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句子结构： The … theory holds that the universe began in … and has been…
考点：
1. 主系表结构中表语是对主语的描述、说明，因此要搭配合理。
2. 描述自然现象、统计数据、实验结论、客观事实的时候用一般现在时
同样需要注意的是在描述法律规定的时候定语从句要用Ving形式
选项分析：
A． Correct；10 to 20 billion years ago做定语修饰instant
B． Had began时态错误，begin是即时动词不能用完成时态，而且只是描述过去某个时间点的事件，不需要用完成时；第二个had应该改为has，因为至今仍在扩大，应该用现在时态
C． the beginning of the universe was an instant主语和表语搭配错误；was应该改为is；that has expanded修饰instant错误
D． the beginning of the universe was的表达wordy；hold … to have been表达不如宾语从句直接，而且wordy，只有knowned to have done这种不得已的时候才用这样的结构；that is expanding将原句中并列的句子改为从句，改变了原句意思；is expanding时态错误，应用现在完成进行时与ever since搭配
E． had been expanding与holds并列错误，begin逻辑上应该与expand并列；hold…to have begun的表达不如宾语从句直接
OG12-8的解释：
Logical predication; Verb form
The sentence describes the central tenet of a theory about how the universe began. The focus of the second clause should be consistently on the subject the universe, and all verbs in the clause beginning with that must describe what the universe did at the initial explosive moment.
A. Correct. Both verbs in the second clause correctly take universe as their subject.
B. Had begun is the wrong tense because it describes action that occurred farther in the past than some other, specifi ed past action.
C. The relative clause that has expanded describes instant, which makes no sense.
D. The beginning of the universe to have been … is unnecessarily indirect and wordy; illogically suggests that beginning is expanding, not the universe.
E. The verb phrases to have begun and has been expanding both reference the same subject of the clause, universe, and therefore need to be parallel.
下划线的两个句子并不矛盾，因为that从句前面的beginning be an instant是主系表结构，所以that从句describe的是instant和beginning. |
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