kevinsee

专题五：逻辑主语

Ⅰ概念：

谓语句首的doing / done的动作发出者或接受者，即是它的逻辑主语

*逻辑主语等于主句主语

Ⅱ形式：

1、Doing / Done, S V O.

e.g. Beating Michael black and white, Roger is happy.

Beaten black and white, Roger is crying.

e.g. 19.1 the board of directors 董事会

2、prep + doing, S V O.

3、adj. + prep + n, S V O.

形容主句主语的

相当于：（Being）adj. + prep +n, S V O.

∵Being + adj. ×

∴Being 不会出现

e.g. Famous throughout the world, Confucius (孔子) was a great teacher.

e.g. 20.4 By doing, S V O.

方式状语，修饰动作V

20.5
20.7
243.11

246.23 the numbers of ×没有这种表达

the number of / a number of
√

e.g. 246.24
if 只表示“如果”，只引导条件状语从句

whether 表示“是否”，可引导名词性从句
e.g. … is whether

whether √

whether or not ×啰嗦

undergoing + sth. (conversion转变) 经历什么

*“,”后面的“all”不能做逻辑主语，∵“all”是adj.，做不了逻辑主语

kevinsee

专题六：虚拟语气（宾语从句的虚拟）

Ⅰ在表示建议、命令、要求的动词后常考虚拟，如

Suggest, advise, recommend, order, demand, require, mandate (授权), on condition (+that)

*suggest
前面主语是“人”，即表示“命令”；

主语是“物”，即“表明”意思，此时不虚拟

Ⅱ动词后面要紧跟that + SVO（中间不能有别的词，介宾短语除外）

e.g. 18.2 require sb. to do 此时不虚拟

Ⅲthat从句（should）do，必须省略should

e.g. 17.1
17.2

248.28
suggest 主语是“物”，即“表明、暗示”不虚拟

250.37
A项 separately required

Adv. / Adj. 用法：

1、作用：Adj.修饰n. （有时可以是pron.代词）

Adv.修饰 adj.
e.g.
very beautiful

adv.
Very quickly

v.
run quickly

一句话
Unfortunately, Tom was beaten.

*差异点：Adj.只修饰n.

Adv.不修饰n.

2、公式：

①adj. adj. n. (两个adj.都修饰n.)

不考排序
adj., adj. n.
e.g. a red, old car

adj. and adj. n.
a red and old car

②adv. adj. n.

③adv. doing / done n.

e.g. constantly changing society

不断地
变化的
社会

e.g. 278.147
target at

aim to

*所有表示“建议、命令”的词的同根n.后的同位语从句，也要用虚拟语气

e.g. a request (from the private sector) that … be …

=requirement (require两个同根n.)

Ⅳ非虚拟

*如果if引导的从句中出现were, should, had可以将这三个词倒装到主语之前，省略if；

*如果这种倒装是由should引导的，主句不用虚拟语气

e.g. If I were you, I would …

= Were I you, I would …

e.g. If a house should be owned, Tom would break up with Jerry.

= Should a house be owned, Tom will break up with Jerry.

*考点：if从句had done，主句would have done

对主句虚拟即是将主句原时态向前推一个时态
did
had done

Have done
would have done

*would have done出现在从句，错（一般情况）

kevinsee

专题七：非谓语动词

Ⅰ不定式（to do）

1、作用：可以做除谓语以外的各种成分
e.g.主、宾、表、从、定、状、补

e.g. To see is to believe.

主
表

2、位置：To do, S V O.
表目的

S V O to do.

S V O, to do. 通常是×

Ⅱ动名词（doing）

作用：主要充当n.用，可以做主、宾、表

e.g. Seeing is believing.

S
V
O

Ⅲ分词
现在分词doing

过去分词 done

作用：主要做定语、状语

Ⅳ分词在句末的情况

1、S V O
doing / done.

2、S V O, doing.

