关于分词用法的困惑 求各种牛解答

shinboy

Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.

A.Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are

B.Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

C.Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

D.Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,(A)

E.Neuroscientists have amassed, over the past twenty years, a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,

PREP解释如下：1)如果前面是主系表结构，由于系动词是一个状态不存在“被伴随”，但是V-ing结构依然修饰的是整个主系表结构，所以后面的V-ing结构也可以被解读为修饰前面的名词成分—主语（如果宾语是名词，也一同修饰，因为主系表结构中主语和宾语所指是同一事物--见OG10-39, OG11-24中对正确选项C的解释）。

又一题
For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows and spears.

A.a method to protect

B.as a method protecting

C.protecting

D.as a protection of

E.to protect

CA是C  OG上的题
最后一道
Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else.

A. Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering

B. Dickinson were written over a period that begins a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ended shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber

C. Dickinson, written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and that ends shortly before Emily’s death in 1886 and outnumbering

D. Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother, ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, and outnumbering

E. Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber

CA是E   WA是A  这三道题一起我比较困惑 为什么第三道狄更斯的A就是不对  其他两题同样也不是伴随也不是结果的doing形式就对了呢？
求牛人解答

shinboy

从语义上说既然A 没有语法错误 那不是应该遵循远选项意思吗？

ccmoomer

狄更斯题
outnumbering在句尾，伴随动作或伴随结果
伴随动作/状态/功能，were written与outnumber不是一起发生，时态不一致，不可行；
伴随结果，【在那段时间被写】不是outnumber的直接原因，不可行
因此，outnumbering在句尾无意义。

第一题 主系表结构，系动词不存在被伴随，分词修饰前面名词 做定语  可行

第二题  分词在结尾  伴随动作或结果
伴随动作/状态/功能，逻辑主语=句子主语=shields  可行
伴随结果 ，无逻辑主语，整个句子是原因，可在分词前加thus，语义不通，不可行
因此，protecting伴随


根据prep笔记整理的分词知识点
1. 在句首： 作状语 或 介词短语+分词:                     逻辑主语=主句主语
2. 在句尾：
ing分词短语在句尾:
表伴随动作/状态/功能, 与句子谓语动作同时发生,     逻辑主语=句子主语
表伴随结果,整个句子是原因,导致分词动作产生,         无逻辑主语.
可以在分词前加thus/thereby/in effect/in fact等,也可以不加
ed分词短语在句尾,                                     优先作定语修饰就近的名词
介词短语+ing分词                                    逻辑主语可能是句子主语也可能不是
3. 在句中：ing分词和ed分词                                优先作定语修饰就近的名词
4. 当ing分词在句尾有逗号情况下，歧义，要修饰就近名词就去掉逗号 》》或者改为定语从句
5. 当两种分词在句中且前后都有逗号，歧义:1)修饰前面紧邻的名词,2)向后修饰后面句子的主语.
避免方式:1)用定语从句/介词短语明确修饰对象.2)可将分词提到句首,所修饰主语及所在句子紧跟其后