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Passage 19
Seeking a competitive advantage115题, some professional
service firms(for example, firms providing advertising,
accounting, or health care services) have considered
offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. Such
(5) guarantees specify what clients can expect and what the
firm will do if it fails to fulfill these expectations.
Particularly with first-time clients, an unconditional
guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the
client is very cautious, the firm’s fees are high, the
(10) negative consequences of bad service are grave, or
business is difficult to obtain through referrals and
word-of-mouth.114题
专业服务公司提供无条件保证。无条件保证是…..。无条件保证在…情况下是有效的。
However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes
hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that fail-
(15) ure is possible, the guarantee may, paradoxically, cause
clients to doubt the service firm’s ability to deliver the
promised level of service117题. It may conflict with a firm’s
desire to appear sophisticated, or may even suggest that
a firm is begging for business. In legal and health care
(20) services, it may mislead clients by suggesting that law-
suits or medical procedures will have guaranteed out-
comes116题. Indeed, professional service firms with outstandin
reputations and performance to match have little to gain
from offering unconditional guarantees. And any firm
(25) that implements an unconditional guarantee without
undertaking a commensurate commitment to quality of
service is merely employing a potentially costly
marketing gimmick.
然而，无条件保证阻碍了市场努力。后面一些列排比说怎么阻碍的。

图拉

grave [ɡreiv] adj. 严肃的；重大的；黯淡的vt. 雕刻；铭记n. 墓穴，坟墓；死亡
referral [ri'fə:rəl] n. 参照；提及
dignity ['diɡnəti] n. 尊严；高贵

新旧观点对比型
经济类
逻辑简图：第一段引出无条件保证，提出其好处…——第二段人文它不好。怎样不好。

主题题：全文都在说无条件保证的好与不好一定是评价evaluate
113. The primary function of the passage as a whole is to
(A) account for the popularity of a practice
(B) evaluate the utility of a practice
(C) demonstrate how to institute a practice
(D) weigh the ethics of using a strategy
(E) explain the reasons for pursuing a strategy

错题/EXCEPT题：benefit好处定位第一段。
114. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as
circumstances in which professional service firms can
benefit from offering an unconditional guarantee
EXCEPT:
(A) The firm is having difficulty retaining its clients of
long standing. first time clients与long standing 不是反义
(B) The firm is having difficulty getting business
through client recommendations. （business is difficult to obtain through referrals and
word-of-mouth）word-of-mouth 与recommendations的同义转换
(C) The firm charges substantial fees for its services.（the firm’s fees are high）
(D) The adverse effects of poor performance by the firm
are significant for the client.( the negative consequences of bad service are grave)
negative与adverse；bad与poor；grave与significant同义转换
(E) The client is reluctant to incur risk.（if the
client is very cautious）

信息题：some professional service firms首次提及定位第一段？
115. Which of the following is cited in the passage as a goal
of some professional service firms in offering
unconditional guarantees of satisfaction?
(A) A limit on the firm’s liability
(B) Successful competition against other firms competitive advantage与Successful competition同义转换
(C) Ability to justify fee increases
(D) Attainment of an outstanding reputation in a field
(E) Improvement in the quality of the firm’s service

信息题：health care or legal services定位第二段,推断暗示题，result与outcomes同义转换
116. The passage’s description of the issue raised by
unconditional guarantees for health care or legal
services most clearly implies that which of the following
is true?
(A) The legal and medical professions have standards of
practice that would be violated by attempts to fulfill
such unconditional guarantees.
(B) The result of a lawsuit of medical procedure cannot
necessarily be determined in advance by the
professionals handling a client’s case. result与outcomes同义转换
(C) The dignity of the legal and medical professions is
undermined by any attempts at marketing of
professional services, including unconditional
guarantees.
(D) Clients whose lawsuits or medical procedures have
unsatisfactory outcomes cannot be adequately
compensated by financial settlements alone.
(E) Predicting the monetary cost of legal or health care
services is more difficult than predicting the
monetary cost of other types of professional
services.

