OG-SC总结（完整版）

总原则：符合逻辑、平行结构、时态一致、指代清楚、主谓一致、表达地道

说明
1.所有总结纯属个人理解,希望大家共同修改完善
2.大家斟酌使用
3.所有的题目均来自offical guide.t203bc表示offical guide上 sc部分的第203题bc选项
4.全文分为一下几个部分:简洁/没有歧义/单复数一致/平行结构/比较/代词指代/词义差别/有选项/时态/习惯用语/大杂烩等几个部分
5.sth.为某物,sb.为某人,n.为名词,un.为不可数名词,cn.为可数名词,v为动词
6.排列的序号可能不对,但不影响理解
7.祝各位好运!

简洁
1. because of +物主代词+动作性名词不如because+名词+动词简洁，即because of 只用于非常简洁的结构，t48 。
2. 虚拟语气中的should一定要省略
3. 句子中不得有重复的成分，如soaring与rise/ increase/ grow/ raise等 (t13), amount to a sum 其中a sum就多余 t101，annual 与a year重复t110, attempt , attempt与try (t6), never regain again重复错误.t246, whether or not应为whether
4. n + that is + adj. 为wordy的表达，正确的是：过去分词/ adj.+ 名词，t34，t151. 如dioxins that are currently uncontrolled 应为currently uncontrolled dioxins
5. not any 应改为no，t59； at one time -> oncet188， the thing that ->what (t30)
6.主语加两个动作，如果两动作有同一主语，则两个动作并列，不能在第二个动作前重复主语 t65，t22e，t135ac。
7. 不要用双重所有格，t202 (sth of sb’s错), t2 (the size of colorado’s错)

没有歧义
1. a+修饰短语（如现在分词短语）+b，如果修饰短语既可以修饰a又可以修饰b，则有歧义，错.t245，t179，262e
2. a and b + 定语从句，要明白定语从句到底修饰哪个，可以考虑使用a +定语从句 and b的形式来解决.t27，t85；在a与b都是单数以及定语从句修饰a和b的话，则可以使用复数谓语的定语从句。t128e
3. increase twice有歧义t72 (两倍/两次)
4. a of b and c ，有歧义，解决办法是c and a of b，t128.
5. 注意从句主语和谓语省略的用法, 如果该从句位于句首则省略的主语即为主句主语, 如果在句中则省略的主语是该从句之前最近的名词，e1；答案中应尽量指明主语与谓语，t69ab，t255a.
6. more + adj. +名词，会有歧义，因为不知more修饰谁：adj还是名词？如more gasoline-efficient cars，可以考虑使用如此结构: cars more gasoline-efficient. t112
7. 在描述a拥有b的时候，如果ab都使用单数，则有歧义：每个a拥有复数b还是复数a拥有复数b，解决办法是把a换成单数，t252

单复数的一致
1. 复合主语，谓语用复数t249
. bluegrass musician bill monroe, whose repertory, views on musical collaboration, and vocal style were influential on generations of bluegrass artists. was also an inspiration to many musicians, that included elvis presley and jerry garcia. whose music differed significantly from his own.
(a) were influential on generations of bluegrass artists, was also an inspiration to many musicians, that included elvis presley and jerry garcia, whose music differed significantly from
(b) influenced generations of bluegrass artists, also inspired many musicians, including elvis presley and jerry garcia, whose music differed significantly from
(c) was influential to generations of bluegrass artists, was also inspirational to many musicians, that included elvis presley and jerry garcia, whose music was different significantly in comparison to
(d) was influential to generations of bluegrass artists, also inspired many musicians, who included elvis presley and jerry garcia, the music of whom differed significantly when compared to
(e) were an influence on generations of bluegrass artists, was also an inspiration to many musicians, including elvis presley and jerry garcia, whose music was significantly different from that of
2. each of…every one of …为单数
3. a and b + 复数动词，即无论a，b是cn 还是un. t107
4. there be 句型中，单复数应有后面的句子主语来决定.
5. 一本书应用单数t174
6. 在以下结构中注意数的一致, 名词a+ be 动词/act as/…+ 另一名词b, 应该保证a与b在单复数上一致. 如t1, t3. men and women… when a child (有a child与men and women不一致); some bat caves have residents that take on different duties such as defending…, acting as sentinels…(这里residents与sentinels一致)
7. 考虑主谓一致的时候，不仅要注意主语的单复数，同时也要注意指代主语的代词的单复数，以此来排除一些选项，t265d
8. 注意复数对应复数t61，t97，t122. eg. iguanas are still prized as game animals