①S V O, doing. (伴随状语)

e.g. Michael walked into his office, singing a folk song. (山歌)

②S V O, doing. (结果状语)

e.g. Confucius taught 72 excellent students, making him famous.

e.g. 250.37
讲义12

e.g. 253.49 S V O, which does. ×

×
Which 不指代前面句子

Be known to do 做…被人知道

Be known as
+ n. (头衔) 作为…而出名
√

+ doing ×

e.g. Michael was known as an exam expert.

kevinsee

专题八：代词pron.

Ⅰit做形式主语/形式宾语
找到真正主语/真正宾语
to do

That从句

e.g. It is exciting to play golf.

形主
真主

Michael found it exciting to play golf.

形宾
真宾

It is strange that Tom love Jerry.

形主
真主

*尽量用形式主语（避免头重脚轻）
e.g. 讲义13

Ⅱ做主语的代词优先指主语

1、he / his job

做主语的代词

2、如果能指主语，则应指主语，否则可指宾语

S V O, and S’ V’ O’.

S’是he/they 优先指主语

e.g. Tom loves Jerry, and he loves Mary.

Tom loves two dogs, and they are funny.

e.g. 讲义13
274.134

250.36
be native to 原产于某地

In an attempt to = to try to do

Ⅲ定语从句引导词

1、that=物；who / whom =人

*prep + whom
e.g. 276.140

2、which前边要“，/ prep”√，否则错

e.g. … a book that is funny

… a book, which is funny

… a book in which I find a lot of picture

e.g. 259.76

hypothesis / evidence / fact 抽象词后常跟同位语从句解释内容

3、S V O, which … （which一定不指代前面的句子）

e.g. 38.5

286.181 liken A to B 把A比作B

24.3 it不指代一句话

24.6
25.7

23.1
其实
in effect

in fact

252.44
Doing / Done, S V O. 主语发出、接受

S V O doing / done.
宾语发出、接受

253.48
on account of + n. √

because of
+ n. √

意思一样用法一样

on account of + doing ×

because of
+ doing ×

e.g. because of
hard work √

working hard ×

254.52 规则：主语
宾语/表语，含义/形式尽量对应

e.g. Seeing is believing. √

Seeing is to believe. ×
（形势不对应）

254.53 the damage (n.) to sth.

255.57 to some extent 从某种程度

255.58 debt to 受…影响

Range from … to …

A wide range (n.) of

256.59 at least 和more than 不同时用

Not any复杂；no = not any, no简洁

256.60

256.61 E项：will do表示将来√

Be to do ×

256.62

256.63 be in danger of doing 处于危险之中

Ⅳ比较it和that

*it 指代n.和它的修饰成分

*that指代n.自己

kevinsee

专题九：独立主格

Ⅰ概念：它是一种自带逻辑主语的分词短语，在句中作状语，位置很灵活

*往往优先选择

e.g. Weather permitting, Michael will play golf.

逻主
主动

= If weather is permitting, … 条件状语从句

That work finished, Michael went home.

逻主
被动

= When that work was finished, … 时间状语从句

Doing / Done, S V O.

逻主

n. + doing / done, S V O.

逻主
独立主格（有自己独立的逻辑主语）

Ⅱ一般形式（独立主格主语后没有句子）

(with) + n. +
doing

Adj. + prep. +n. 形容词短语

Prep. + n. 介词短语

n.

可省可不省

e.g. 262.86
269.113

Ⅲ特殊形式

S V O, each +
doing

逻主
Adj. + prep. +n. 形容词短语

Prep. + n. 介词短语

n.

①句末出现
②each前面一定省略with
③逻辑主语是each

e.g. I have many friends,
each buying a car.

each a singer.

each interested in English.

each in his house.

e.g. 16.2
75.Q3
讲义153

kevinsee

专题十：省略的状语从句

Ⅰ从句的构成:引导词(because, if) + 从句主语 +从句谓语 + 从句宾语...

从句
引导词 + SVO

主句
SVO

e.g. I love you.

Although I love you, I don’t deserve you.

引导词

e.g. 258.67
so that + 句子
表达清晰

so as to do
表达简洁

在保证都清晰时，看简洁的so as to do

*so as to do中，to do的发出者要等于所在句子主语时，表达清晰

e.g. Michael went to the court early so as to get a good place.