逻辑题？加强题
117. Which of the following hypothetical situations best
exemplifies the potential problem noted in the second
sentence of the second paragraph (lines 14-17)?
(A) A physician’s unconditional guarantee of
satisfaction encourages patients to sue for
malpractice if they are unhappy with the treatment
they receive.
(B) A lawyer’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction
makes clients suspect that the lawyer needs to find
new clients quickly to increase the firm’s income.
(C) A business consultant’s unconditional guarantee of
satisfaction is undermined when the consultant fails
to provide all of the services that are promised.
(D) An architect’s unconditional guarantee of
satisfaction makes clients wonder how often the
architect’s buildings fail to please clients.
(E) An accountant’s unconditional guarantee of
satisfaction leads clients to believe that tax returns
prepared by the accountant are certain to be
accurate.

信息题：推测。这种题只能对原文意思理解才能回答，错误选项都是原文没提及，超越原文意思。
118. The passage most clearly implies which of the following
about the professional service firms mentioned in line
22?
(A) They are unlikely to have offered unconditional
guarantees of satisfaction in the past.
(B) They are usually profitable enough to be able to
compensate clients according to the terms of an
unconditional guarantee.
(C) They usually practice in fields in which the
outcomes are predictable.
(D) Their fees are usually more affordable than those
charged by other professional service firms.
(E) Their clients are usually already satisfied with the
quality of service that is delivered.

图拉

新旧观点对比型
自然科学类——技术
逻辑简图：第一段例子说明数字录音提高了过去录音的质量。——指出模拟录音系统的过程及两种失真情况——数字录音系统的优点及两种失真。

段落作用题：一整段都是例子对文章的作用
272. Which of the following best describes the relationship of the first paragraph to the passage as
a whole?
(A) The first paragraph introduces a general thesis that is elaborated on in detail elsewhere in
the passage.
(B) The first paragraph presents a concrete instance of a problem that is discussed elsewhere
in the passage.
(C) The first paragraph describes a traditional process that is contrasted unfavorably with a
newer process described elsewhere in the passage.
(D) The first paragraph presents a dramatic example of the potential of a process that is
described elsewhere in the passage.
(E) The first paragraph describes a historic incident that served as the catalyst for
developments described elsewhere in the passage.

信息题：考对比
273. According the passage, one of the ways in which analog recording systems differ from digital
recording systems is that analog systems
(A) can be used to reduce background noise in old recordings（digital）
(B) record the original sound as a continuous waveform
(C) distort the original sound somewhat（两者都有）
(D) can avoid introducing extraneous and nonmusical sounds（digital）
(E) can reconstruct the original waveform with little loss inquality（digital）

信息题：not readily altered与have little effect
274. Which of the following statements about the numbers by which sound is represented in a
digital system can be inferred from the passage?
(A) They describe the time interval between successive sounds in a passage of music. 没提及
(B) They model large changes in the amplitude of the initial sound with relatively poor
precision. （the smallest change）
(C) They are slightly altered each time they are read by the playback apparaturs.没提及
(D) They are not readily altered by distortion and noise accumulated as the digital signal is
stored and manipulated.
(E) They are stored in the recording medium in small groups that can be read simultaneously
by the playback apparatus.没提及

错题/信息题:注意绝对化词completely
275. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the digital approach to the
processing of sound?
(A) It was developed in competition with wax-cyclinder recording technology.( Choice
A is not correct because the wax-cylinder process is characterized as “ancient” (line 7), while
digital recording is called “new and superior” (line 90. The wax-cylinder recording mentioned in
line 3 is described a “decades-old.” The suggestion thus is that the two processes were developed
at different times, not that they were developed in competition with each other.)
(B) It has resulted in the first distortion-free playback system.
(C) It has been extensively applied to nonmusical sounds.没提及
(D) It cannot yet process music originally recorded on analog equipment.
(E) It is not yet capalbe of reprocessing old recordings in a completely distortion-free manner.

465字
13 A 07:09
14 D 01:46
15 C 04:25
16C 03:02
17 B 02:45
18 B 01:50

350字
67 B 04:40
68 D 01:29
69 A 01:47
70 E 01:03
71 E 01:08
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