Cassiopeia

•        Q39P64
•        Whereas the use of synthetic fertilizers has greatly expanded agricultural productivity in many parts of the world, an increase in their use can create serious environmental problems such as water pollution, and their substitution for more traditional fertilizers may accelerate soil structure deterioration and soil erosion.

A.        an increase in their use can create serious environmental problems such as water pollution, and their substitution for more traditional fertilizers
B.        an increase in their use can create serious environmental problems like water pollution, and if substituted for more traditional fertilizers, it
C.        if these fertilizers are used increasingly, they can create serious environmental problems such as water pollution, and if used as substitutions for more traditional fertilizers, they
D.        the increased usage of these fertilizers can create serious environmental problems such as water pollution, while if substituted for more traditional fertilizers, this substitution
E.        the increased usage of these fertilizers can create serious environmental problems like water pollution, while their substitution for more traditional fertilizers
substitution：substitution of A for B:用A替代B
C的错误：是increase use导致问题，而不是fertilizers本身。第二个they指代不明。且as substitutions也是错误的用法。Substitution是“替代的过程”而不是“替代品”

Cassiopeia

•        Q2: PP68.
•        The cottontail rabbit population in Orange County, California, has increased unchecked in recent years as a result of the removal of the native fox population and the clearing of surrounding woodlands.

A.        years as a result of the removal of
B.        years as a result of removing
C.        years, resulting from the removing of
D.        years, which is result of removing
E.        years, which is a result of the removal of
Removal 是 remove 的名词形式,因此不用 the removing 表达 remove 的名词形式

Cassiopeia

•        GWD1-Q41:
        Leaching, the recovery of copper from the drainage water of mines, as a method of the extraction of minerals, it was well established as early as the eighteenth century, but until about 25 years ago miners did not realize that bacteria take an active part in the process.

•        as a method of the extraction of minerals, it was well established
•        as a method of the extraction of minerals well established
•        was a well-established method of mineral extraction
•        was a well-established method of extracting mineral that was
•        had been a method of mineral extraction, well established
method都以同位语出现了 well established自然2边都可以修饰咯
本句是很经典的同位语长句。
　　
　　Leaching (主语), the recovery of copper from the drainage water of mines(同位语作插入语), was (谓语) a well-established method of mineral extraction as early as the eighteenth century, but(转折-代表后为完整的句子，而且but前面应该也为完整的句子，故B错) until about 25 years ago miners did not realize that bacteria take an active part in the process.
　　
　　A中 Leaching, as a method of the extraction of minerals, it was well established ， it 和 Leaching 冲突了
　　
　　C和E的差异为时态，the eighteenth century 应该用过去时 （不要被后面句子中的not until误导）.

shlshing

many  thanks!!