myice

 

 142.“offering pizza in our cafeteria has proved extremely profitable. To further increase our profits from pizza sales,we should switch to PDQ Pizzeria to supply our pizza.PDQ pizza was twice voted the ‘best pizza’ in the neighboring town of Hamiltonia in an online survey of Hamiltonia Gazette readers.The PDQ branch in our town sells pizzas for only slightly more than our cafeteria currently does and offers free daily delivery.Switching to PDQ Pizza will clearly improve satisfaction with our caferteria and hence increase the cafeteria’s profits.”

自助餐厅经理给EZ制造公司的总裁的备忘录：

在自助餐厅提供比萨被证明是非常盈利的。为了进一步开发比萨销售上的利润，我们应该选择PDQ比萨为我们提供比萨。PDQ比萨在临镇Hamiltonia的Hamiltonia报纸读者在线评选中两次被评为最佳比萨。PDQ在我们镇的分店所卖的比萨比我们自助餐厅现在卖的只多一点而且提供日间配送。选择PDQ比萨将肯定增加我们的自助餐厅的满意度，并因此增加自助餐厅的利润。

3Providing health care to all citizens is a fundamental responsibility of government.

4油价上涨,只有我们加航线了,其他公司利润上升,我们的降了,所以应该取消航线

5.AA：具体记不清了，大致是讲一个叫George的人在一个地儿开了一个餐馆，然后呢周边有不少学校，生意就特好。他就想在另一地方再开3个，用他老店的三个员工分别当经理，然后他就认为开了3个店以后就能有三倍现在的利润。

--------------------------------大家可以参考下108题。有些类似。或许有些帮助。下面有考到。

6版本（1）

Jet Software design company 应该向auto industry学习，通过减少full-time员工的人数转来雇佣更多part-time员工的方式来减少人工成本，然后引用汽车公司成功的前例，这些公司通过这种方法已经大大减少了成本，所以这个computer company应该采用这种方法，减少25%的full-time员工，他们的labor cost会大大降低随之利润会大幅上升。.

版本（2）

软件设计公司要学习汽车公司，裁掉贵的技术人员，聘请便宜的劳动力，减少预算，才能增加利润

7.

 股票PK房地产，作者说某个大城市的居民都应当投资房地产，因为在过去5年里，某一地区房价上升而股票市场同期却在下跌。他就武断地预计未来5年房价仍然会涨，而且投资房子可以再居住过程中享受房子升值的好处，而买股票就不行，因此该市所有的居民都应当投资房地产。（大概是这样）

8

一个国建（简称N）一直以旅游业为基础，最近由于污染严重，它的旅游业is not as attractive as before.同时，有research发现在它的一些national park 里面有很重要的矿产。这个作者就推荐国家要让开采公司来开采这些矿，因为开采的话国家能够得到收入，而且如果不开采的话，因为旅游业一定会持续下降，所以收入肯定也下降。因此，N振兴经济最好的方法就是让开采公司开采矿藏。

（wingbell ： 我找的错误：all the things are equal，不一定旅游业持续走低，可能国家正在才去措施治理污染，振兴旅游业。

one-sideness.一方面N是旅游国家，半路出家做工业肯定比不过工业国家没有竞争力，而且开矿肯定会使旅游业进一步恶化。

information too vague:不一定是最好的方法，对不同的national park分别对待肯定更好。）

 

myice

题库补充

 

 

11.

The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper.

“In the first four years that Montoya has served as mayor of the city of San Perdito, the population has decreased and the unemployment rate has increased. Two businesses have closed for each new business that has opened. Under Varro, who served as mayor for four years before Montoya, the unemployment rate decreased and the population increased. Clearly, the residents of San Perdito would be best served if they voted Montoya out of office and reelected Varro.”

地方性报纸的编者按：
在Montoya当San Perdito市长的头4年里，人口下降而失业率上升。每当一个新企业开业，就有两个旧的关门。而在Montoya之前Uarro当市长的4年里，失业率下降人口增长。很明显，San Perdito的居民重新选举Varro而非Montoya会得到更好的服务。

1.        It is fallacious reasoning unless other possible casual explanations have been considered and ruled out. recession depression downturn低迷时期 is part of a picture of ... mayor

2.        set the stage for Yet another possibility is that Varro enjoyed a period of economic stability and Varro's own administration set the stage for the unemployment and the decline in population .

3.        availability emotionally intentionally specific specifically anger angry citizen thereby bypass

4.        cast one's vote for sb. eliminate abolish casual emotional appeal

 

1，    缺乏standard ratio of the closed business to new business in the whole country, 不能说两个倒闭一个开就是坏事，很可能淘汰eliminate through selection or contest了out of date的企业，建立了更多具有competitive advantages 的企业。也是好事。

2，    未排除他因造成了不同。很可能是因为在P在任期间，全国的经济不景气，造成了事业更增加。而不是两个市长的不同。假定过去和现在一样，也是个错误！recession depression downturn低迷时期

 

44

The following is part of a business plan created by the management of the Megamart grocery store.

“Our total sales have increased this year by 20 percent since we added a pharmacy section to our grocery store. Clearly, the customer’s main concern is the convenience afforded by one-stop shopping. The surest way to increase our profits over the next couple of years, therefore, is to add a clothing department along with an automotive supplies and repair shop. We should also plan to continue adding new departments and services, such as a restaurant and a garden shop, in subsequent years. Being the only store in the area that offers such a range of services will give us a competitive advantage over other local stores.”

