不定式的句法功能: 主语、主语补语、宾语、宾语补语、名词词组修饰语、状语
1、不定式做主语 To hesitate is a pity. 但英语里倾向于用形式主语it来代替(不定式做宾语的时候也可以用形式宾语it来代替): It is a pity to hesitate. 注意点:不定式做主语时,也有逻辑主语。通常可以在特定的上下文或情景中看出,也可以用for引出。 如It is important for us to have a good grasp of Marxism.
2、做主语补语(也就是我们平时说的表语) To see is to believe. 注意点:当前面主语里面有实意动词do(可以限定也可以非限定形式,即do,to do都可以)
3、不定式作宾语 两种形式: A.动词+带to不定式分句
B.疑问词+带to不定式分句 注意点:如果句子结构是“主语+动词+不定式分句做宾语+补语”此时,要用形式宾语it来代替不定式,并把不定式放在补语后面:I find it difficult to understand him.
4、不定式做宾补(属于复杂宾语的一种) 如You can't rely on him to assist you.
5、做名词修饰语(大多情况做定语,有时候可以理解为做同位语,但通常是动词性名词才能够用to do来做同位修饰)
6、做状语 (1)表示目的 He went home to see his mother. 注意:表目的时,句子主语通常就是它的逻辑主语。
但有三种情况不定式有它自己的主语,但该主语可能并没有表示出来(依照逻辑判断): A.当不定式在由for引导的分句中: 例如sharon213举的例子.I stopped for you to see me. B.当不定式跟在bring,send等动词+宾语后 如He brought a porter to carry the bags. They sent a man to mend the window. C.当不定式是被动形式时 I took my shoes to be mended.
但是有时候做状语还是宾语还是其他,形式上不容易区分: She agreed to amuse the children.一般认为是agree的宾语 但是也可以看做状语,原句相当于She agree, in order/so as to amuse the children. 这时候可以加上in order/so as来避免这种歧义(这个用法尤其在不定式前有否定词not的时候如He wen early in order not to miss the train)。 注:不过GMAT里面in order to/so as to基本上都是必须简写成to的,因为没有歧义的存在,也不表示强烈语气(强烈语气一般不作为首要判断标准)。
(2)表示结果/随后发生的动作: 很多句型,比如:so... as to...; such as to...; such...as to...; enough to...;too...to...此时too做“过于”的解释 (有时候too...to...不一定表示否定意义和结果,比如I shall be only too pleased to get home=I shall be very pleased to get home,也就是too做“非常”的解释)
表示随后发生的动作的例子: She woke early to find it was raining. He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him.
(3)表示原因 She wept to hear the news. I pretended to be happy to know him. 注意:表目的还是表结果还是表示原因形式上往往非常想似,所以要根据逻辑意思判断。可以在to前面加上in order/as to来理解一下能不能表示目的。也可以根据“只有表示原因的时候不定式的动作是发生在主句动词动作前面的来判断”。
7、在含有否定意义的带有介词except,but(做“除了”解释)的结构中不定式能做介词补足成分。 There is no alternative for the Arab states but to swallow the latter. 这个做介词补足成分的不定式带不带to取决于它前面是不是有实意动词do: I hardly remember what I did besides read. The child did nothing except weep.
8、形容词补足成分(这个不是GMAT考试重点) 三种: (1).主句主语也就是不定式的逻辑主语 (2).主句主语也就是不定式的逻辑宾语 A.能够以不定式做主语并能转换为it形式主语的时候 Mary is easy to teach.(To teach Mary is easy,It is easy to teach Mary) B.不能以不定式做主语。(除了上面A的情况其他都是B),其实这种形式多用too...to...更直接 The coffee is bitter to taste. (3)主语可以做不定式的逻辑主语,也可以做逻辑宾语 The clothes are easy to wash=The clothes wash easily.=It is easy to wash the clothes. |