平行结构
1. 在以下平行结构中，“adj+名词1 and/or +名词2”以及“动词1 and/or 动词2+名词”,应分别考虑能否搭配的问题 t107
2. 注意大平行中有小平行，而且平行结构最后一个item之前要有and 连接t233
3. 搞清楚谁与谁平行t135，t160:
to help preserve ancient egyptian monuments threatened by high water tables，a swedish engineering firm has proposed installing pumps，perhaps solar powered，to lower the underground water level and dig trenches around the bases of the stone walls.
(a) to lower the underground water level and dig trenches
(b) to lower the underground water level and to dig trenches
(c) to lower the underground water level and digging trenches
(d) that lower the underground water level and that trenches be dug
(e) that lower the underground water level and trench digging
4.平行结构应尽量保持对称：形式对称(t25, t30，t93, t106，t155, t225)；主动与被动表达上(t16，t133)；语法上(t33)对称，如to do is to do..；单复数对称，t16,t109，如unlike a typical automobile loan, a lease loan；时态上对称，t16, t28, t46, t113；比较级别上对称t207；意义上对称，如动作性名词对称结构，t99；且各部分语法对称t99。如果不能完全对称，亦可部分对称，比如in part就与partly不对称. t204，t190，t201
5. 需要用平行结构的短语：rather than (t55, t40)，instead of..，as …，or ..(t138, t148)，not x but (rather) y (t22, t172)，more x than y, the same to x as to y (t54), as well as, besides (t241), unlike (t244a)
6. 注意从划线部分推断未划线部分的结构/意义/形式，如代词指代（t163, t181），平行结构（t188），划线部分的主语（t167）t8，t96, t138, t219, t169。
7. 首先注意是不是平行结构，或者划线部分与非划线部分能否构成平行结构，谁和谁平行对称.t104
8. the way to do sth. is to do sth. t4
9. the more…the more…
10. 在a and b + c 的结构中，如果a与b平行，则应分别考察a与b是否能够正确的与c搭配，即考察平行结构的各部分是否前后搭配得当。反例：t224-e，t246。多个动词或者动词短语左右平行结构具有相同的宾语的时候, 应注意各个动词或者动词短语能否语并与搭配得当, 特别要注意是否少了介词否. t53

比较
1. more + …rather than/ instead of/ compare with/ comparison with …错，有比较(如more， better之类) 就有than，t116, t118, t254; 有than 就有比较t106
2. 注意比较的对象要具有可比性t268, t64
3. 要么as...as..要么more than而不要混用
4. 主句从句对比时，尽量保持平行t188
5.
(1)“ 名词1+不及物动词+介词+名词2”的结构，如果有对比，如higher than…/ in the same way as …/instead of…+ x，其中x部分通常有两种形式：“名词3+助动词”以表示名词3与名词1对称; 或“介词+名词4”以表示名词4与名词2对称.【此处名词换成代词同样适用】t12
(2) 对于“名词1(或代词1)+动词+名词2(或代词2)”的结构，如果有对比，则对比部分的形式为“名词3(或代词3)+助动词” 【关键是此结构已毫无歧义的表明名词3(或代词3)在与名词1(或代词1)对比，而不是与名词2(或代词2)对比】如t19, t40, t224, t254
(3) 对于“名词1(或代词1)+动词+非名词(或代词)做宾语的其他成分”的结构，如果有对比，则对比部分的形式为“名词2(或代词2)”【关键是此结构已毫无歧义的表明名词2(或代词2)在与名词1(或代词1)对比】如t149
…formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to them (指new small business) in the same way as to established big business
6. than usual/ than ever before(t98)为习惯表达，如 the weather is wetter than usual..
7. as…as，如果是过去的事情与现在的事情比较，要注意时态的问题，t265, t60
8. x times more than（t199）以及x times as…as…（t187）表达都是可以的