发出者就是句子主语Michael

258.70
be likely to do √

Be liable to do √

Be liable that ×

Be unable / able to do √

258.71
S V O, then doing 伴随状语

then表示先后顺序，并不表示同时发生

261.82
In contrast to A, B V C. 和A相比，B …

261.83
*不同代词=不同内容

262.84
主语
宾语/表语

n.
n.
形势一致

Ⅱ省略的条件*

1、在特定引导词之后：
when / while

If / unless

Although / even though

2、从句必须是S + be. (主语+be动词)

省略掉

3、从句主语S=所修饰句子的主语

e.g. While alive, he lived.

= While
he was alive, he lived.

条件1 条件2
条件3

e.g. 159.2
279.152
21.6

264.88
so as to do

So that

Enough that ×

Such that ×

264.93
E项：从句要用陈述句语序，即主语+谓语

e.g. May I ask where you are from/

265.99
B项：形式一致，含义对等

265.100
prohibit … from doing 禁止

= forbid sb. / sth. to do

265.101
数字前表示“少于”，用less than

e.g. less than 5 percent

265.102
except for … except放句首+for

… except … 不放句首不用

267.105
inventory 库存[u.]单数形式

Inventories 商品[c.]复数形式

Not
so … as …
否定句

as … as …

As … as …
肯定句

267.109
require sb. to do 让某人做某事

Require sth. of sb. 向某人要什么东西

=require of sb. that + SVO 虚拟语气

*条件状语从句when和if的区别

When后面的事情一定会发生，只是迟早的事情

If后面的事情可能也可能不发生

kevinsee

专题十一：补语和宾语

Ⅰ补语：分两种，主补和宾补，通常由n. / adj.
充当

e.g. He is called Michael.

主
主补

We call him
Michael.

宾
宾补

Ⅱ宾补和双宾语

1、区别：用宾语 + be. +宾补可构成一句话

e.g. 宾补：We call him
Michael.

He is Michael. √

双宾语：Roger gave Michael
a flower.

O1
O2

Michael is a flower. ×

2、搭配：

①常跟宾补的词汇：call, find, elect, consider, make, pronounce

e.g. We find grammar interesting.

e.g. I consider Roger
my friend.
n.

宾语
very funny.
adj.

consider + 宾语 +
as
×

to be ×

e.g. 257.65

260.79

②常跟双宾语的词（考得少）give, show, buy

e.g. Tom bought Jerry a toy.

O1
O2

Ⅲ形式宾语（it）+宾补（adj.）+真宾

S + V + it + adj. +
to do

形宾
宾补
that 从句

真宾

e.g. Michael found it exciting to play golf.

形宾
宾补
真宾

e.g. 62.7

268.110
sth. + cost(s)
√

Revenue / income / money + cost ×

同义重复 annual + a year ×

268.111
credit A to B 把A归于B

Credit A with B 认为A有B

A is credited with B.
A被认为有B

270.117 from … 介宾

*修饰成分尽量靠近修饰对象

adj. / 介词短语 / doing / done

Ⅳ宾语后置

Bring A to B
Bring to B A

Cite A as B 引用A来做B
Cite as B A

Withhold A from B
拒绝透露A给B
Withhold from B A

e.g. 讲义12

253.49 double A to B

Double to B A 宾语后置表达清晰

285.174 enable sb. to do

272.124 not … but …

… rather than …

Rather单独使用是adv.

272.127
be due to √

Be + because ×
（because不做表语）

Because of
+
n. √

On account of
doing ×

More … than … 比较对象要平行

kevinsee

专题十二：Run-on句型

Ⅰ概念：两个句子之间没有连接词，或正确的标点符号，就叫Run-on句型

S V O, S V O. ×

Ⅱ改法：

1、S V O, conj. S V O. √

e.g. Tom is a cat, Jerry is a mouse. ×

Tom is a cat, and / while / but Jerry is a mouse. √

2、S V O; (if SVO) S V O. √

分号相当于句号，前后都有主句

主句1
主句2

S V O, however S V O. ×

Adv.
①…ly

②However, therefore, thereby, also, then 不是连词，是副词

*so:
adv. “如此” e.g. so beautiful

conj. “因此”

