prep2 essay1----4

pfullsomer

The modern multinational corporation is described as having originated when the owner-managers of nineteenth-century British firms carrying on international trade were replaced by teams of salaried managers organized into hierarchies.
Increases in the volume of transactions in such firms are commonly believed to have necessitated this structural change.
Nineteenth-century inventions like the steamship and the telegraph, by facilitating coordination of managerial activities, are described as key factors. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century chartered trading companies, despite the international scope of their activities, are usually considered irrelevant to this discussion:
the volume of their transactions is assumed to have been too low and the communications and transport of their day too primitive to make comparisons with modern multinationals interesting.



In reality, however, early trading companies successfully purchased and outfitted ships, built and operated offices and warehouses, manufactured trade goods for use abroad, maintained trading posts and production facilities overseas, procured goods for import, and sold those goods both at home and in other countries.
The large volume of transactions associated with these activities seems to have necessitated hierarchical management structures well before the advent of modern communications and transportation.
For example, in the Hudson's Bay Company, each far-flung trading outpost was managed by a salaried agent, who carried out the trade with the Native Americans, managed day-to-day operations, and oversaw the post's workers and servants.
One chief agent, answerable to the Court of Directors in London through the correspondence committee, was appointed with control over all of the agents on the bay.



The early trading companies did differ strikingly from modern multinationals in many respects.
They depended heavily on the national governments of their home countries and thus characteristically acted abroad to promote national interests.
Their top managers were typically owners with a substantial minority share, whereas senior managers' holdings in modern multinationals are usually insignificant.
They operated in a preindustrial world, grafting a system of capitalist international trade onto a premodern system of artisan and peasant production.
Despite these differences, however, early trading companies organized effectively in remarkably modern ways and merit further study as analogues of more modern structures.

Question #4.
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According to the passage, early chartered trading companies are usually described as



(A) irrelevant to a discussion of the origins of the modern multinational corporation

(B) interesting but ultimately too unusual to be good subjects for economic study

(C) analogues of nineteenth-century British trading firms

(D) rudimentary and very early forms of the modern multinational corporation

(E) important national institutions because they existed to further the political aims of the governments of their home countries

如文章末尾所说，怎么会选A呢。虽然我承认early chartered trading companies 也没有到rudimentary and very early forms的程度。但第一题主题题也跟着个答案相矛盾阿

1。The author's main point is that



(A) modern multinationals originated in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with the establishment of chartered trading companies

(B) the success of early chartered trading companies, like that of modern multinationals, depended primarily on their ability to carry out complex operations

(C) early chartered trading companies should be more seriously considered by scholars studying the origins of modern multinationals

(D) scholars are quite mistaken concerning the origins of modern multinationals

(E) the management structures of early chartered trading companies are fundamentally the same as those of modern multinationals


求牛牛解答！！！不胜感激！！！

1。The author's main point is that



(A) modern multinationals originated in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with the establishment of chartered trading companies

(B) the success of early chartered trading companies, like that of modern multinationals, depended primarily on their ability to carry out complex operations

(C) early chartered trading companies should be more seriously considered by scholars studying the origins of modern multinationals

(D) scholars are quite mistaken concerning the origins of modern multinationals

(E) the management structures of early chartered trading companies are fundamentally the same as those of modern multinationals


求牛牛解答！！！不胜感激！！！

MarilynR

Question #4. According to the passage, early chartered trading companies are usually described as
注意题目中问的是通常这种公司被描述成啥，所以定位在Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century chartered trading companies, despite the international scope of their activities, are usually considered irrelevant to this discussion选答案a.而答案d，原文定位The early trading companies did differ strikingly from modern multinationals in many respects说早期贸易公司和现代跨国公司在很多方面不同，而且原文也没有说早期公司是 rudimentary and very early forms of the modern multinational corporation，在原文找不出定位。

1。The author's main point is that 定位在however, early trading companies organized effectively in remarkably modern ways and merit further study as analogues of more modern structures.


第一段说跨国公司产生的2个因素，然后说通常认为早期贸易公司和跨国公司的产生无关。第二段说早期贸易公司的管理结构并举例说明。

第三段说虽然早期贸易公司和跨国公司的不同点。但是它仍然值得研究。

第三段说虽然早期贸易公司和跨国公司的不同点。但是它仍然值得研究。

注意题目中问的是通常这种公司被描述成啥，所以定位在Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century chartered trading companies, despite the international scope of their activities, are usually considered irrelevant to this discussion选答案a.而答案d，原文定位The early trading companies did differ strikingly from modern multinationals in many respects说早期贸易公司和现代跨国公司在很多方面不同，而且原文也没有说早期公司是 rudimentary and very early forms of the modern multinational corporation，在原文找不出定位。

1。The author's main point is that 定位在however, early trading companies organized effectively in remarkably modern ways and merit further study as analogues of more modern structures.


第一段说跨国公司产生的2个因素，然后说通常认为早期贸易公司和跨国公司的产生无关。第二段说早期贸易公司的管理结构并举例说明。

第三段说虽然早期贸易公司和跨国公司的不同点。但是它仍然值得研究。

第三段说虽然早期贸易公司和跨国公司的不同点。但是它仍然值得研究。

pfullsomer

谢谢啦。

judyenglishS

1。The author's main point is that


(A) modern multinationals originated in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with the establishment of chartered trading companies


(B) the success of early chartered trading companies, like that of modern multinationals, depended primarily on their ability to carry out complex operations


(C) early chartered trading companies should be more seriously considered by scholars studying the origins of modern multinationals

(D) scholars are quite mistaken concerning the origins of modern multinationals


(E) the management structures of early chartered trading companies are fundamentally the same as those of modern multinationals


E为什么不对呀

seuhongkai

1。The author's main point is that


(A) modern multinationals originated in the sixteenth and se ...
judyenglishS 发表于 2010-11-28 07:01

    management structures 是不一样的啊~~文章最后一段里有提到的“They depended heavily on the national governments of their home countries and thus characteristically acted abroad to promote national interests.Their top managers were typically owners with a substantial minority share, whereas senior managers' holdings in modern multinationals are usually insignificant.”