代词指代
1.在同一句子中，同一代词指代相同的对象.t12，t159
2. 代词要有明确的指代对象t35，t42，t43，t83, t209a, t247；there，where，those，these，they，its，出现时，也要有明确的指代对象(t35a, t29)，并且该对象不能出现在定语成分中t38，t60ab, t80cde，t181, t237, t83e, t90abe
3. 名词1＋动词＋名词2＋代词。往往有歧义，不知道代词指代谁，从语法上来说首先指代名词2，如实际上指代名词1，则句子表达不清，如 t227ce。解决办法（1）名词1以及2中一个用单数一个用复数（2）不用代词，但是此处重复名词1或名词2的部分内容。t248c
4. 动词后面用来指代一个动作只能用so，如think so，do so. t41, t215
5. 指代前面提及的examples or instances时，用such而非theset116.
6. do 可以代替动词不定式，如 t129，their wines are priced to sell and they do (代替sell)
7. 指代人的时候只能用who(m)，不能用that/which t188
8. 如果代词指代的是一个被修饰的名词或代词，则该代词的含义是指整个意思（包括修饰成分的含义），如t231b

词义差别
1. disadvantaged (地位低微的) 与disadvantage 的区别 t30
2. variation among与variation in的区别 (横向与纵向) t62
3. cost两个意思：1: 生产成本，常用复数；2: 价格，费用，常用单数。t52
4. as 与like的区别：like象，不是同一类，用于比喻; as 作为，是同一类，可用于类比as 表示比较的时候，一定要用句子，而非短语t126, t147; like则加名词短语。如果用as或like来比较，其中一个为肯定，一个为否定，则最好使用like，而不用as..如like a，b doesn’t..
5.表示是否用whether不要if. whether to do sth.
6. native to sth. 与native of sth. 的区别t36
7. force做名词与动词意义的差别t13
8. as 与when 之间的区别，as 表示一个渐进的过程, t84. 注意as people age与when people age之间的区别
9. 现在分词短语(v-ing)或现在进行时态的从句做定语(eg. market that is becoming…), 表示动作正在进行或持续进行；而一般现在时没有这个含义(eg. market becomes …). 这两类结构相互改变的时候要注意原文想表达的意思。t85, t86abd, t102b, t103。另外， come to do sth.也表示一个动作持续进行，如原选项有，则应保留。如have come to signified …与have signified之间就有很大差别t77，一个表示动作在继续，一个表示动作已经完成。 v-ed 表示一个结果，动作已经结束或者有被动含义. t106。
10. 注意recent extended sales slump与recently extended sales slump之间的区别t108
11. 比较develop independently from a 与develop independently of a 之间的区别t143.
12. significant 与significantly之间的区别t144
13. economical节约的 / economic与经济有联系的, t136
14. be与become有区别，如果原文有become则正确答案要保留t223

优选项
1. 同位语
2. 出现一个新词, 概括前面的含义. t2 (an area), t38
3. rather than优于instead of t143
4. 介词+which优于where t137
5. 主动优于被动 t138
6. 动词优先于动作性名词（如manifestation, development），t190
7. 新东方笔记：实义名词>动词>形容词>抽象名词>分词、动名词>从句(>在此表示优于的意思)。注：（1）分词优于从句特指过去分词优于定语从句；（2）对于半抽象名词（指既可以是动词又可以是名词的词如cost, result, base, help），动词优于名词，如t110

