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托福写作考试中常犯的十一条错误总结

          1、 不一致(Disagreements)

       所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等。 
      例1. When one have money ,he can do what he want to .
  (人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么。)剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has ;同理,want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致。
  改为:Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)


  2、 修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers)



       英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化。对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视,因而造成了 不必要的误解。例1. I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.
  剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末。


  3、 句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)

     
      在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解。可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。
  例1. There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .
  剖析:本句后半部分"for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on ."不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句。
  改为:There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.


  4、 悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)



      所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。例如:At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中"at the age of ten"只点出十岁时,但没有说明" 谁"十岁时。按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了。
  改为:
  When I was ten, my grandfather died.
  例1. To do well in college, good grades are essential.
  剖析:句中不定式短语 "to do well in college" 的逻辑主语不清楚。
  改为:To do well in college, a student needs good grades.


  5、词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)



       "词性误用"常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等。
  例1. None can negative the importance of money.
  剖析:negative 系形容词,误作动词。
  改为:
  None can deny the importance of money.


  6、 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)



       指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句:
  Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.
  (玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。)读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为:
  Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.

  例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.
  剖析:句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为:
  We can also know society by serving it ourselves.


  7、 不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)

  
        什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。
  例1. There are many ways we get to know the outside world.
  剖析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:"There are many ways." 以及"We get to know the outside world.".简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。
  改为:
  There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或:
  There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.


  8、措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)



      Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题,囿于教学时间紧迫,教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限,影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲,斟酌的 习惯。他们往往随心所欲,拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。
  例1. The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.
  (农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)剖析:显然,考生把obstacles"障碍","障碍物"误作substance"物质"了。另外"the increasing use (不断增加的使用)" 应改为"abusive use (滥用)".
  改为:
  The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.


      9、 累赘(Redundancy)



       言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词;写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组;能用词组的不用从句或句子。如:
  In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.
  本句的"the fact that he is lazy"系同谓语从句,我们按照上述"能用词组的不用从句"可以改为:In spite of his laziness, I like him.
  例1. For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.
  剖析:整个句子可以大大简化。
  改为:
  Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.


  10、 不连贯(Incoherence)



        不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语,或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。
  例1. The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.
  剖析:The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。
  改为:
  Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.


    11、 综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage)



        所谓"综合性语言错误",是指除了上述十种错误以外,还有诸如时态,语态,标点符号,大小写等方面的错误。
  例1.Today, Money to everybody is very importance, our's eat, cloth, live, go etc.
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