V2：（V37）
第一段：说有一条船被美国人截获，船上的黑人都是被封放逐的奴隶，但是呢，因为现在美国（文中偶尔用New World指代）美国federal law规定黑人是有人权的，不是奴隶，所以他们应该被给予自由。但是呢，有些州的state law确依旧认定黑奴是奴隶，所以截获他们的时候，他们依旧受到不公平对待，说如果船上是白人，就不会这样了。
第二段：说美国联邦和地方法的不一致使得这个焦点问题（他们是普通人还是奴隶）变得很荒谬。说美国在国际上承认人权，所以觉得import 过来的黑人不是capital而是human。但是呢，根据各州法律，地方上真正实施起来，黑人是可以买卖的，in this sense，黑人是capital。真是荒谬。
第三段：这群船上的黑人最终得到释放，是件好事。作者对这个结果的justification（这个词打引号，有题目问为什么打引号？我选择A因为作者认为这个不是非常有说服力。）表明的看法。还是说不同法律不一致使得这个历史事件变得荒谬。
V2：（V37）
第一段：爱尔兰的女权运动由1920年代开始，因为那时候爱尔兰争取民族独立，逃开大不列颠的统治。其中妇女运动suffrage（这个词意为政治性选举的)选举权, 投票权）。但是呢，研究人员发现，compare to modern Irish女权运动， 尽管爱尔兰妇女运动表面上卓有成效，事实上并没有改变女性在爱尔兰的政治地位及其他（就是说没有实质作用，只是表面光鲜）。
第二段：为什么会有这个discrepancy呢？因为研究人员没有考虑到这三个aspects，blahblah（好像有细节题）。所以能结论是不能拿1920年的女权运动跟现代的比。。。最后一句话有考题。
附词义解释： （此词在此文中非常重要，有题）
Sufferage
The suffragette movement campaigned for votes for women in Britain and the US.
妇女参政运动为争取英国和美国妇女投票权而斗争。
V3 700)
还有一个ireland女性suffrage题，大概是ireland女性的history和modern什么的记得gwd里有跟这个差不多的。
Q5-Q7: GWD-4-5~7
Many scholars have theorized that economic development, particularly industrialization and urbanization, contributes to the growth of participatory democracy; according to this theory, it would seem logical that women would both demand and gain suffrage in ever greater numbers whenever economic development expanded their economic opportunities. However, the economic development theory is inadequate to explain certain historical facts about the implementation of women’s suffrage. For example, why was women’s suffrage, instituted nationally in the United States in 1920, not instituted nationally in Switzerland until the 1970’s? Industrialization was well advanced in both countries by 1920: over 33 percent of American workers were employed in various industries, as compared to 44 percent of Swiss workers. Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization: only 29 percent of the Swiss population lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants by 1920. However, urbanization cannot fully explain women’s suffrage. Within the United States prior to 1920, for example, only less urbanized states had granted women suffrage. Similarly, less urbanized countries such as Cambodia and Ghana had voting rights for women long before Switzerland did. It is true that Switzerland’s urbanized cantons (political subdivisions) generally enacted women’s suffrage legislation earlier than did rural cantons. However, these cantons often shared other characteristics—similar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties—that may help to explain this phenomenon.
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Q5: GWD-4-5
The passage states which of the following about Switzerland’s urbanized cantons?
A. These cantons shared characteristics other than urbanization that may have contributed to their implementation of women’s suffrage.
B. These cantons tended to be more politically divided than were rural cantons.
C. These cantons shared with certain rural cantons characteristics such as similar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties.
D. The populations of these cantons shared similar views because urbanization furthered the diffusion of ideas among them.
E. These cantons were comparable to the most highly urbanized states in the United States in their stance toward the implementation of women’s suffrage.
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Q6: GWD-4-6
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. contrast two explanations for the implementation of women’s suffrage
B. demonstrate that one factor contributes more than another factor to the implementation of women’s suffrage
C. discuss the applicability of a theory for explaining the implementation of women’s suffrage
D. clarify certain assumptions underlying a particular theory about the implementation of women’s suffrage
E. explain how a particular historical occurrence was causally connected to the implementation of women’s suffrage
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Q7: GWD-4-7
The passage suggests which of the following about urbanization in Switzerland and the United States by 1920?
A. A greater percentage of Swiss industrial workers than American industrial workers lived in urban areas.
B. There were more cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants in Switzerland than there were in the United States.
C. Swiss workers living in urban areas were more likely to be employed in industry than were American workers living in urban areas.
D. Urbanized areas of Switzerland were more likely than similar areas in the United States to have strong leftist parties.
