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3. adj和adv的区别

(1)        转义
significant      重要的
significantly    极大地
fair      公平的
fairly   相当地
simple     简单的
simply     仅仅地，只不过
special    特殊的
especially   尤其地
(2)       
129－270－119 Executives and federal officials say that the use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly among workers, significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of more than $100 billion a year.
A. significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of
B. significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already cost business  
C. significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, already with business costs of
D. significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costing business
E. significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costs business  130－75－4 Sulfur dioxide, a major contributor to acid rain, is an especially serious pollutant because it diminishes the respiratory system’s ability to deal with all other pollutants.   
A. an especially serious pollutant because it diminishes the respiratory system’s ability to deal
B. an especially serious pollutant because of diminishing the respiratory system’s capability of dealing
C. an especially serious pollutant because it diminishes the capability of the respiratory system in dealing
D. a specially serious pollutant because it diminishes the capability of the respiratory system to deal
E. a specially serious pollutant because of diminishing the respiratory system’s ability to deal
    (2) 修饰n用adj，修饰adj用adv  131－267－108 Reporting that one of its many problems had been the recent extended sales slump in women’s apparel, the seven-store retailer said it would start a three-month liquidation sale in all of its stores.  (A) its many problems had been the recent  (B) its many problems has been the recently  (C) its many problems is the recently  (D) their many problems is the recent  (E) their many problems had been the recent      (3) 修饰n用adj，修饰v同adv  132－309－78 In the traditional Japanese household, most clothing could be packed flatly, and so it was not necessary to have elaborate closet facilities.  (A) flatly, and so it was not necessary to have elaborate closet facilities  (B) flat, and so elaborate closet facilities were unnecessary  (C) flatly, and so there was no necessity for elaborate closet facilities  (D) flat, there being no necessity for elaborate closet facilities   (E) flatly, as no elaborate closet facilities were necessary      (4) 其他 2对2
133－311－88 Since the 1930’s aircraft manufacturers have tried to build airplanes with frictionless wings, shaped so smoothly and perfectly that the air passing over them would not become turbulent.
(A) wings, shaped so smoothly and perfectly
(B) wings, wings so smooth and so perfectly shaped
(C) wings that are shaped so smooth and perfect
(D) wings, shaped in such a smooth and perfect manner
(E) wings, wings having been shaped smoothly and perfectly so

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4.        比较结构
                                  A plays tennis better than B plays tennis.
                                                                           B does.                      考点     a. 对称性 b. 倒装 c. 省略          does B.    考的最多
                                                                           B.              三个都对     
   (1) 比较对象要对等，对称。句子后半部分用that／those。不能用it，they，them。  134－268－112 Domestic automobile manufacturers have invested millions of dollars into research to develop cars more gasoline-efficient even than presently on the road.
　　（A） into research to develop cars more gasoline-efficient even than presently on the road
　　（B） into research for developing even more gasoline-efficient cars on the road than at present
　　（C） for research for cars to be developed that are more gasoline-efficient even than presently on the road.
　　（D） in research to develop cars even more gasoline-efficient than those at present on the road
　　（E） in research for developing cars that are even more gasoline-efficient than presently on the road  135－320－128 Because natural gas is composed mostly of methane, a simple hydrocarbon , vehicles powered by natural gas emit less of certain pollutants than the burning of gasoline or diesel fuel.  
A  less of certain pollutants than the burning of gasoline or diesel fuel.
B  fewer of certain pollutants than burning gasoline or diesel fuel do.
C  less of certain pollutants than gasoline or diesel fuel
D  fewer of certain pollutants than does burning gasoline or diesel fuel
E  less of certain pollutants than those burning gasoline or diesel fuel  136－79－11 For the last five years the Dutch economy has grown faster than Britain, France, or Germany, with the unemployment rate having remained well below that of the other three countries.

A.        Britain, France, or Germany, with the unemployment rate having remained
B.        have those of Britain, France, or Germany, and the unemployment rate remaining
C.        have Britain, France, and Germany, and the unemployment rate has remained
D.        the economy of Britain, France, and Germany, with the unemployment rate that has remained
E.        the economies of Britain, France, and Germany, and the unemployment rate has remained
   (2) 比较结构的后半段要补出助动词，补出的助动词要和主句谓语动词保持一致，且可以倒装。
137－305－62 Inflation has made many Americans reevaluate their assumptions about the future; they still expect to live better than their parents have, but not so well as they once thought they could.
(A) they still expect to live better than their parents have
(B) they still expect to live better than their parents did
(C) they still expect to live better than their parents had
(D) still expecting to live better than their parents had
(E) still expecting to live better than did their parents  138－113－1 According to analysts, an alliance between three major personal computer companies and most of the nation’s largest local telephone companies would enable customers to receive Internet data over regular telephone lines with speeds much higher than is currently possible.