Megamart杂货店的管理层的商务计划：
由于我们在杂货店内加了药剂部分，今年我们的总体销售额增加了20%。显然，顾客主要关注的是一次性购物的便利性。在今后两年内提高我们的利润的最佳方法是增加一个成衣部门和一个汽车配件和维修商店。我们同时也应该在最后的纪念中继续增加新的部门和服务，比如餐馆，园艺商店。成为本地唯一的提供如此广泛服务的商店将给我们带来超越其他商店的竞争优势。

1.         总体销售额增加20%利润不一定也会相应增加

2.         销售额的增加不一定是由于增加了这个部门造成的

3.         以后是否还会有如此效果不一定。因为可能已经有企业提供更专业更优质的商品和服务。

 

1.     没有建立因果。sequence不能证明因果。不知道收入来自哪个section. 很可能是有其他的原因：很可能是pharmacy没有利润。利润来自其他的部分。比如食品等，质量提高，或者经济情况好，人们有更多的demand。

2.     销售额增加不一定是profit增加。

3.     错误类比：就算加入了pharmacy引起了收入提高，也不能说增加的clothing和其他也会引起收入。很可能人们不是因为convenience，而是对medicine的需要。很可能其他的，人们更愿意到special shops。

 

myice

 

1

The following appeared as part of an annual report sent to stockholders by Olympic Foods, a processor of frozen foods.

“Over time, the costs of processing go down because as organizations learn how to do things better, they become more efficient. In color film processing, for example, the cost of a 3-by-5-inch print fell from 50 cents for five-day service in 1970 to 20 cents for one-day service in 1984. The same principle applies to the processing of food. And since Olympic Foods will soon celebrate its twenty-fifth birthday, we can expect that our long experience will enable us to minimize costs and thus maximize profits.”

下面摘自一家冷冻食品处理商（processor）奥林匹克食品提交给股东的年报：随着时间流逝，由于机构了解了做好事情的方法进而提高了效率，处理的成本会降低。比如在彩色胶卷处理方面，3/5英寸照片的成本从1970年的5天50cent降至1984年的1天20cent。同样的规律适用于食品处理方面。由于奥林匹克食品即将庆祝它的25岁生日，我们可以指望我们长期的经验会使我们达到最小的成本和最大的利润。

1.        false analogy: The food industry is not analogous to the color film industry.

2.        causal oversimplification: Other factors that may contribute t to the cost decline of the printing cost should be considered and ruled out.

3.        gratuitous assumption: The conclusion of the argument is based on a gratuitous assumption that the company  can minimize cost and maximize profit because the company has been conducted for 25 years.

 

1.      错误类比：color film processing和processing of food不相同。problems of spoilage, contamination, and timely transportation都只影响food 不影响film.

2.     同时，忽略他因。是否是因为组织更有效率才使COST下降的？很可能是material necessary for the process下降了价钱。所以，两者更不同。

gratuitous assumption：二十五年不代表学到了很多。很可能什么都没学到，或者技术已经out of date.

myice

 

72

The following appeared as part of a recommendation from the business manager of a department store.

“Local clothing stores reported that their profits decreased, on average, for the three-month period between August 1 and October 31. Stores that sell products for the home reported that, on average, their profits increased during this same period. Clearly, consumers are choosing to buy products for their homes instead of clothing. To take advantage of this trend, we should reduce the size of our clothing departments and enlarge our home furnishings and household products departments.”

专卖店的商务经理的备忘录：
本地服装店报告说从8月1号到10月31号的3个月里他们的平均利润下降。销售家庭用品的商店却报告同期的平均利润上升。很明显，顾客正选择为他们的家里购买用品而不是买衣物。为了利用这个趋势，我们应该缩减我们的服装部规模而扩大家庭装饰和家务用品部

1.         A period of three month is too short to draw a general conclusion of the overall trend.

2.         The past three months' trend does not guarantee the same in the future.

3.         Whether the reports from the local clothing stores and stores that sell products for the home are reliable or not are still open to doubt, thus making the author's suggestion groundless.

 

1，  降低和上升，是否存在必然的关系。忽略他因。

2，  三个月的时间是否能说明一种趋势？

myice

 

52

The following editorial appeared in the Elm City paper.

“The construction last year of a shopping mall in downtown Oak City was a mistake. Since the mall has opened, a number of local businesses have closed, and the downtown area suffers from an acute parking shortage, and arrests for crime and vagrancy have increased in the nearby Oak City Park. Elm City should pay attention to the example of the Oak City mall and deny the application to build a shopping mall in Elm City.”(新题)

Discuss how well reasoned... etc.

Elm城的报纸上的社论：

去年在橡树城市中心修建购物中心是个错误。由于中心开业，大量的本地企业倒闭了。而且市中心受到严重缺乏停车位的困扰。在附近的橡树城公园拘捕的罪犯和流浪汉也增加了。榆树城应该注意橡树城购物中心的例子并防止在榆树城建立购物中心。

1.         作者所给出的所有问题和商场的建设都是时间上的前后关系而没有给出证据显示他们的因果关系

2.         作者只给出了不好的结果而没有给出好的影响很可能权衡利弊之后被选择的是要开这个商场

3.         这个商场的建立不应该也不能由此就否定以后所有的商场的建立

 

1， To begin with, the author fails to establish the causal relationship between the shopping mall's opening and the closing of local businesses.

2， Moreover, the author's conclusion is also based on the assumption that the shopping mall has caused the increase in crime and vagrancy.

Finally, even if the shopping mall did cause the closing of local business and the increasing crime and vagrancy in Oak City, the author's prediction that Elm City will suffer from the same fate as Oak City is still open to doubt