E. A greater percentage of the United States population than the Swiss population lived in urban areas.
以下考古 By XYXB
V1
第一段：传统的历史学家更注重对妇女的主权运动的研究，但是在Ireland，妇女的主权运动与国家的独立、还有XX是同时发生的。
第二段：focus在爱尔兰的妇女主权运动上，会夸大exaggerate 妇女的XX地位段尾说由于现有的对爱尔兰妇女主权运动的account并不是很全，所以不容易得到XX的结论。全文是在批判某种研究方法用在爱尔兰妇女主权上是有问题的
Historians trying to establish the importance of women in old times studied some woman's suffrage选举权movement in relation to a particular revolution in Ireland (i don remember exactly..)..but this gave a distorted view because they dun no how many women actually participated and stuff like that.
总结：
1. 评价了一个传统研究方法的缺点
2. 爱尔兰女性找wage labors有限制
3. 新政不是造成限制女权的真正原因
4. 过于集中研究主权运动会对爱尔兰妇女的研究有distortion
5. 如果能证明主权运动的主体是广大爱尔兰妇女，则能削弱文章论调（文章说不能确定）。
考题:
1．主题题
学者们利用了别国的研究方法导致结论上有偏差
2．primary purpose of the passage point out a shortcoming inhistorical research approach
3．题问主题，我选的是evaluate 一个traditional研究方法的potential shortcomings
4．第二题highlight新政府的政策（原文是political factors）了，问作者同意哪个观点？我选的是其实这些不是造成限制女权的真正原因
5． 针对列出那些原因的一句话，返回原文应该容易找到答案，是一个跟女性的economic status有关的问题，我选的答案是女性找wage labors有限制，
6．说明她们的很多经验是来自她们的前辈，那些feminism活动的组织者的（这里有一道题目）
7． 有道题问一个词形容作者态度的，我选的negative
8．过于focus在主权运动，会导致什么？我选：对爱尔兰妇女的XX研究有distortion
9．对于旧的观点（就是他们没有不能代表妇女的解放），怎样削弱呢？答案：可以说是发现了一个文献什么的，里面记载了，这些运动的主体是广大的妇女劳动人民(they dunno how many women actually participated and stuff like that)(由于现有的对爱尔兰妇女主权运动的account并不是很全，所以不容易得到XX的结论)。
V1：（V45）
好像还有一篇阅读。。
说有一种树（名字我实在忘了）如果被大火烧一下反而会长的更茂盛。。因为这些树在地底下的根是一个庞大的体系。。平时安然无恙的时候
他会分泌一种类似荷尔蒙什么的来阻止生长。。但是如果有大火伤害了一些树产生一种imbalance，就会trigger那种荷尔蒙使长出更多的比损失的树更多的树。。这样反而会有益这种树总体的数量。而如果没有大火反而会有别的树入侵什么的。。
GWD5-Q35 to Q37:
Even more than mountainside slides of mud or snow, naturally occurring forest fires promote the survival of aspen trees. Aspens’ need for fire may seem illogical (5) since aspens are particularly vulnerable to fires; whereas the bark of most trees consists of dead cells, the aspen’s bark is a living, functioning tissue that—along with the rest of the tree—succumbs quickly (10) to fire.
The explanation is that each aspen, while appearing to exist separately as a single tree, is in fact only the stem or shoot of a far larger organism. A group of thousands of aspens can actually constitute a single organism, called a clone, that shares an interconnected root system and a unique set of genes. Thus, when one aspen—a single stem—dies, the entire clone is affected. While alive, a stem sends hormones into the root system to suppress formation of further stems. But when the stem dies, its hormone signal also ceases. If a clone (25) loses many stems simultaneously, the resulting hormonal imbalance triggers a huge increase in new, rapidly growing shoots that can outnumber the ones destroyed. An aspen grove needs to (30) experience fire or some other disturbance regularly, or it will fail to regenerate and spread. Instead, coniferous trees will invade the aspen grove’s borders and increasingly block out sunlight needed by the aspens.
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GWD5-Q35:
The primary purpose of the passage is to explain the
A. qualities that make a particular organism unique
B. evolutionary change undergone by a particular organism
C. reasons that a phenomenon benefits a particular organism
D. way in which two particular organisms compete for a resource
E. means by which a particular organism has been able to survive in a barren region
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GWD5-Q36:
It can be inferred from the passage that when aspen groves experience a “disturbance” (line 30), such a disturbance
A. leads to a hormonal imbalance within an aspen clone
B. provides soil conditions that are favorable for new shoots
C. thins out aspen groves that have become overly dense
D. suppresses the formation of too many new aspen stems
E. protects aspen groves by primarily destroying coniferous trees rather than aspens
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GWD5-Q37:
The author of the passage refers to “the bark of most trees” (line 6) most likely in order to emphasize the
A. vulnerability of aspens to damage from fire when compared to other trees
B. rapidity with which trees other than aspens succumb to destruction by fire
C. relatively great degree of difficulty with which aspens catch on fire when compared to other trees
D. difference in appearance between the bark of aspens and that of other trees
E. benefits of fire to the survival of various types of trees
（Key：CAA）
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