1.        with speeds much higher than is
2.        with speeds that are much higher than are
3.        at much higher speeds as are
4.        at much higher speeds than that
5.        at speeds much higher than are

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5. rate
  (1) rate要和rate比，不能和工资比。   (2) 数字概念跟high／low搭配，不能和prevalent搭配  139－309－79 The unskilled workers at the Allenby plant realized that their hourly rate of $4.11 to $4.75 was better than many nearby factory wages.

(A) many nearby factory wages

(B) many wages in nearby factories

(C) what are offered by many nearby factories

(D) it is in many nearby factories

(E) that offered by many nearby factories--  140－140－15 Some psychiatric studies indicate that among distinguished artists the rates of manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times as prevalent as in the population at large.
(A) the rates of manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times as prevalent as in
(B) the rates of manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times more prevalent than in
(C) the rates of manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times more prevalent when compared to
(D) manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times as prevalent when compared to
(E) manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times more prevalent than in  6. like A, B do          A,B同类事物方可比较                  like是介词     as + 句子（补助动词）跟主句谓语动词保持一致。   as是连词  141－113－3 There are no legal limits, as there are for cod and haddock, on the size of monkfish that can be caught, a circumstance that contributes to their depletion through overfishing.

A. There are no legal limits, as there are for cod and haddock, on the size of monkfish that can be caught, a circumstance that contributes to their depletion through overfishing.

B. There are no legal limits on the size of monkfish that can be caught, unlike cod or haddock, a circumstance that contributes to depleting them because they are being overfished.

C. There are legal limits on the size of cod and haddock that can be caught, but not for monkfish, which contributes to its depletion through overfishing.

D. Unlike cod and haddock, there are no legal size limits on catching monkfish, which contributes to its depletion by being overfished.

E. Unlike catching cod and haddock, there are no legal size limits on catching monkfish, contributing to their depletion because they are overfished.   142－256－60 According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, like that of earlier generations.
(A)    like that of earlier generations
(B)    as that for earlier generations
(C)    just as earlier generations did
(D)    as have earlier generations  
(E)    as it was of earlier generations  143－263－91 Like many self-taught artists, Perle Hessing did not begin to paint until she was well into middle age.

(A)    Like

(B)    As have

(C)    Just as with

(D)    Just like
(E)    As did
144－312－93 Because young children do not organize their attention or perceptions systematically, like adults, they may notice and remember details that their elders ignore.
(A) like adults
(B) unlike an adult
(C) as adults
(D) as adults do
(E) as an adult  145－322－134 Although fruit can no longer grow once it is picked, it continues for some time to respire, taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide, similar to the way human beings breathe.
(A) similar to the way human beings breathe
(B) similarly to human beings who are breathing
(C) just like the breathing of human beings
(D) as human beings when breathing
(E) just as human beings do when they breathe

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7. 如此，以至于
     so... as to 简单，逻辑主语要一致       so that，  复杂，逻辑主语可不一致 146－257－67 Congress is debating a bill requiring certain employers provide workers with unpaid leave so as to care for sick or newbom children.

(A)  provide workers with unpaid leave so as to

(B)  to provide workers with unpaid leave so as to

(C)  provide workers with unpaid leave in order that they

(D)  to provide workers with unpaid leave so that they can

(E)   provide workers with unpaid leave and  147－296－28 Climate shift are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuation in the weather.
(A)    so gradual as to be indistinguishable
(B)    so gradual they can be indistinguishable
(C)    so gradual that they are unable to be distinguished
(D)    gradual enough no to be indistinguishable
(E)    gradual enough so that one cannot distinguish them     enough   X    such as to     X    such that   X    so... as  表示“和...一样”，是as...as的否定形式。  8. 时间上有先后关系的两个v，要用and连接。     把其中一个v改为现在分词作伴随状语是典型的错误。 X      do A and do B.  正确    doing A, do B X     do A, doing B. X  148－258-71 The original building and loan associations were organized as limited life funds, whose members made monthly payments on their share subscriptions, then taking turns drawing on the funds for home mortgages.
(A) subscriptions, then taking turns drawing
(B) subscriptions, and then taking turns drawing
(C) subscriptions and then took turns drawing
(D) subscriptions and then took turns, they drew
(E) subscriptions and then drew, taking turns  149－270-120 The Parthenon was a church from 1204 until 1456, when Athens was taken by General Mohammed the Conqueror, the Turkish sultan, who established a mosque in the building and used the Acropolis as a fortress.
(A)  who established a mosque in the building and used the Acropolis as
(B)   who, establishing a mosque in the building, used the Acropolis like   (C)   who, when he had established a mosque in the building, used the Acropolis like
(D)  who had established a mosque in the building, using the Acropolis to be
(E)   establishing a mosque in the building and using the Acropolis as  150－230-12 Unlike the original National Museum of Science and Technology in Italy, where the models are encased in glass or operated only by staff members, the Virtual Leonardo Project, an online version of the museum, encourages visitors to “touch” each exhibit, which thereby activates the animated functions of the piece.
1.        exhibit, which thereby activates
2.        exhibit, in turn an activation of
3.        exhibit, and it will activate
4.        exhibit and thereby activate
5.        exhibit which, as a result, activates

