没看到之前有人讨论这道题，文章比较长，求教哪个好心的吧。。。文章通篇都在讲industrial giant是不可能invest heavily in R&D的，例举了种种不可能的"circumstance" 但是，答案说Under what circumstances is an industrial giant likely to invest heavily in innovation?也是可以从文中看出的，难道阅读也可以像逻辑一样“取非”？？？ There
is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been
accompanied by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent
study of important inventions made since the turn of the century
reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors
working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While
industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon
and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the
automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin, and
streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel,
television, silicones, and Plexiglas (Plexiglas: n.树脂玻璃(多用以制造飞机座舱罩、镜片等)) were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams. Despite
these finding, we are urged to support monopolistic power on the
grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of
innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the
small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to
improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing
resources; that only the giant corporation or conglomerate, with its
prodigious assets, can afford the kind of expenditures that produce the
technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine
expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $35 billion
spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the
federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is
funneled into military research and product development, accounting for
the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy,
aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it
questionable that these defense-linked research projects will either
improve our standard of living or do much to protect our diminishing
resources. Recent
history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding
conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable,
once perceived as the dominant aspect of the process, is now
subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business
structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a
highly competitive industry not dominated by single corporation,
investment in innovation—a risky and expensive budget item—might meet
resistance from management and stockholders concerned about
cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it
would be an egregious error to equate the monopolistic producer with
bountiful expenditures on research. Large-scale enterprises tend to
operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their
managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the
threat implicit in change. Moreover, in some cases, industrial giants
faced with little or no competition seek to avoid the capital loss
resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological
progress. By contrast, small firms undeterred by large investments in
plant and capital equipment often aggressively pursue new techniques
and new products, investing in innovation in order to expand their
market shares. The
conglomerates are not, however, completely except from strong
competitive pressures. There are instances in which they too must
compete with another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may
include large expenditures for innovation.
Q28 The passage contains information that answers which of the following questions? I.
What portion of the research dollar in this country is spent each year by the federal government? II.
Under what circumstances is an industrial giant likely to invest heavily in innovation? III.
Why might a monopolistic producer want to suppress an innovation? (A) I only (B) II only
(c) I and II only (D) II and III only (E)I,II,and III
| 
