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GWD-10-Q17:Boldface
Editorial:
An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest. Such approval is denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient. A government efficiency expert has found that almost all provisional arrests meet standards for adequacy of evidence that watch commanders enforce. The expert therefore recommends that the watch commander’s approval should no longer be required since the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted. This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders’ standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required.

In the editorial, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A. The first is a recommendation made by the editorial; the second acknowledges a potential objection against that recommendation.
B. The first is a proposal against which the editorial is directed; the second is a judgment reached by the editorial concerning that proposal.
C. The first provides evidence in support of a recommendation that the editorial supports; the second is the conclusion reached by the editorial.
D. The first is a position that the editorial challenges; the second is a judgment that was made in support of that challenged position.
E. The first is a recommendation that the editorial questions; the second provides evidence against that recommendation.
Answer:B

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GWD-12-Q33**: Boldface
Several of a certain bank’s top executives have recently been purchasing shares in their own bank.  This activity has occasioned some surprise, since it is widely believed that the bank, carrying a large number of bad loans, is on the brink of collapse. 事实 Since the executives are well placed to know their bank’s true condition, it might seem that their share purchases show that the danger of collapse is exaggerated. 因果推论 However, the available information about the bank’s condition is from reliable and informed sources, and corporate executives do sometimes buy shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to calm worries about their company’s condition. 证据 On balance, therefore, it is likely that the executives of the bank are following this example.

In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

A.        The first describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue that the argument addresses; the second states the main conclusion of the argument.
B.        The first describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue the argument addresses; the second states a conclusion that is drawn in order to support the main conclusion of the argument.
C.        The first provides evidence to defend the position that the argument seeks to establish against opposing positions; the second states the main conclusion of the argument.
D.        The first provides evidence to support the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second states a conclusion that is drawn in order to support the argument’s main conclusion.  
E.        Each provides evidence to support the position that the argument seeks to establish.

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Q 24:
Many winemakers use cork stoppers; but cork stoppers can leak, crumble, or become
moldy, so that those winemakers must often discard a significant proportion of their
inventory of bottled wine. 背景事实 Bottlemaster plastic stoppers, which cannot leak, crumble, or mold, have long been available to winemakers, at a price slightly higher than that of traditional cork stoppers. 背景事实Cork prices, however, are expected to rise dramatically in the near future. 证据 Clearly, therefore, winemakers who still use cork but wish to keep production costs from rising will be forced to reconsider plastic stoppers. 次结论 And since the wine-buying public’s association of plastic stoppers with poor-quality wine is weakening, 支持there is an excellent chance that the Bottlemaster plastic stopper will gain an increased share of the marked for wine-bottle stoppers. 结论

In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A.        The first is a judgment that has been advanced in support of a position that the
argument opposes; the second is the main conclusion of the argument.
B.        The first is a judgment that has been advanced in support of a position that the
argument opposes; the second is a conclusion drawn in order to support the
main conclusion of the argument.
C.        The first is the main conclusion of the argument; the second provides evidence
in support of that main conclusion.
D.        The first is the main conclusion of the argument; the second is a restatement
of that main conclusion.
E.        The first is a conclusion drawn in order to support the main conclusion of the
argument; the second is that main conclusion.

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GWD29-Q28:
Astronomer:  Observations of the Shoemaker-Levi comet on its collision course with Jupiter showed that the comet broke into fragments before entering Jupiter’s atmosphere in 1994, but they did not show how big those fragments were.  Nevertheless, some indication of their size can be inferred from spectrographic analyses of Jupiter’s outer atmosphere.  After the fragments’ entry, these analyses revealed unprecedented traces of sulfur.  The fragments themselves almost certainly contained no sulfur, but astronomers believe that the cloud layer below Jupiter’s outer atmosphere does contain sulfur.  Since sulfur would have seeped into the outer atmosphere if comet fragments had penetrated this cloud layer, it is likely that some of the fragments were at least large enough to have passed through Jupiter’s outer atmosphere without being burned up.

