5月05日GMAT最新语法新题汇总

stone021

关于破折号的一些看法 和AS WELL AS的用法 (GWD 7-4, GWD9-1)
GWD7-4
Only seven people this century have been killed by the great white shark, the
man-eater of the movies—less than those killed by bee stings.
A. movies—less than those
B. movies—fewer than have been
C. movies, which is less than those
D. movies, a number lower than the people
E .movies, fewer than the ones）
本题给的答案是B，但是查过原始发题者给的答案是D。我同意后者D。本题的考点是1、破折号的用法。2、可数，不可数名次用FEW,LESS修饰 3、THAN的比较 4、同位语的理解。关键是理解破折号的用法，A,B项之所以错误是因为MOVIES后的破折号连接的 LESS THAN…/FEWER THAN 修饰的是 THE MAN-EATER也就是THE WHITE SHARK，那么说SHARK KILLED BY BEE STINGS 显然是不合句子意思的。C项的错误很简单就是WHICH修饰MOVIES。E项同位语指示不清楚，仍然是FEWER THAN 修饰有问题，有解释鲨鱼被蜜蜂叮的嫌疑。而D项用了a number 和the people 明确了同位和比较的对象。

GWD7-Q4:
the ones,前面有定冠词the,表明指代前面曾经提到过的具体某一些人,在这个题目里,the ones特指前面被大白鲨杀死的那seven people.逻辑上,他们不可能既被great white shark又被bee stings所杀.
those仅指代复数名词,不特指,符合语义.
"Only seven people this century have been killed by the Great White Shark, the man-eater of the movies -- fewer than the number killed by bee stings."
fewer than 省略了重复的 （people that） have been killed

GWD9-1
A mixture of poems and short fiction, Jean Toomer’s Cane has been called one of the three best novels ever written by Black Americans—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man.
A. Black Americans—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man
B. Black Americans—including Native Son by Richard Wright and Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison
C. a Black American—including Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man
D. a Black American—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man
E. a Black American—the others being Richard Wright’s Native Son and Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man
本题应该选B，看过前人的评述，总结一下。1、Three novels ever written by 后面应该跟复数black Americans否则有三本书是一个人写的嫌疑。2、书名＋BY+作者 比 人’S 书要更加清楚地表达了书是由某个作者写的（这点应该属于EFFECTIVENESS 在解决完了句子正确表达没有错误后可以参考）。3、最关键的一点，大家对破折号加INCLUDING表示不解，有人提出是否将破折号改成逗号就很好了。我觉得首先不能改成逗号，否则INCLUDING就是修饰 BLACK AMERICANS，而这里的INCLUDING修饰的是THREE BEST NOVELS，破折号后跟的修饰前面的中心词，这点从上一题也能看出来。所以E项的错误，我认为主要是A BLACK AMERICAN 以及不太好的BEING。

stone021

总结：
1、破折号里若没有名词打头的主语（以动词，形容词。。起头）修饰前面名词的中心词
2、若是名词短语直接修饰所连对象，或者中心词 根据句意而定

以下摘录几道大全题目供体会

大全594、Ranked as one of the most important of Europe’s young playwrights, Franz Xaver Kroetz has written forty plays; his works—translated into over thirty languages—are produced more often than any contemporary German dramatist.
(A) than any
(B) than any other
(C) than are any
(D) than those of any other（D）
(E) as are those of any
破折号后的translated修饰his works

599、Recent excavations suggest that the ancient peoples of the Italian peninsula merged the cult of Damia—a goddess of fertility and the harvest—with Venus.
(A) with Venus
(B) and Venus
(C) with that of Venus
(D) and Venus’（C）
(E) and Venus’ cult
名词短语修饰DAMIA

730、The diet of the ordinary Greek in classical times was largely vegetarian—vegetables, fresh cheese, oatmeal, and meal cakes, and meat rarely.
(A) and meat rarely
(B) and meat was rare
(C) with meat as rare
(D) meat a rarity（E）
(E) with meat as a rarity

stone021

731、The direction in which the Earth and the other solid planets—Mercury, Venus, and Mars—spins were determined from collisions with giant celestial bodies in the early history of the Solar System.
(A) spins were determined from
(B) spins were determined because of
(C) spins was determined through
(D) spin was determined by（D）
(E) spin was determined as a result of

466、Just as reading Samuel Pepys’s diary gives a student a sense of the seventeenth century—of its texture and psyche—so Jane Freed’s guileless child narrator takes the operagoer inside turn-of-the-century Vienna.
(A) so Jane Freed’s guileless child narrator takes the operagoer
(B) so listening to Jane Freed’s guileless child narrator takes the operagoer
(C) so the guileless child narrator of Jane Freed takes the operagoer
(D) listening to Jane Freed’s guileless child narrator takes the operagoer（B）
(E) Jane Freed’s guileless child narrator takes the operagoer to her opera
破折号后OF修饰的是 SENSE

