[求助]gwd-18-Q8 to Q10

zcooles

Q7 to Q10:
      The term “episodic memory” was
                        





       introduced by Tulving to refer to what he

       considered a uniquely human capacity—

Line       the ability to recollect specific past events,

  (5)      to travel back into the past in one’s own

mind—as distinct from the capacity simply

to use information acquired through past

experiences.  Subsequently, Clayton et al.

developed criteria to test for episodic

(10)      memory in animals.  According to these

criteria, episodic memories are not of

individual bits of information; they involve

multiple components of a single event

“bound” together.  Clayton sought to

(15)      examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate

memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”

information and their binding of this infor-

mation.  In the wild, these birds store food

for retrieval later during periods of food

(20)      scarcity.  Clayton’s experiment required

       jays to remember the type, location, and

       freshness of stored food based on a unique

learning event.  Crickets were stored in one

location and peanuts in another.  Jays

(25)      prefer crickets, but crickets degrade

more quickly.  Clayton’s birds switched

their preference from crickets to peanuts

once the food had been stored for a certain

length of time, showing that they retain

(30)      information about the what, the where,

and the when.  Such experiments cannot,

however, reveal whether the birds were

       reexperiencing the past when retrieving the

information.  Clayton acknowledged this by

using the term “episodic-like” memory.


Q9:

  It can be inferred that the author of the passage and Clayton would both agree that

              

A     the food preferences of the scrub jays in Clayton’s experiment are difficult to explain
            
B     the presence of episodic memory cannot be inferred solely on the basis of observable behavior

C    Clayton’s experiment demonstrated that scrub jays do not reexperience the past but do exhibit episodic-like memory
            
D     Tulving substantially underestimated the ability of animals to bind different kinds of information
            
E     Clayton’s experiment had certain fundamental design flaws that make it difficult to draw any conclusions about scrub jay’s memories
            

     原文结尾说道：Such experiments cannot,

however, reveal whether the birds were

       reexperiencing the past when retrieving the

information.  Clayton acknowledged this by

using the term “episodic-like” memory。

这种鸟的行为到底是不是属于“episodic-like” memory啊？

还有正确答案B中的“observable behavior ”指的是什么？

谢谢！！


however, reveal whether the birds were

       reexperiencing the past when retrieving the

information.  Clayton acknowledged this by

using the term “episodic-like” memory。

这种鸟的行为到底是不是属于“episodic-like” memory啊？

还有正确答案B中的“observable behavior ”指的是什么？

谢谢！！

lilingfeng

注意，最后一句"Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory"用的词是“episodic-like” memory，并非"episodic memory"。因此Clayton并没有承认这种行为是episodic memory，跟前面一句意思一致"Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information."

而observable behavior应该是指类似于scrub jays可以观察到的行为，它们可以retain information from past experience，但是却区别于人类的"the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one’s own mind".

以上是本人的理解，有如异议，请指出。

piacia

C 选项：Clayton’s experiment demonstrated that scrub jays do not reexperience the past but do exhibit episodic-like memory

不选是因为连clayton自己也不确定scrub jays有没有在reexperience the past.所以C绝对化说scrub jays 没有experience the past是错误的是吗？ 另外episodic-like memory是clayton自己命名的，并不是author和clayton都同意的对吗？

请NN指教，本人此题选了C   但也觉得B对。

gabriel_djh

因为文章的最后一句强调说“Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory.”只是说Clayton承认出现了“episodic-like” memory，作者本人并未表示自己亦赞同这个观点，所以C选项错误

pilipala711

请问一下，这个题为什么不能选D呢？

daoyinger

个人认为D 是无关选项。。。和题目所问的无关。。。
就算是有关 即T低估了动物的能力，但是最终文章也没能对动物的行为下个定论。。。只能说它是“episodic—like”