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专题一 客观题型
(一) 基本题型
1．直接事实题
同义变换的两种形式：换同义词，换句型
［例4］The historians have broadened the conventional view of nineteenth-
century feminism.
→ The historians have expanded the traditional view of nineteenth-century
feminism.
［例5］The minority groups lack access to the sizable orders that are
generated by large companies.
→ The minority groups do not have sufficient opportunity to secure
business created by large corporation.
［例6］The suffragists were demanding power that was not based on the
institution of the family, women’s traditional sphere
→ Those who participated in the women suffragists movement sought social
roles for women that were not defined by women’s familial roles.
2．取非题
① 对比题：A is unlike B文中有A的特征，问B的特征，则对A取非。
［例7］Unlike the song sparrow, the warbler continuously compress much
longer and more variable songs without repetition.
题According to the passage, the song sparrow
(A) use songs mainly in territorial behavior
(B) continuously composes long and complex songs
(C) repeats one song type before switching to another
(E) responds aggressively to recorded songs
② 改善题
形式：虚拟语气+表示改善的说法
做法：回文中找缺点然后取非
改善的说法：better, improve, more
illuminating/enlightening/convincing/useful
［例8］However, these patterns cannot be viewed as an adaptation to wind
pollination because the spiral arrangement occurs in a number of non-wind-
pollinated plants.
题It can be inferred from the passage that the claim that the spiral
arrangement is an adaptation to wind pollination would be more convincing
if which of the following were true?
(A) Such an arrangement occurred only in wind-pollinated plants.
(B) Such an arrangement occurred in vascular plants as a whole.
(C) Such an arrangement could be shown to be beneficial to pollen release.
(D) The number of bracts could be shown to have increased over time.
(E) The airflow patterns over the cone’s surfaces could be shown to be
produced by such arrangements.
3．In order to / 举例作用题
① 一个窍门：先观察以“illustrate”或者“give an example of”开头的选项
② 标准做法
 先结论后举例：for example, for instance, such as, like
 先举例后结论：强因果关系词
 无任何语言现象：以第一种情况“先结论后举例”居多
［例9］Over the years, biologists have suggested two main pathways by which
sexual selection may have shaped the evolution of male birdsong. In the
first, male competition and intrasexual selection produce relatively
short, simple songs used mainly in territorial behavior. In the second,
female choice and intersexual selection produce longer, more complicated
songs used mainly in mate attraction; like such visual ornamentation as
the peacock’s tail, elaborate vocal characteristics increase the male’
s chances of being chosen as a mate. The two pathways are not mutually
exclusive, and we can expect to find examples that reflect their
interaction.
题1The author mentions the peacock’s tail most probably in order to
(A) cite an exception to the theory of the relationship between male
competition and intrasexual selection
(B) illustrate the importance of both the pathways that shaped the
evolution of the birdsong
(C) draw a distinction between competing theories intersexual selection
(D) give an example of a feature that may have evolved through intersexual
selection by female choice
(E) refute a commonly held assumption about the role of song in mate
attraction
题2 According to the passage, which of the following is specifically
related to intrasexual selection?
(A) Female choice
(B) Territorial behavior
(C) Compete song types
(D) Large song repertoires
(E) Visual ornamentation
题3 Which of the following, if true, would most clearly demonstrate the
interaction mentioned in the last sentence?
(A) Female larks respond similarly both to short, simple songs and to
longer, more complicated songs.
(B) Male canaries use visual ornamentation as well as elaborate song
repertoires for mate attraction.
(C) Both male and female blackbirds develop elaborate visual and vocal
characteristics.
(D) Male jays use songs to compete among themselves and to attract females.
(E) Male robins with elaborate visual ornamentation have as much
reproductive success as rivals with elaborate vocal characteristics.
［例10］To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by preventing
adenosine binding, Snyder et al compared the stimulatory effects of a
series of caffeine derivatives with their ability to dislodge adenosine
from its receptors in the brains of a mice. “In general,” they reported,
“the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors correlates with
their ability to stimulate locomotion in the mouse; i.e., the higher their
capacity to bind at the receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate
locomotion.”
The author quotes Snyder et al most probably in order to
(A) reveal some of the assumption underlying their theory
(B) summarize a major finding of the experiments
(C) point out that their experiments were limited to the mouse
(D) indicate that their experiments resulted only in general correlations
(E) refute the objections made by supporters of the older theory
4．Except题 / 排除题：由四项小列举出的题
［例11］The leguminous plants—among them crop plants such as soybeans,
pea, alfalfa, and clover—have solved the problem.
题According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a leguminous
plants?
(A) Alfalfa (B) Clover (C) Maize (D) Peas (E) Soybeans
［例12］Afro-American poetry owes its early forms, rhythms, vocabulary, and
evangelical fervor to Wesleyan hymnals.