In the astronomer’s argument, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A.        The first is a claim that the astronomer seeks to show is true; the second acknowledges a consideration that weighs against the truth of that claim.
B.        The first is a claim that the astronomer seeks to show is true; the second provides evidence in support of the truth of that claim.
C.        The first and the second are each considerations advanced in support of the conclusion of the argument.
D.        The first provides evidence in support of the conclusion of the argument; the second is that conclusion.
E.        The first is a circumstance for which the astronomer seeks to provide an explanation; the second acknowledges a consideration that weighs against the explanation provided by the astronomer.

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T-4-Q32
Delta products, Inc., has recently switched at least partly from older technologies using fossil fuels to new technologies powered by electricity. The question has been raised whether it can be concluded that for a given level of output, Delta’s operation now causes less fossil fuel to be consumed than it did formerly. The answer, clearly, is yes, since the amount of fossil fuel used to generate the electricity needed to power the new technologies is less than the amount needed to power the older technologies, provided that the level of output is held constant.

In the argument given, the two boldface portions play which of the following roles?
A.        The first identifies the content of the conclusion of the argument; the second provides support for that conclusion.
B.        The first provides support for the conclusion of the argument; the second identifies the content of that conclusion.
C.        The first states the position that the argument opposes; the second states the conclusion of the argument.
D.        Each provides evidence that calls the conclusion of the argument into question.
E.        Each provides support for conclusion of the argument.看一下他这里是怎么加强的。和证明有什么不同

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T-4-Q18 天山-7-17
As a large corporation in small country, Hachnut wants its managers to have international experience, so each year it sponsors management education abroad for its management trainees. Hachnut has found, however, that the attrition rate of graduates from this program is very high, with many of them leaving Hachnut to join competing firms soon after completing the program. Hachnut doe use performance during the program as criterion in deciding among candidates for management positions, but both this function and the goal of providing international experience could be achieved in other ways. Therefore, if the attrition problem cannot be successfully addressed, Hachnut should discontinue the sponsorship program.

In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

A.        The first describes a practice that the argument seeks to justify; the second states a judgment that is used in support of a justification for that practice.
B.        The first describes a practice that the argument seeks to explain; the second presents part of the argument’s explanation of that practice.
C.        The first introduces a practice that the argument seeks to evaluate; the second provides grounds for holding that the practice cannot achieve its objective.
D.        The first introduces a policy that the argument seeks to evaluate; the second provides grounds for holding that the policy is not needed.
E.        The first introduces a consideration supporting a policy that the argument seeks to evaluate; the second provides evidence for concluding that the policy should be abandoned.

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T-4-Q19（在filling blanks里也出现过）
Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property. In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city. Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes. The critics are correct on this point. Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca’s schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more. In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.

In the argument given, the two potions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A.        The first is an objection that has been raised against a certain plan; the second is a prediction that, if accurate, undermines the force of that objection.
B.        The first is a criticism, endorsed by the argument, of a funding plan; the second is a point the argument makes in favor of adopting a alternative plan.
C.        The first is a criticism, endorsed by the argument, of a funding plan; the second is the main reason cited by the argument for its endorsement of the criticism.
D.        The first is a claim that the argument seeks to refute; the second is the main point used by the argument to show that the claim is false. （The argument here is not intended to refute the claim itself, but to point out that though the claim of critics is right at this moment, it cannot sufficiently refute the adoption of the plan.）
E.        The first is a claim that the argument accepts with certain reservations; the second presents that claim in a rewarding that is not subject to those reservations.

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T-9-Q3. 支持
Business Consultant: some corporations shun the use of executive titles because they fear that the use of titles indicating position in the corporation tends to inhibit communication up and down the corporate hierarchy. Since an executive who uses a title is treated with more respect by outsiders, however, use of a title can facilitate an executive’s dealings with external businesses. The obvious compromise is for these executives to use their corporate titles externally but not internally, since even if it is widely known that the corporation’s executives use executive titles outside their organization, this knowledge does not by itself inhibit communication within the corporation.

In the consultant’s reasoning, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A.        The first presents an obstacle to achieving a certain goal; the second presents a reason for considering that goal to be undesirable.
B.        The first is a consideration that has led to the adoption of a certain strategy; the second presents a reason against adopting that strategy.
C.        The first describes a concern that the consultant dismisses as insignificant; the second is a consideration that serves as the basis for that dismissal.
D.        The first is a belief for which the consultant offers support; the second is part of that support.
E.        The first is a belief against which evidence is offered; the second is part of the evidence offered against that belief.