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9. n的修饰 N 名词 +     of        表限定 （短）                    that     表解释 （长） 例外：importance / necessity / need 后面 ＋ of       （need后面也可以跟for）  151－259－76 Gall's hypothesis of there being different mental functions localized in different parts of the brain is widely accepted today.

(A)  of there being different mental functions localized in different parts of the brain is widely accepted today

(B) of different mental functions that are localized in different parts of the brain is widely accepted today

(C)  that different mental functions are localized in different parts of the brain is widely accepted today

(D) which is that there are different mental functions localized in different parts of the brain is widely accepted today  
(E) which is widely accepted today is that there are different mental functions localized in different parts of the brain  152－318－118 A “calendar stick” carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the first evidence that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them on systematic astronomical observation.
(A) that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them
(B) of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars and based them
(C) of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians, basing them
(D) of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendars based
(E) that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars based  153－323－140 The brochure notes that in the seminar the importance that communication is a two-way process will be emphasized.
(A) importance that communication is a two-way process will be emphasized
(B) importance of communication as a two-way process will be emphasized
(C) importance of communication being a two-way process will be the emphasis
(D) fact will be emphasized that communication is a two-way process and of importance
(E) emphasis will be that communication being a two-way process is important  154－84－4 As litigation grows more complex, the need that experts explain technical issues becomes more
apparent.
(A) that experts explain technical issues becomes
(B) for experts to explain technical issues became
(C) for experts to explain technical issues becomes
(D) that technical issues be explained by experts became
(E) that there be explanations of technical issues by experts has become  155－92－5 A recent study of ancient clay deposits hasprovided new evidence supporting the theory of global forest fires ignitedby a meteorite impact that contributed to the extinction of the dinosaursand many other creatures some 65 million years ago.

(A) supporting the theory of globalforest fires ignited by a meteorite impact that

(B) supporting the theory thatglobal forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact

(C) that supports the theory ofglobal forest fires that were ignited by a meteorite impact and that

(D) in support of the theory thatglobal forest fires were ignited by a meteorite impact and that

(E) of support for the theory of ameteorite impact that ignited global forest fires and

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10. 结果比较重要
closing        varying        表动作过程
closed        varied        表动作结果             对
156－267－106 The decision by one of the nation’s largest banks to admit to $3 billion in potential losses on foreign loans could mean less lending by commercial banks to developing countries and increasing the pressure on multigovernment lenders to supply the funds.

(A) increasing the pressure

(B) the increasing pressure

(C)    increased pressure

(D) the pressure increased

(E) the pressure increasing  157－282－164 The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.

(A) aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving  
(B) aimed at the decreasing of operating costs and to improve  
(C) aiming at the decreasing of operating costs and improving  
(D) the aim of which is the decreasing of operating costs and improving  
(E) with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve   11. With
(1) 本身的逻辑宾语就是它的修饰对象。所以后不能加 宾语 it    （with it X）
     to do后面也不能加 宾语 it    （to do it X）
固定搭配除外：eg.  associate with it   对                                 bring A with it    对
(2) 可以跳跃修饰
158－266－102 Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott Joplin’s ragtime opera Treemonisha was not produced until 1972, sixty-one years after its completion.
(A) Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged
(B) Except for a concert performance with the composer himself staging it
(C) Besides a concert performance being staged by the composer himself
(D) Excepting a concert performance that the composer himself staged
(E) With the exception of a concert performance with the staging done by the composer himself  159－266－104 The diet of the ordinary Greek in classical times was largely vegetarian—vegetables, fresh cheese, oatmeal, and meal cakes, and meat rarely.  (A) and meat rarely  (B) and meat was rare  (C) with meat as rare  (D) meat a rarity   (E) with meat as a rarity  160－269－113 Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and saw monkeys sleeping on the branches. whose arms and legs hang like socks on a clothesline.