题All of the following aspects of Afro-American poetry are referred to in
the passage as having been influenced by Wesley hymnals EXCEPT
(A) subject matter (B)word choice (C) rhythm (D) structure (E)
religious tone
5．逻辑题
① 支持题
具体事例法：举文章没有说的例自作为正面论据，此处不考虑头脑空白原则 （看［例
9］题3）
搭桥法：把缺的条件补上 如果文章说A → B 找 A → C → B
［例13］In one behavioral experiment, researchers successfully trained an
anteater to distinguish between two troughs of water, one with a weak
electrical field and another with none. Such evidence is consistent with
researchers’ hypothesis that anteaters use electroreceptors to detect
electrical signals given off by prey; however, researchers as yet have
been unable to detect electrical signals emanating from termite mounds,
where the favorite food of anteaters live.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the hypothesis
mentioned in the passage?
(A) Researchers are able to detect anteaters to break into an underground
chamber that is emitting a strong electrical signal.
(B) Researchers are able to detect a weak electrical signal emanating from
the nesting chamber of an ant colony.
(C) Anteaters are observed taking increasingly longer amounts of time to
locate the nesting chambers of ants.
(D) Anteaters are observed using various angles to break into nests of
ants.
(E) Anteaters are observed using the same angle used with nests of ants to
break into the nests of other types of prey.
② 反对题
 釜底抽薪：反对原因
 欲擒故纵：反证法
 抬杠法：直接反对原文的结论
［例14］The backgrounds and reasons of participants in the May insurrection
of 1871 have been identified, however cursorily.
Which of the following is the most logical objections to the claim made in
the passage?
(A) The February Revolution of 1848 is much less significant than the July
insurrection of 1830.
(B) The backgrounds and motivations of participants in the July
insurrection of1830 have been identified, however cursorily.
(C) Even less is known about the July insurrection of1830 than about the
February Revolution of 1848.
(D) Historical records made during the July insurrection of1830 are less
reliable than those made during the May insurrection of 1871.
(E) The importance of the July insurrection of1830 has been magnified at
the expense of the significance of the February Revolution of 1848.
它因法：存在其他原因法 文中说 A → B 题里找 C 也可以 → B
［例15］ One advantage of breeding African bees with other bee types
(Africanization) may be resistance to the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni,
a major threat to modern beekeeping. In parts of Europe, this mite is
devastating honeybees and killing many colonies despite preventing
measures by beekeepers. But in Brazil Varroa jacobsoni has
been present in Africanized bees since 1972 without the loss of single
colony.
题1The author’s argument regarding the resistance of Africanized bees to
Varroa
jacobsoni would be most weakened if which of the following were true?
(A) The bees in Brazil were resistant before being Africanized
(B) The number of bee colonies in North America increased dramatically
whereas the number in Brazil remained unchanged.
(C) Mites found in European bees reproduce at a faster rate than mite of
identical species found in the bees in Brazil.
(D) Africanized bees retained many of the characteristics of European bees.
(E) Bee colonies in Europe continue to produce greater qualities of honey
than do those in Brazil.
题2 The passage suggests that which of the following was true of the
European honey bee colonies?
(A) Their life expectancy, when free of disease, was shorter than that of
European bee colonies in North America.
(B) They were not Africanized. 取非题
(C) Their life cycle did not accommodate the feeding habits of Varroa
jacobsoni.
(D) They responded well to measures to control Varroa jacobsoni.
(E) They were managed using methods that were more modern than those
employed in Brazil.
6．信息题
典型问法：① Which of the following is (not) true?
② The author of the passage agrees (does not agree) with
which of the following?
③ The information in the passage answers (does not answer)
which of the following question?
两种信息题：可定位的信息题(of, about, concerning, regarding)和不可定位的信息
题
7．类比题
问法：Which of the following is most similar to the situation in…?
(similar to, analogous to, parallel, consistent with)
做法：抓本质特征
［例16］Although recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious
pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has
been steadily increasing. Consequently, more than 100 cites in the United
Stats still have levels of toxic gases that exceed legally established
limits.
题 Which of the following most closely parallels the situation described in
the two sentences?
(A) Although a town reduces its public service in order to avoid a tax
increase, the town’s tax rate exceeds that of other towns in the
surrounding area.
(B) Although a state passes strict laws to limit the type of toxic material
that can be disposed of in public landfill, illegal dumping continues to
increase.
(C) Although a town’s citizens reduce their individual use of water, the
town’s water supplies continue to dwindle because of a steady increase in
the total population of the
town.
(D) Although a country attempts to increase the sale of domestic goods by
adding a tax to the price of imported goods, the sale of imported goods
within the country continue to increase.
(E) Although a country reduces the speed limit on its national highway, the
number of fatalities caused by automobile accidents continues to increase. |
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