心在下雨

（2）优选结构

l
Not… but…>rather than>instead of

l
Even though/if, Although+句子>Despite + n / despite of + n

l
B 介词 A> AB

Inability of French>French inability

Sediments from the Baltic Sea>Baltic Sea sediments

l
介词+which>where

l
Adj+n>n +that be adj

l
名词+more adj>more adj 名词（more 修饰对象有歧义）

l
在其他完全相同的情况下

名词>代词

同位语>定语从句

主动句>被动句

l
In that>because>by doing>because of >due to
(in that 现在已经不怎么用了，太正式了，用for更好一点)

l
So+adj>such+抽象名词

l
表示“是否”，whether>if

l
Can>Able to do>ability of sb to do>capable>capability

l
To do>of doing>for doing

表示动作目的的时候只能用to do, 不能用for doing

l
Obituary>death 更正规

l
比。。。少，不管可数还是不可数，都可以用less, 不用few

People是个例外，一定要用fewer

l
尽量使用书面语

Obituary>death

Once>at one time

More ancient>older than

l
Increase in sth>more sth

A 55% increase in delays> A 55% more delays

后者不清楚和谁比增加了55%

At a lower cost>cost less
(书面用，比间接性更重要)

l
实意n>v>adj>抽象n>分词，动名词>从句

l
V>adj

l
Adj>抽n

l
So+adj>such a adj n

l
V>抽n

半抽---aim, base, cost, force, help, result, increase…

优先选用他们的动词含义

l
抽n>现在分词，动名词

l
分词，动名词>从句

重复性v---政府法令----现在分词

一次性v---定语从句

l
Whereas>while 在表示对比的时候，因为while可以表示同时，也可以表示对比，比较ambiguous

注意对比(whereas)前后的句子的主语要一个性质(e.g. 35% ---70%),structure 要parallel

l
Try>make an attempt

Differ>have difference

Idealize>ideal

l
在表示”是否”的时候，whether>if

l
主动>被动    （如果by sb 在划线部分之外，可以保留被动）

l
GMAT偏爱用that 引导宾语从句，同位语从句，因为解释的清楚，且避免结构复杂

l
Include>with, with代表的意义太宽泛

l
To do>as a way of doing

l
Sb’s doing
(Katherine’s becoming a journalist) 一般都是X

l
Using>by the use of

l
Not+动词> 有否定词前缀的动词

---because it more effectively expresses the intended negation

e.g. not accompanied>unaccompanied

l
It引导的that从句一般都很wordy

Sb is at falut for doing> It is the fault of sb to do

St is expected to do> It is expected that st do

Maybe>It may be that

l
Twice>two times

心在下雨

（3）. 有效性原则 （按错误严重性排序）

l
There be+抽象n
X-----只能+实义n

l
情态动词的添加和丢失X

Can, may

l
Come, become, go, remain

表示方向性词，一定要保留，原文中没有不要加，改为Be 动词也错

l
介词和助动词尽量补出

And补出介词  取消歧义

As, than 后面补出介词

补出不一定对，不补不一定错

l
定语从句和分词省略结构的就近修饰原则

（全划线的常考）

l
在其他完全相同的情况下

定语从句that 作为宾语尽量省略，作为主语不能省略

l
逻辑关系的强加，丢失和改变X

When
时间

If
条件

Because
因果

Although 转折

l
代词指代尽量清晰明确，不能指代不清

l
A of B ---无生命

B’C--------有生命

心在下雨

题型总结

（1）宾语、定语从句

（1）宾语从句

一定要有that, 不可省

    动词+n+that…X

Verb that…, that… and that…

(that不可以省略)

N in which…, in which and in which…

（2）定语从句

That/which 的区别

l
That+限制性定语从句

That 前不能加介词，要紧跟名词，不能跳跃修饰

l
Which+非限制性定语从句

Which 前可加介词，不能紧跟名词，要加逗号，可以跳跃修饰,但一般认为是修饰前面最近的词（OG11）

l
Who/whom---人

That/which---物

Whose---人，物

l
N where… and in which X

N where… and who X

N who…and whose

（3）Time/period
when

2012
when

Age
in which

Year
that

Date
at which

（4）前面整句话对后面的影响，用新名词/doing

用which, to do, this, it X

（5）n that ….v …如果that 后面的修饰语太长，则可以将that 放到v后面

A new type of jet engine is being tested that could eventually propel aircraft anywhere in the world。

心在下雨

（2）时态

     同一句话中现在时，过去式不能混用

     出现before, after, once等代表事件顺序的词，前后分句的时态要不同

e.g. They want to see whether tourists will continue to visit game parks to see rhinoceroses once the animals’ horns have been trimmed.

     考单一时态

l
一般现在时

客观规律，真理

科研成果和统计资料

l
一般过去式

Originally, centuries ago

To have done 表示的是一般现在时，不是现在完成时

e.g. They are thought to have lived 2,000 years ago

l
现在进行时

政府法规法令 directive, sentence

l
现在完成时

Since

一大段时间

短语 （the world has ever seen, than ever before possible）

within/during/over/in + the past/last/recent + 时间短语

l
一般将来式

The possibility that/the likelihood that

l
Continue

不能用进行时

不能用复合时

Is and will continue doing X

(3) 形容词、副词的区别

l
转义

Significant (重要)----significantly (极大程度的)

Fair (公平的)-----fairly (相当的)

Simple (简单)-----simply (仅仅地)

Special (特殊)-----especially (尤其的)

Economic(经济上的)---economical (节约的)

l
修饰名词用形容词

修饰形容词用副词

Recent extended sales (recent 一定是修饰sales)

Clothing could be packed flat
(flat 一定是修饰 clothing)

…wings, shaped so smooth and perfectly (smooth---wings, perfectly---shaped)

心在下雨

（4）比较结构

l
A plays tennis better than B/B does/does B

考的最多的是does B

Oil price is higher this year than last year.

