs contend that such programs are beneficial
because the costs of serving highly loyal customers are lower, and because such loyal
customers are less price sensitive than other customers. It is true that when there are
start-up costs, such as credit checks, involved in serving a new customer, the costs exceed those of serving a repeat customer. However, it is not at all clear why the costs of serving a highly loyal customer should in principle be different from those of serving any other type of repeat customer. The key variables driving cost are size and type of order, special versus standard order, and so on, not high-loyalty versus divided-loyalty customers. As for price sensitivity, highly loyal customers may in fact come to expect a price discount as a reward for their loyalty.
33: The primary purpose of the passage is to
A: question the notion that customer loyalty programs are beneficial
B: examine the reasons why many customers buy multiple brands of products
C: propose some possible alternatives to customer loyalty programs
D: demonstrate that most customers are not completely loyal to any one brand of product or service
E: compare the benefits of customer loyalty programs with those of other types of purchase incentive programs
我选的是A, TS的同义变换
34: missing
35: missing
36: missing | 
