GWD-28-13

fankser

Carotenoids (类葫萝卜素) , a family of natural pigments,

       form an important art of the colorful signals

       used by many animals.  Animals acquire

Line       carotenoids either directly (from the plants

  (5)      and algae that produce them) or indirectly (by

eating insects) and store them in a variety of

tissues.  Studies of several animal species

have shown that when choosing mates, females

prefer males with brighter carotenoid-based

 (10)      coloration.  Owens and Olson hypothesize that

the presence of carotenoids, as signaled by

coloration, would be meaningful in the context

of mate selection if carotenoids were either

rare or required for health.  The conventional

 (15)      view is that carotenoids are meaningful

       because they are rare:  healthier males can

forage for more of the pigments than can their

inferior counterparts.  Although this may be

true, there is growing evidence that carotenoids

 (20)      are meaningful also because they are required:

       they are used by the immune system and
                    for

       detoxification processes that are important

for maintaining health.  It may be that males

can use scarce carotenoids either for immune

 (25)      defense and detoxification or for attracting

females.  Males that are more susceptible to

disease and parasites will have to use their

carotenoids to boost their immune systems,

whereas males that are genetically resistant

 (30)      will use fewer carotenoids for fighting disease

and will advertise this by using the pigments

for flashy display instead.

Q13:

Information in the passage suggests that which of the following is true of carotenoids that a male animal uses for detoxification processes?

             

1. They were not acquired directly from plants and algae.
2. They cannot be replenished through foraging.
3. They cannot be used simultaneously to brighten coloration.
4. They do not affect the animal’s susceptibility to parasites.
5. They increase the chances that the animal will be selected as a mate.

Answer:

这道题有争议，C  & E, 开始我选择E, 但现在又感觉选择C，
                因为Males
                that are more susceptible to
                disease and parasites will have to use their
                carotenoids to boost their immune systems,
                whereas males that are genetically resistant
                will use fewer carotenoids for fighting disease
                and will advertise this by using the pigments
                for flashy display instead.
                说males that are genetically resistant
                will use fewer carotenoids for fighting disease，而是using the pigments
                for flashy display instead，也就说
                用来
                fighting disease的carotenoids和用来brighten coloration
                不是兼容的，不知道我的分析对不对，请高人指教。

jasminer

我认为选C, E的表述中缺陷是 用于解毒的色素增加了被择偶的几率, 但是没说色素是否足量用来保持健康

Csimultaneously 逻辑严密

请牛牛来帮忙看下

bigbigboy

13. GWD28-Q13:

Information in the passage suggests that which of the following is true of carotenoids that a male animal uses for detoxification processes?

             

1. They were not acquired directly from plants and algae.
2. They cannot be replenished through foraging.
3. They cannot be used simultaneously to brighten coloration.
4. They do not affect the animal’s susceptibility to parasites.
5. They increase the chances that the animal will be selected as a mate.

Answer:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

14. GWD28-Q14:

The passage suggests that relatively bright carotenoid-based coloration is a signal of which of the following characteristics in males of certain animal species?

             

1. Readiness for mating behavior
2. Ability to fight
3. Particular feeding preferences
4. Recovery from parasite infestation
5. Fitness as a mate

Answer:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

15. GWD28-Q15:

According to the “conventional view” referred to in lines 14-15 of the passage, brighter carotenoid-based coloration in certain species suggests that an individual

             

1. lives in a habitat rich in carotenoid-bearing plants and insects
2. has efficient detoxification processes
3. has a superior immune system
4. possesses superior foraging capacity
5. is currently capable of reproducing

请大N解答这篇的三个问题，以前没有讨论过，谢谢

lingdingxiao

QUOTE:

以下是引用fankser在2009-11-23 7:13:00的发言：
Carotenoids (类葫萝卜素) , a family of natural pigments,

       form an important art of the colorful signals

       used by many animals.  Animals acquire

Line       carotenoids either directly (from the plants

  (5)      and algae that produce them) or indirectly (by

eating insects) and store them in a variety of

tissues.  Studies of several animal species

have shown that when choosing mates, females

prefer males with brighter carotenoid-based

 (10)      coloration.  Owens and Olson hypothesize that

the presence of carotenoids, as signaled by

coloration, would be meaningful in the context

of mate selection if carotenoids were either

rare or required for health.  The conventional

 (15)      view is that carotenoids are meaningful

       because they are rare:  healthier males can

forage for more of the pigments than can their

inferior counterparts.  Although this may be

true, there is growing evidence that carotenoids

 (20)      are meaningful also because they are required:

    

"...will use fewer carotenoids for fighting disease and will advertise", fewer indicates that once being used to fight disease, carotenoids can't be used as coloration any more.

fankser

感谢，明白了。选项C正确。

把Carotenoid用来解毒的（不健康的males），就不能把Carotenoid拿去炫耀color

 

E选项说反了，应该会减少吸引伴侣的机会（因为不能把Carotenoid拿去炫耀color）

cheekar

我还是觉得E啊！！人家就是问的

carotenoids that a male animal uses for detoxification processes?不是for immune defense啊？

不是单纯只问carotenoids啊？？？

既然已经限定了for detoxification processes为什么不是E呢？

请大牛解答啊！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！

evenlasting

原文：

Males that are more
susceptible to disease and parasites will have to use their carotenoids to
boost their immune systems, whereas males that are genetically resistant will
use fewer carotenoids for fighting disease and will advertise this by using the
pigments for flashy display instead.

意思是：身体好的就更多的用C来display。

取非：

身体不好的就更多的用C来提高免疫力（其实也就是前半句的意思），而不是用来Display。

而提高免疫力和解毒是并列的，和Display是互斥的。这个也可以从“It may be that males
can use scarce carotenoids either for immune defense and detoxification or for
attracting females”看出来。

所以选C啦！