我认为不允许出现A, B, as well as C的结构，因为as well as不等于AND。as well as的用法是：它后面所接的是前面的若干（包括一个）个东西之后的一个补充，这个补充的东东在地位（性质上）无法与as well as之前的东东构成完美的平行与对称（否则就用AND连接）。如果as well as前面有二个或以上的东东并列，它之前的第一个东东的前面一定要有AND连接。所以A, B, as well as C在逻辑上本身就是有问题的。的确应该改为sbbi所说的"A, B, and C" or "A and B, as well as C"。至于到底是哪一种，要看这三者之间的逻辑关系。

stone021

下面是所有阅读与改错中出现的支持上述结论的类似结构。我极为细致地搜遍了40余万字的所有阅读材料，没有找到一个A, B, as well as C的结构。
我突然感到sbbi是一个真正的大师！他在用极其有价值的问题引导我们探索真理！（不会有相互吹捧的嫌疑吧？）

18.    While all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominating industries and regulatory environment of the states obviously determines the types and amounts of waste produced, as well as the cost of disposal.
(A) all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominating industries and regulatory environment of the states obviously determines
(B) each state faces a similar industrial waste problem, their predominant industries and regulatory environment obviously determine
(C) all states face a similar industrial waste problem, their predominating industries and regulatory environment obviously determines
(D) each state faces similar industrial waste problems, the predominant industries and regulatory environment of each state obviously determines
(E) all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominant industries and the regulatory environment of each state obviously determine

4.    Which one of the following, if true, would most effectively undermine the author’s argument?
(A) Although the number of people killed by lightning on golf courses each year is very small, the total number of lightning fatalities is many times greater.
(B) Electric blenders are among the safest household appliances; were the author to compare fatalities from electrical appliances in general, she would get a much higher figure.
(C) Most people would rather take their chances with blenders and golf games than with grizzly bears.
(D) Bears in general—including black, brown, and cinnamon bears, as well as grizzly bears—kill many more people than do electric blenders.
(E) Statistics show that the number of times people use electric blenders each year exceeds the number of times people play golf each year, which in turn far exceeds the number of contacts people have with grizzly bears each year.

MESBIC’s are the result of the belief that providing established firms with easier access to relevant management techniques and more job-specific experience, as well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop sound business foundations than does simply making general management experience and small amounts of capital available.

stone021

Multicellular plants and animals, as well as many unicellular organisms, are eukaryotic—their large, complex cells have a well-formed nucleus and many organelles.

Maps made by non-Native Americans to depict Native American land tenure, resources and population distributions appeared almost as early as Europeans’ first encounters with Native Americans and took many form: missionaries’ field sketches, explorers’ drawings, and surveyors’ maps, as well as maps rendered in connection with treaties involving land transfers.

Thus our current cartographic record relating to Native American tribes and their migrations and cultural features, as well as territoriality and contemporary trust lands, reflects the origins of the data, the mixed purposes for which the maps have been prepared, and changes both in United States government policy and in non-Native Americans’ attitudes toward an understanding of Native Americans.

He conceived of the camera image as having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by most directors.

In particular, his actos contain the same assortment of semiallegorical characters and the same blend of music, chorus, and dialogue found in some of the agitprop pieces, as well as the same fierce spirit of social and political critique.

Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys’ social behavior.

Among the factors that constrain the competitiveness of integrated producers are excessive labor, energy, and capital costs, as well as manufacturing inflexibility.

Taking a slightly different approach, other scholars have adopted a technique that requires reading complete transcripts of all sex discrimination cases litigated during a certain time period to identify variables such as the nature of the allegedly illegal conduct, the consequences for employers, and the nature of the remedy, as well as the factors that contributed to the verdict and the kind of evidence necessary for the plaintiff to prevail.

stone021

再来一个例子，A中的as well as不如正确答案D中的and好。尽管A可以用其他的办法排除。看来这的确是ETS的考点啊。多加小心！

25. Europe’s travel industry is suffering as a result of a sluggish economy, a stretch of bad weather, as well as the chilling effects of terrorist activity that is persistent.
(A) as well as the chilling effects of terrorist activity that is persistent
(B) and the chilling effect of terrorist activity that is persistent
(C) but persistent terrorist activity has had a chilling effect too
(D) and the chilling effects of persistent terrorist
(E) as well as the chilling effects of terrorist activity that persists
我又查了好多的资料，没有找到 “both A and B, as well as C”的结构，因此我觉得在写作时最好不要用这样的结构，这样的结构完全可以用“A and B, as well as C”代替。如果在改错中出现了这样的结构，先考虑别的。
还有那"BOTH A AND B, AS WELL AS C"也应是对的了？
a and b说明，a和b完全并列。如果是a as well as b的话，a 和 b不是并列的。a是主角b只是配角。

3. 如果as well as 前面是动词不定式，那么其后的动词也是不定式，但to要省略。例如：
You cannot expect her to do the housework as well as look after the children.