Oil price this year is higher than last year’s.

l
比较对象要对等，句子后半段用that/those, 不能用 It/them/they

l
比较结构后半段，尽量补出助动词

助动词和主句谓语一致，且可以倒装

l
和。。。一样大或者比他大

As great as or greater than

At least as great as

As …as…, if not more so (此形式出现，一定正确)

The use of chemical pesticides in this country is as extensive as it was ten years ago, if not more so.

（5）Rate

l
Rate 和rate 比，不可以和 wage 比

l
Rate 和 high/low 搭配， 不可以和prevalent 搭配

（6）时间上有先后关系的两个动词，必须用and 连接

     当中，动词改成现在分词作伴随状语是典型的错误

（7）like A, B do--------A和B必须是同类事物,A 必须是和主句中的主语对应，不能和谓语对应

As + 句子（补出助动词）-----A 和B可以不是同类事物（句子可以不完整，有省略,可以省略助动词，谓语）

e.g. Owning a house is the goal of a majority of young adults, as it was of earlier generations. （省略谓语）

Owning a house is the goal of a majority of young adults, like that of earlier generations. X

The civilization in Pakistan flourished at the same time as the civilization in Nile.

心在下雨

As

l
作连词+句子   （像什么一样）

Like A, B do

As +句子

Just as A do, so B do/so do B

Just as A do, so too do B

l
作介词+名词   （作为）

l
作副词   （语气助词）

As when
as when she was a child (正确的，不是重复)

As where

作代词, 指代简单主句

Indirect socialization also occurs, as when television shows or films reinforce stereotyped images of women and men.

   比较

1. 有There be 的比较，两个there be 都要写出

There are about as many gym members in the boxing class as there are in the aerobics class.

2. as 比较中，比较主语的时候谓语动词一定要补出，

                   主语相同时，可以省略第二个主语

Four times as many Americans were killed as would be killed in 1990. 省略those who

3. 表示比较的时候把as/like放在句首，as/like A, B… 会 more effective, 开始就摆明两个比较的对象

（8）如此…以至于

So …as to
简单但是逻辑主语必须一致

So…that
复杂但是逻辑主语可以不一致

Enough X

Such…as to X

Such…though X

肯定---as…as，never as…as

否定---not so…as

Such 后面不跟抽象名词

（9）名词修饰

     名词 of 限定  （短修饰）

     名词
that 解释 （长修饰）

     例外：

Importance/Necessity/Need 只能加 of

Need 还可以加 For

(10) Closing/worrying----过程动作

Closed/worried----状态结果

（11）with

l
本身的逻辑宾语就是它的修饰，所以不加 it

With It X

To do it X

固定搭配可以加 （Associate with it）

l
可以跳跃修饰

l
With sth adj/done/doing/介词短语

l
With sth as sth

The diet was largely vegetarian---X1, X2, X3, and X4, with meat as a rarity.

（12）all each

l
直线部分在句子前半段，用all. 在后半段用each

l
Each 引导强调型 独立主格

复数n结尾的句子，each+…ed/doing/介词短语/形容词短语

They have five groups, each having its own executive.

, each with its own executive

, each equipped with its own executive

, each a powerful team

l
有which,不要替换成with, 用with 指代不清

The company earns a profit, which have increased 5 percent during the first three years.

The company earns a profit, with a 5 percent increase during the first three years. X

心在下雨

  （13）to do sth is to do sth

Doing sth is doing sth

Sth is sth

（14）without (高分标志)

l
Without
+ 名词/doing
中间不能插任何修饰语（例如any）

Without your permission/without thereby provoking X

l
相对简洁，尽量使用

l
强烈语气表达

Without 原文中通常没有，但通过判断句子语气需要加强，就加

（15）倒装

l
否定性词或者短语位于句首，引起部分倒装

Never, no longer, rarely, hardly…when, few, little, not until, no sooner…than

l
So/such 位于句首

l
Only 位于句首

Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed.

l
全倒装的谓语动词单复数由动词后的主语(动作的发生者)决定

Out of sth grows a market…

（16）虚拟语气
(Subjunctive mood)

If I/he were a boy, I/he would…

     Wish + I could fly/I had won the game

     虚拟语气一定要用if…were

Not one of the potential investors is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a merger agreement is signed that includes a provision for penalties if the deal were not to be concluded.

Demand/suggest/advise/mandate/order/propose/advocate/recommend/decree/insist/urge/plead/ask…. (should省略) be

Predict that 后面不跟虚拟语气+will do

It is urgent/vital/essential/necessary/important/imperative/better/preferable that….

     Would rather + you went to bed early

Demand sb to do sth是错误表达。og 上cocacola那道题是最好的例证。

In order to/To do sth, sb would have to do sth

（17）If…., (then)….

If she wins the lottery, she will give half the money to charity.

If she won the lottery, she would give half the money to charity.

If she had won the lottery, she would have given half the money to charity.

（18）语义不清

1. I definitely prefer eating ice cream to eating hot dogs in the summertime.

（不知道in the summer修饰什么）

In the summertime, I definitely prefer eating ice cream to eating hot dog.

2. St of this kind, St like this/that 指代不清

       应换成such + n