请问GWD32-Q25-Q28的答案

ozymendias

There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accompanied by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicones, and Plexiglas (Plexiglas: n.树脂玻璃(多用以制造飞机座舱罩、镜片等)) were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.

Despite these finding, we are urged to support monopolistic power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the giant corporation or conglomerate, with its prodigious assets, can afford the kind of expenditures that produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will either improve our standard of living or do much to protect our diminishing resources.

Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the process, is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by single corporation, investment in innovation—a risky and expensive budget item—might meet resistance from management and stockholders concerned about cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to equate the monopolistic producer with bountiful expenditures on research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Moreover, in some cases, industrial giants faced with little or no competition seek to avoid the capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress. By contrast, small firms undeterred by large investments in plant and capital equipment often aggressively pursue new techniques and new products, investing in innovation in order to expand their market shares.


The conglomerates are not, however, completely except from strong competitive pressures. There are instances in which they too must compete with another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.



Q11.The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A)
advocate an increase in government support of organized industrial research

(B)
point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industry

(C)
describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovation

(D)
show that America’s strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness（B）

(E)
encourage free-market competition among industrial giants

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q12

According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century

(A)
were produced largely as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development

(B)
came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopolistic industries

(C)
were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams

(D)
have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates（C）

(E)
sometimes adversely affect our standard of living and diminish our natural resources

--------------------------------------------------------------------

Q13:
It can be inferred from the passage that the author

(A) has little confidence in the ability of monopolistic industry to produce the important inventions of the future

(B) would rather see the federal government spend money on social services than on the defense establishment

(C) favors a conservative approach to innovation and places trust in conglomerates to provide efficient production

(D) feels that price should still be the dominant variable in the competitive process（A）



(E) believes that excessive competition is a deterrent to innovation

Q14

The passage contains information that answers which of the following questions?

I.
What portion of the research dollar in this country is spent each year by the federal government?

II.
Under what circumstances is an industrial giant likely to invest heavily in innovation?

III.
Why might a monopolistic producer want to suppress an innovation?

(A) I only

(B) II only

(C) I and II only

(D) II and III only（E）


(E) I, II, and III

victoria820

11 B
12 C
13 E
14 E

答案说13是A, 我一开始也选的A，但是后来改为E.
因为A原文没有明确说，而且我觉得作者没有怀疑过the ability of monopolistic industry，只是有所保留，不是独裁公司没有能力，而是不愿意。
E选项文中提到过 “While
it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated
by single corporation, investment in innovation—a risky and expensive
budget item—might meet resistance from management and stockholders
concerned about ”
不知道我的看法对不对？

laurawang2234

13题我觉得E是不对的。E描述的是过度的竞争阻止了创新。从这里引用的句子里看不出任何过度竞争的影子。A看着也不对，原因和yinlixiao说的一样，不是不行而不是不愿意。我更趋向于选B。原因处于这句话：There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will either improve our standard of living or do much to protect our diminishing resources.
   

请nn们指教

anchoretes

Q13: 可以定位“it
would be an egregious error to equate the monopolistic producer with bountiful
expenditures on research.”

laurawang2234

13题我觉得E是不对的。E描述的是过度的竞争阻止了创新。从这里引用的句子里看不出任何过度竞争的影子。A看着 ...
laurawang2234 发表于 2010-12-21 06:47

    有道理，我选的是c，不一定对，但a和e感觉更不对
作者通篇并没有明确反对monopolistic ，把最后一段当作圆场，不如认为是驳斥，可能力量不强，但起码不是明确反对monopolistic 的。
现在感觉b很有可能

zhaoyiqing

有道理，我选的是c，不一定对，但a和e感觉更不对
作者通篇并没有明确反对monopolistic ，把最后 ...
laurawang2234 发表于 2010-12-22 06:48

    b错，定位第二段最后一句There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will either improve our standard of living or do much to protect our diminishing resources. 文中没有提到social service,无关选项。

d错，定位第三段第二句The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the process, is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology.

e错，定位最后一段第一句The conglomerates are not, however, completely except from strong competitive pressures.  强大竞争压力会促使大集团创新，第二句是举例。e说excessive competition is a deterrent竞争阻止创新，与原文相反。

一开始我选的C，因为看到后半句说places trust in conglomerates to provide efficient production与第三段中间management and stockholders concerned about cost-cutting, efficient organization相符合，但是没有看到前半句favors a conservative approach，文章自始至终作者都没有支持保守不创新的观点，所以C错。

排除下来，就剩下a了，也许最后一段还可以理解成因为大集团在极端情况下才会创新，所以他们创新的几率并不高吧。纯属个人理解。

zm_patrickS

错，定位最后一段第一句The conglomerates are not, however, completely except from strong competitive pressures.  强大竞争压力会促使大集团创新，第二句是举例。e说excessive competition is a deterrent竞争阻止创新，与原文相反。





注意E中说的是excessive competition. LSTX quote的那句话，我是这么理解的：因为前一段有说到in some cases, industrial giants faced with little or no competition seek to avoid the capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress.因此最后一段补充性地说到大企业也有没逃开竞争的时候，这种情况下他们就会大举投资研究创新了。

我认为答案应该是E，理由很简单：我们做阅读题时不能去猜测作者的想法，任何答案都要有evidence来support.

E. 是唯一可以在原文中找到supporting evidence的选项。While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by single corporation, investment in innovation—a risky and expensive budget item—might meet resistance from management and stockholders concerned about ...

A. has little confidence in the ability of monopolistic industry to produce the important inventions of the future 请特别注意ability这个字，文中有说到大企业倾向于保守、不倾向于创新，这种倾向性决定了他们对创新的投入(expenditures)多少，但expenditures跟ability不能画等号！