4. 由as well as 连接的复合主语并不影响谓语动词的数。例如：
Helen as well as I is eager to see the performance.
海伦和我一样急于要看演出。
I as well as they am ready to help you. 不仅他们愿意帮助你，我也愿意帮助

stone021

6. as well as 用于肯定结构和否定结构中，其意义不同。as well as 和not搭配使用，as well as 位于not前时，两者均否定；位于not后时，否定前者，肯定后者。例如：
George, as well as his brother, has gone abroad.
乔治和他兄弟一样都出国了。
George hasn”t gone abroad as well as his brother.
乔治并没有和他兄弟一样出国去。（他兄弟一人出国）
George, as well as his brother, hasn”t gone abroad.
乔治和他兄弟都没有出国。

7. as well as 在意义上通常强调前者，而not only …but also在意义上则强调后者。例如：
He”s got a car as well as a motorbike.
他不但有一辆摩托车，而且有一辆小汽车。
（= He”s got not only a motorbike but also a car. ）

8. 注意as well as 有时会引起歧义句。例如：
He can speak french as well as English.
（1）他会说英语，也会说法语。
（2）他说法语能说得像英语一样好。（…as well as he speaks English）

stone021

两个原则：
1。as well as绝对不能在句首
2。表示比较概念的介词短语如like/unlike/besides等修饰主语，介词短语后面接动词的话，也修饰主语，因为主语是这个动作的执行者

241. As well as heat and light, the Sun is the source of a continuous stream of atomic particles known as the solar wind.
(A)  As well as heat and light, the Sun is the source of a continuous stream
(B)  Besides heat and light, also the Sun is the source of a continuous stream
(C)  Besides heat and light, the Sun is also the source of a continuous streaming
(D)  The Sun is the source not only of heat and light, but also of a continuous stream
(E)  The Sun is the source of not only heat and light but, as well, of a continuous streaming
Choice D, the best answer, has no modification errors and uses parallel phrases to complete the idiomatic construction not only ... but also. Choices A, B, and C have modification errors: As well as heat and light and Besides heat and light cannot logically modify the Sun, the nearest noun, as grammar requires them to do. This misdirected modification suggests that heat and light are also (in addition to the Sun) a source of the solar wind. Choice B may be faulted for the awkward word order of also the Sun, while C unnecessarily uses streaming rather than the more straightforward stream. Choice E fails to use parallel phrases in the idiomatic construction not only x ... but [also] y: of should not appear before not only if it appears after but, and but also is preferable to but. Finally, the use of the gerund streaming rather than the more straightforward noun stream is needlessly awkward.

在新版紫皮og中，在B和C选项中，已经没有说：besides 必须修饰 the nearest noun. 只是说：Besides heat and light is confusing.

因此我想关于besides的争论，应该是前后的并列都是有道理的。两个意思都可以理解通。（不考虑逻辑意思的前提下）

stone021

AS WELL AS
Campbridge上对as well as作为coordinator与and用法区别的解释和OG一样。读下文
As a coordinator, as well as is restricted to subclausal coordination: She plays the piano as well as she sings lieder, for example, has only the literal comparative interpretation. Even as a coordination, 'X as well as Y" differs from "X and Y" in that the second term is backgrounded: Y often expresses information that is dicourse-old,(如携隐MM说的第二个动作或叙述的事情已经发生了) i.e. familiar from the prior discourse.
另外as well as can be construed syntactically in two ways, introducing an element that is either coordinate (e.g. She means what she says as well as says what she menas) or subordinate (e.g. Beauty as well as love is redemptive)
miaoyin你这个知识点满好的！OG里有很多次在解释其他答案不用and的时候都说打破了因果关系。

关于X  as well as Y，基本就是这两点了：
1.      Y发生在X之前，是一个backgroud的内容
2.      Y是从属关系，X才是句子强调的重心（这个同样适用于阅读）

增加一个as well as的例子：OG221

221. Eating saltwater fish may significantly reduce the risk of heart attacks and also aid for sufferers of rheumatoid arthritis and asthma, according to three research studies published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
(A)  significantly reduce the risk of heart attacks and also aid for
(B)  be significant in reducing the risk of heart attacks and aid for
(C)  significantly reduce the risk of heart attacks and aid
(D)  cause a significant reduction in the risk of heart attacks and aid to