(A)  saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs hang

(B)   saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs were hanging

(C)  saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging

(D)  seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging

(E)   seen monk eys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs have hung  161－277－144 Cajuns speak a dialect brought to southern Louisiana by the four thousand Acadians who migrated there in 1755; their language is basically seventeenth-century French to which has been added English, Spanish, and Italian words.

(A) to which has been added English, Spanish, and Italian words

(B) added to which is English, Spanish, and Italian words

(C) to which English, Spanish, and Italian words have been added

(D) with English, Spanish, and Italian words having been added to it

(E) and, in addition, English, Spanish, and Italian words are added  162－72－15 The filibuster, a parliamentary device that slows the snail’s pace that prevails even in the best of times in congressional sessions and tests the endurance of everyone associated with it, seems more and more an anachronism in the age of telecommunications.

(A) sessions and tests the endurance of everyone associated with it, seems
(B) sessions and tests the endurance of everyone who is associated with it, seeming to be
(C) sessions, tests the endurance of everyone associated with it, seems
(D) sessions, that tests the endurance of everyone associated with it and seems
(E) sessions, testing the endurance of everyone associated with it and seeming

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12. All... each 划线部分前半段用 all，   后半段用each  163－278－147 Dr.Tonegawa won the Noble Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change its genes to fashion a seeming unlimited number of antibodies,each specifically targeted at an invading microbeor foreign substance.

(A) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each specifically targeted at

(B) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each  targeted  specifically to

(C) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, all specifically targeted at

(D) seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, all of them targeted specifically to

(E) seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically  at  164－16－2 Under the restructuring，the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups，each with its own executive.
　　（A） each with its own executive  　　（B） all having their own executive  　　（C） each having their own executive  　　（D） with its own executive for each  　　（E） every one with an executive of their own  13. 和...一样大／比它大       as great as      /      greater than
      at least as....as
      as great as, it not more so...  165－292-13 Few people realize that the chance of accidental injury or death may be as great or greater in the “safety” of their own homes than in a plane or on the road.  (A) may be as great or greater in the “safety” of their own homes than  (B) is at least as great or greater in the “safety” of their own homes than  (C) might be so great or greater in the “safety” of their own home as  (D) may be at least as great in the “safety” of their own homes as  (E) can be at least so great in the “safety” of their own home

166－310-82 Wind resistance created by opening windows while driving results in a fuel penalty as great or greater than is incurred by using air conditioning.

(A) as great or greater than is incurred by using air conditioning
(B) that is as great or greater than is incurred using air conditioning
(C) as great as or greater than that of using air conditioning
(D) at least as great as air conditioning’s
(E) at least as great as that incurred by using air conditioning

167－87-11 The visiting pharmacologists concluded that the present amalgam of Chinese and Western medicine is probably as good, or better than, any system that might be devised for the patients who are treated at the Nan Kai hospital in Tian-jing.
　　（A） as good, or better than, any system that might be devised for the patients who are
　　（B） as good, or better, than any system that might be devised for patients being
　　（C） as good, or better than, any system that might be devised for patients which are being
　　（D） good as, or even better than, any other system that may be devised for the patients who are
　　（E） as good as,  or better than, any other system that might be devised for the patients

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14.    to do sth. is to do sth          doing sth. is doing sth.          sth is sth  168－293-18 To compare the lightning-fast genius of playwright Tom Stoppard with the pedestrian efforts of some of his contemporaries is to compare the exquisite bouquet of a fine wine with that of ordinary grape juice.

(A) To compare the lightning-fast genius of playwright Tom Stoppard with the pedestrian efforts of some of his contemporaries is to compare the exquisite bouquet of a fine wine with that of ordinary grape juice.

(B) To compare the lightning-fast genius of playwright Tom Stoppard with the pedestrian efforts of some of his contemporaries is comparing the exquisite bouquet of a fine wine with that of ordinary grape juice.

(C) Comparing the lightning-fast genius of playwright Tom Stoppard with the pedestrian efforts of some of his contemporaries is to compare the exquisite bouquet of a fine wine with ordinary grape juice.

(D) Comparing the lightning-fast genius of playwright Tom Stoppard with the pedestrian efforts of some of his contemporaries is like comparing the exquisite bouquet of a fine wine with ordinary grape juice.

