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prep1 essay2
[size=undefined]Essay #2. 066
The general density dependence model can be applied to explain the founding of specialist firms (those attempting to serve a narrow target market). According to this model, specialist foundings hinge on the interplay between legitimation and competitive forces, both of which are functions of the density (total number) of firms in a particular specialist population. Legitimation occurs as a new type of firm moves from being viewed as unfamiliar to being viewed as a natural way to organize. At low density levels, each founding increases legitimation, reducing barriers to entry and easing subsequent foundings. Competition occurs because the resources that firms seek--customers, suppliers, and employees--are limited, but as long as density is low relative to plentiful resources, the addition of another firm has a negligible impact on the intensity of competition. At high density levels, however, competitive effects outweigh legitimation effects, discouraging foundings. The more numerous the competitors, the fiercer the competition will be and the smaller will be the incentive for new firms to enter the field.
While several studies have found a significant correspondence between the density dependence model and actual patterns of foundings, other studies have found patterns not consistent with the model. A possible explanation for this inconsistency is that legitimation and competitive forces transcend national boundaries, while studies typically restrict their analysis to the national level. Thus a national-level analysis can understate the true legitimation and competitive forces as well as the number of foundings in an industry that is internationally integrated.
Many industries are or are becoming international, and since media and information easily cross national borders, so should legitimation and its effects on overseas foundings.
For example, if a type of firm becomes established in the United States, that information transcends borders, reduces uncertainties, and helps foundings of that type of firm in other countries.
Even within national contexts, studies have found more support for the density dependence model when they employ broader geographic units of analysis--for example, finding that the model's operation is seen more clearly at the state and national levels than at city levels.
我觉得第二段非常非常的自相矛盾，我的翻译如下：
其他的研究发现有的情况不符合模型。这个矛盾的一种可能的解释是，legitimation和竞争力超出了国家界限，然而之前的研究把分析限制在了国家范围内。所以国家范围内的研究会忽略真正的legitimation和竞争力,以及国际化产业的公司数。很多产业正在国际化，并且自从媒体和信息很容易在国家间流通，legitimation和它的影响会作用到国际上公司的成立。比如，如果一个公司在美国建立，这个信息穿过国界，减少了不确定性，并且帮助了其他国家这种公司的建立。即使在国家范围内，研究发现 当使用更宽阔的地域范围时 更能有效支持density dependence model，比如，发现模型 在州和国家范围的应该 比在 城市里应用更清晰有效。
我的疑问是：
这个模型在 ”美国范围内“ 是成立的。但在”国际范围内“不成立，因为忽略了国际化的影响，此时 ”国际范围 是 比 美国国内范围地域 更大“。
所以：地域范围大 导致 模型不成立
可是 结尾又说，模型 ”在州和国家范围“ 比 “在城市范围里” 更有效
为什么这个时候，地域范围大 却使模型更有效呢？
求大家的理解！！谢谢！！ |
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