MBA全国联考英语之MBA专业术语三

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　　Capital 资本
　　The equipment and structures used to produce goods and services
　　Capital flight 资本外流
　　A large and sudden reduction in the demand for assets located in a country
　　Cartel 卡特尔
　　A group of firms acting in unison
　　Catch-up effect 追赶效应
　　The property that countries that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly than countries that start off rich
　　Central bank 中央银行
　　An institution designed to www.mba9.cn oversee the banking system and regulate the quantity of money in the economy
　　Ceteris paribus 其它条件相同
　　A Latin phrase, translated as ’other things being equal,’ used as a reminder that all variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be constant
　　Circular-flow diagram 循环流向图
　　A visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms
　　Classical dichotomy 古典二分法
　　The theoretical separation of nominal and real variables
　　Closed economy 封闭经济
　　An economy that does not interact with other economies in the world
　　Coase theorem 科斯定理
　　The proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own
　　Collective bargaining 集体谈判
　　The process by which unions and firms agree on the terms of employment
　　Collusion 勾结
　　An agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge
　　Commodity money 商品货币
　　Money that takes the form of a commodity with intrinsic value
　　Common resources 共有资源
　　Goods that are rival but not excludable
　　Comparable worth 同工同酬
　　A doctrine according to which jobs deemed comparable should be paid the same wage
　　Comparative advantage 比较优势
　　The comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost
　　Compensating wage differential 补偿性工资差别
　　A difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs
　　Competitive market 竞争市场
　　A market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker
　　Complements 互补品


Two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other good
　　Constant returns to scale 规模收益不变
　　The property that long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes
　　Consumer price index 消费物价指数
　　A measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer
　　Consumer surplus 消费者剩余
　　A buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays
　　Consumption 消费
　　Spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing
　　Cost 成本
　　The value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good
　　Cost-benefit analysis 成本—收益分析
　　A study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good
　　Crowding-out effect 挤出效应The offset in aggregate demand that results when expansionary fiscal policy raises the interest rate and thereby reducesinvestment spending
　　Currency 通货
　　The paper bills and coins in the hands of the public
　　Cyclical unemployment 周期性失业
　　The deviation of unemployment from its natural rate
　　capital gain 资本增值
　　the increase in the value of an asset between the time it is purchased and the time it is sold
　　capital market 资本市场
　　the market in which savings are made available to investors
　　categorical assistance 分类帮助
　　public assistance aimed at a particular category of people, like the elderly or the disabled
　　causation 因果关系
　　relationship that results when an change in one variable is not only correlated with but actually causes the change in another one
　　central planning 中央计划
　　the system in which central government bureaucrats (as opposed to private entrepreneurs or even local government bureaucrats) determine what will be produced an how it will be produced
　　centralization 集权
　　organizational structure in which decision making is concentrated at the top
　　centrally planned economy 中央计划经济
　　an economy in which most decisions about resource allocation are made by the central government
　　certificate of deposit (CD) 存单
　　account in which money is deposited for a preset length of time, that must yield a slightly higher return to compensate for the reduced liquidity
　　circular flow 循环流程
　　how funds move through the capital, labor, and product markets between households, firms, the government, and the foreign sector
　　classical economists 古典经济学家
economists prevalent before the Great Depression who believed that the basic competitive model provided a good description of the economy and that if short periods of unemployment did occur, market forces would quickly restore the economy to full employment
　　classical unemployment 古典失业
　　unemployment that results from too-high real wages; it occurs in the supply constrained equilibrium, so that rightwards shifts in aggregate supply reduce the level of unemployment
　　competitive equilibrium price 竞争性均衡价格
　　the price at which the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded are equal to each other
　　consumer protection legislation 消费者保护法
　　laws aimed at protecting consumers, for instance by assuring that consumers have more complete information about items they are considering buying
　　consumer sovereignty 消费者权益
　　the principle that holds that each individual is the best judge of what makes him better off
　　consumption function 消费函数
　　the relationship between disposable income and consumption
　　contingency clauses 应变条款
　　statements within a contract that make the level of payment or the work to be performed conditional upon various factors
　　corporate income tax 公司所得税
　　a tax based on the income, or profit, received by a corporation
　　correlation 相关
　　relationship that results when a change in one www.mba9.cn variable is consistently associated with a change in another one
　　cost-push inflation 成本推动型通货膨胀
　　inflation whose initial cause is a rise in production costs
　　Cournot competition 古诺竞争
　　an oligopoly in which each firm believes that its rivals are committed to a certain level of production and that rivals will reduce their prices as needed to sell that amount
　　credentials competition 文凭竞争
　　the trend in which prospective workers acquire higher educational credentials, not so much because of anything they actually learn in the process but to onvince potential employers to hire them by signaling that they will be more productive employees than those with weaker credentials
　　credit constraint effect 信贷约束效应
　　when prices fall, firms’ revenues also fall, but the money they owe creditors remains unchanged; as a result, firms have fewer funds of their own to invest. Because of credit rationing, firms cannot make up the difference; accordingly, investment decreases
　　credit rationing 信贷配给
　　credit is rationed when no www.mba9.cn lender is willing to make a loan to a borrower or the amount lenders are willing to lend to borrowers is limited, even if the borrower is willing to pay more than other borrowers of comparable risk who are getting loans
　　cross subsidization 交叉补贴
　　the practice of charging higher prices to one group of consumers in order to subsidize lower prices for another group