(E) To compare the lightning-fast genius of playwright Tom Stoppard with the pedestrian efforts of some of his contemporaries is to compare a fine wine’s bouquet with ordinary grape juice’s bouquet.

15. as       (1) 作连词。像...一样
       a－like A, B do
             as + 句子
        b－Just as A do, so B do.              Just as A do, so too.   169－33-6 Just as plant species native to regions with browsing mammals evolved many natural anti-browser defenses (such as sharp spines and toxic chemicals), so humans in malarial regions have evolved dozens of chemical defenses against malaria.

(A) so humans in malarial regions have evolved dozens of chemical defenses against malaria

(B) humans in malarial regions have been evolving dozens of chemical defenses against malaria

(C) there has been, in malarial regions, an evolution of dozens of human chemical defenses against malaria

(D) dozens of chemical defenses against malaria have been evolved by humans in malarial regions

(E) similarly, in malarial regions, humans have evolved dozens of chemical defenses against malaria  170－122-5 Just as a writer trying to understand shtetl life might read Shalom Aleichem or Isaac Bashevis Singer, in the same way writers trying to understand Black life in the American South might well listen to records by the Mississippi Delta bluesman Charlie Patton.  (A) in the same way writers trying to understand Black life in the American South might well listen to records  (B) in the same way writers who try and understand Black life in the American South might well listen to record  (C) so a writer trying to understand black life in the American South might well listen to records  (D) so do writers try and understand Black life in the American South and might well listen to a record  (E) then writers trying to understand Black life in the American South could well listen to records  171－220-16 Just as the European countries of the early eighteenth century sought to exploit the resources of our continent, so too are we now attempting to extract energy and minerals from the ocean bed.
(A) Just as the European countries of the early eighteenth century sought to exploit the resources of our continent, so too
(B) The European countries of the early eighteenth century sought to exploit the resources of our continent, and in a similar way
(C) Like the case of the European countries of the early eighteenth century who sought to exploit the resources of our continent, so too
(D) As in the exploitation of the resources of our continent by European countries of the early eighteenth century
(E) Similar to the European countries which sought in the early eighteenth century to exploit the resources of our continent       (2) 作介词。作为...什么， as a student
172－258－69 Although she had signed a pledge of abstinence while being an adolescent, Frances Willard was 35 years old before she chose to become a temperance activist.
(A) while being an adolescent
(B) while in adolescence
(C) at the time of her being adolescent
(D) as being in adolescence
(E) as an adolescent

     (3) 作副词。            as when       对            as where     无实意，只加强语气。      
173－311－87 Although it claims to delve into political issues, television can be superficial such as when each of the three major networks broadcast exactly the same statesmen from a political candidate.
A) superficial such as when each of the three major networks
B) superficial, as can sometimes occur if all of the three major networks
C) superficial if the three major networks all
D) superficial whenever each of the three major networks
E) superficial, as when the three major networks each

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16. without      (1) 如果 without +  n / doing 中间不能插入任何东西。             eg。 without water 对。      without any water  X

     (2) without是相对简洁的表达，尽量使用
     (3) 是个强烈语气表达（往往原文中没有，通过逻辑判断句子语气，需要加强时，通过without来加强）  174－45－10 The Forbidden City in Beijing，from which the emperors ruled by heavenly mandate，was a site which a commoner or foreigner could not enter without any permission，on pain of death.
　　（A） which a commoner or foreigner could not enter without any permission  　　（B） which a commoner or foreigner could enter without any permission only  　　（C） which no commoner or foreigner could enter without permission  　　（D） which， without permission， neither commoner or foreigner could only enter  　　（E） which， to enter without permission， neither commoner or foreigner could do

175－69－9 Some analysts point out that because people are becoming accustomed to a steady inflation rate of four to five percent, businesses found that they could raise prices according to this amount without thereby provoking strong public reaction.

(A) found that they could raise prices according to this amount without thereby provoking

(B) found that they were capable of raising prices by this amount and not provoke

(C) find that they are capable of raising prices by this amount and not provoke

(D) are finding that they can raise prices by this amount without provoking

(E) are finding that they can raise prices according to this amount and will not thereby provoke  176－94－11 Affording strategic proximity to the Strait of Gibraltar, Morocco was also of interest to the throughout the first half of the twentieth century because they assumed that if they did not hold it, their grip on Algeria was always insecure.

(A)     if they did not hold it, their grip on Algeria was always insecure

(B)     without it their grip on Algeria would never be secure

(C)     their grip on Algeria was not ever secure they did not hold it

(D)     without that, they could never be secure about their grip on Algeria

(E)     never would their grip on Algeria be secure they did not hold it.