时态
1. 划线部分的时态一般不要改变，除非有明确的提示t235，t265
2. 在含有条件从句（if/unless）、时间状语从句的复合句中，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时，不用过去，将来时或would be 结构 t37，t146-b，t161,t75, t231. t46例外：从句用一般时态，主句也用一般时态描述规律。另外，再意义明显不对的时候时态也可能改变t137
3. since (then …) 要用完成时态, t90
4. 描述过去的事情不能使用现在的时态，如完成时等t265
5. 描述过去同时发生的动作，用一般过去时，t202,t235
6, 描述过去一段时间（从过去到过去），动词用一般过去时t203
7. having been done表达有问题，t192d

习惯用语
1. in part 为副词，不能够用来做连词t204
3. aim at doing sth. or with the aim of doing sth. t212
4. and also表示并列，与短语not only…but also (此处不能使用and also) 同义t216；单独的but also表示转折，not only ..but also 表示递进，两者有很大差别
5. the rivalry between x and y 或者 the rivals x and y. t217
6. sb. base sth. on sth. 如one should always base one's opinions on facts. ets倾向于它(base)的两种用法: n +based on sth. (做定语); based on sth, sth….(主语不能是人). basing a on b.., sb…., 如果a是代词的话, 则好像ets认为awkward and imprecise t11
7. during/over a period of 100 years..
8. withhold from the public the identities…t222
9. credit sth/sb. with having had some effect or give credit to sth for having had some effect.t226
10. damage to sth.
11. attempt to do sth t227
12 liken sth to sth t229
13. 在如下结构中，the bag is too heavy to carry，carry的宾语it不需要. t234
14. apprenticeship as…t235
15. helpful in doing sth. or help do sth
16. necessity of sth. 而非 for sth. t242
17. able 只能用于人，不能物t234
18. there are more birds，but not more numbers. t251
the gyrfalcon, an arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction; its numbers are now five times greater than when the use of ddt was sharply restricted in the early 1970's. .
(a) extinction; its numbers are now five times greater than
(b) extinction; its numbers are now five times more than
(c) extinction, their numbers now fivefold what they were
(d) extinction, now with fivefold the numbers they had
(e) extinction, now with numbers five times greater than
19. pay for jobs, t109
20. 表示原因，sth is determined by sth.
21. elect to do sth. t55
22. lead sb. to do sth.
23. attribute to sb. 归功于t21
24. likelihood of sth. or likelihood that
do you think there is any likelihood of his agreeing to it?
25. regard as sth. ，regard as doing sth or sth. is regarded as sth.；prize sth as sth. t97；view sth as sth. t47；think of x as y t182；use sth. as sth.
26. model… after…
27. prohibit sth. or prohibit sb. from doing sth.，没有prohibit sb. to do sth.以及prohibit that 的结构t100，t127；forbid sb. to do sth.；keep/prevent sb. from doing sth.
28. propose doing sth. or propose to do sth. or propose that…
29. look to sb./sth. to do sth.指望
30. encourage sth. or encourage sb. to do sth.
31. despite/in spite of 后面不能够跟句子
32. be likely to do sth., t70
33. be liable（可能） to do sth. (一般为bad outcome)，不能用be liable that 形式, t70
34. allow that / allow for /we must allow him to be a good teacher 承认，allow sb. to do sth. t90ce
35. never before的用法：never before had taxpayers confronted so many changes at once as they confronted in the tax reform act of 1986.
36. so much as 用于否定句，as much as 用于肯定句中p105，注意never不算否定句，t92
37. require sb. to do sth. ，require of sb. that，require that…，n + required of sb. to do sth. t181，require of sb. to do 以及 require sb. that为错误的表达
38. order sb. to do sth. t121
39. owe sth. to sb. t130
40. invest millions of dollars in research to do sth. (不是for doing) t112
41. use sth as sth or use sth to do sth. t120
42. one …another…t126; some…others…
43. substitute sth. for sth. t127
44. restitution to sb. for sth. (表示原因) t130