②改成：also
and

then

and then

S V O; however S V O. √

加adv.对语法无影响

S V O, from S V O. ×

Prep.
换成：by / of / with / in √

e.g. 258.68

259.74

261.81

264.95 as if + 句子；as if = seem

like + 句子
×

274.135
keep sb. / sth. from

Vt. 及物动词

Avoid 主动避免，应该是主语发出的动作

kevinsee

专题十三：比较结构

总原则：比较对象要一致（介词不要省略）

主、宾、表

e.g. 40.10 less + of + 单/复数
√

[c.]/[u.]
√

e.g. We will see less of our friends in the future.

268.112

7.9 涉及真主语在比较（尽量用形式主语表达句子）

Ⅰ常考句型

1、more … than …

As … as …

①倍数之后两者都对，数字之后只用more … than …

②不混搭

③比较对象要一致

e.g. 8.10 表示“≥”时

at least as … as …

as … as or more … than

*at least 和
more than

more
不混搭

6.5 比较时，要排除自己（自己不合自己比）

2、Like A, B V C.

In contrast to A, B V C.

e.g. 6.4
B V C, like A, B’ V C’. ×

出现逻辑错误，∵不知道和哪个一样

5.3

3、当as做“像”一定是conj.，一定+句子

e.g. Studying abroad
is a goal of Tom, as
it
is (a goal) of Jerry

as对应句子主谓和原句主谓要对应

4、Just as A
V, so
B
V. 正如A做了…，B也做了…

V
B. （倒装）

e.g. 36.11
122.5

220.16
Just as A
V, so V B. 倒装

5.1
8.11
8.12

Ⅱ比较句中助动词的补出问题

e.g.
Tom eats more apples than bananas. √

Tom eats more apples than Jerry
does. √

S
S’
did. √

will. √

is / was. ×

1、只有当主句比较时，才考虑补助动词，注意别不错。

2、比较时在as/than之后若紧跟助动词，即为倒装。

e.g. Tom eats more apples than
does Jerry.

倒装

*倒装√
不倒装√

e.g. 279.151 D项：will a quake 倒装√

3、主语比较时，有下列情况，应尽量补出助动词：

①当前句有宾语时

e.g. Tom eats more apples than Jerry does.

S1
O
S2

Tom eats more than Jerry.

e.g. 讲义82

245.19 prep + doing, S V O. 注意doing的逻辑主语是S

*此时，若后边句子用that / those指代比较对象，则可不补

40.10 E项：those

②当前后时态不一致时

e.g. Tom eats more than Jerry
(does). 相同时态

did / will. 不同时态

e.g. 9.14

例题解决：

e.g. 278.148
originally 过去时，意为“当初”

280.156
should 虚拟要省略

should 不虚拟时，意为“应该”主语是人

281.157
从句可以修饰从句

281.160

288.188
“有能力被”×
be able to be done

Have ability to be done

Be capable of being done

“有可能被”can be done

Be capable
of doing √

to do ×

250.38
consistent with 和…保持一致

*
B prep A
＞ A B

表达更清晰

253.50

282.162 doing / done 都做n.的后置定语，可以平行

n. + doing 主动

n. + done 被动

*extend 表示“延伸”，没有被动

284.172

294.173 aid(n.) + for

aid(v.) + sb.

286.178 credit with 认为…有

=小蓝111题

kevinsee

*解题思路：（解题顺序）

1、读原句，挑错误

2、比选项，找差异（差异点就是考点）

3、排错误，得答案（先绝对，后相对）

4、优先看代词＞动词（主谓，时态）＞平行（找到标志词）

5、划线部分/前后，出现and（很可能考平行）

6、比较剩余两项

①忠实原文（优先）

②简洁

7、划线开头/结尾，常为考点

8、当两项有重大差异（n.单复数），看未划线部分
e.g. 269.116
255.57

e.g. 讲义14
规律：so + adj./adv. +that ＞
such + n. +that

enough that