45. equal 以及equivalent 不仅仅指数量相同，而且常常修饰un; as …many as 修饰cn. t132. eg. an equivalent amount of resistance，a volume of water equal to the lake michigan.
46. 介词 + which 优于where t137
47. suggest doing sth. t160
48. consider sth. sth. t65，79，154
49. require that x be y.t227
50. expect sb. to do sth.，expect sth. to be.，expect that， expect to do sth. or expect sth.
51. sth. is believed to do.；believe x to be y t9；sth. is expected to do sth. t131； x orders y to do sth / be + 过去分词 or x orders that y do sth / be +过去分词
52. 动词的名词形式+of +a by b 可以做如下理解， b＋动词＋a；如requirements of irrigation by earlier high-yielding varieties 即earlier high-yielding varieties require irrigation t128
53. demand / mandate / propose that + 无should虚拟语气，(t142/t145)；注意无demand/mandate sb. to do sth.的用法
54. contend that 不要虚拟语气 t157，t229，没有contend a to do b的结构
55. on condition that 虚拟语气(无should)
56. as if /as though 表示虚拟语气，不能与as 对换. t180
57. mistake x for y t150
58. eat 为级物动词t151
59. with 与have 表示表示拥有 (possess)t158，t165
60. underlie- underlay-underlain
t11. rate 表示prices charged 的时候用rates for sth. 的结构 t13. eg. soaring rates for liability insurance.
61. estimate sth. to be…years old t14.
63. distinguish between x and y. t15
64. without doing sth/ sth. 不要在without 与doing之间加任何东西t 15
65 attribute sth. to sth.
66. be known to do sth. t49, 又如i have known him to run faster than that…
67. be difficult to do sth, t26, t103, 不能够说sb. is difficult.
68. in the coming month 而非into如 the economy will continue to expand in the coming month. t28
69. no less… than,而非none the less..than, 也非no less…as t30
70. admit to sth.承认. t31
72. a method of doing sth 而非to do/doing sth.， t39
73. worry about sth.
74. range from sth. to sth. or a wide range of sth. t58 / t77
. density 是一个population 的特征，而非一个个体的属性，且与great 连用. t161
75. provided (that) 假若.
you may keep the book a further week provided (that) no one else requires it.
76. it is better to use the singular in referring to an anatomical feature common to an entire species. t176
as a result of the ground-breaking work of barbara mcclintock, many scientists now believe that all of the information encoded in 50.000 to 100.000 of the different genes found in a human cell are contained in merely three percent of the cell's dna.
(a) 50,000 to 100,000 of the different genes found in a human cell are contained in merely
(b) 50,000 to 100,000 of the human cell's different genes are contained in a mere
(c) the 50,000 to 100,000 different genes found in human cells are contained in merely
(d) 50,000 to 100,000 of human cells' different genes is contained in merely
(e) the 50,000 to 100,000 different genes found in a human cell is contained in a mere
77. persuade sb. to do sth t177
78. the same year that t174
79. x is why … (错)，x is the reason why …罗索 t177
80. help to do sth. t177
81. instead of doing sth.
82. target at sb. (非to ) t195
83. research to do sth. t112
84. damage作为名词的时候，用法为damage to sth. ；有些题目中把damage作为名词使用，往往缺少介词to，结果就未能表示一个事物毁坏了另外一个事物的意义, t125ce。
85. necessity of , t242

大杂烩
1. 原文的语气不要轻易改变, 如原文表示让步的语气(however=no matter how…t10)/表示强调(如倒装某部分以示强调, t10; 如双重否定以示强调t51)等.
2.根据主动与被动语态来选择答案的话是一个很弱的条件，一般应首先考虑语法、结构、句意等。t61，t200
3. if the period of time covered began and ended in the past，the verb should be in the simple past tense. t203
4. 注意目的状语与原因状语、结果状语（so…that…与so as...to…的区别，t67； such…that…, t29; ）不要搞混，for表示原因，to表示目的. t204.
5. 被动语态如有动作发出者，要明白从逻辑上说这是不是真正的动作发出者. t204-d
8. 注意限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别t234，t258, 介词短语相当于限定性定语从句 t141.
9. 情态动词can, may, would (表示虚拟) 等(t10, t152, t159)，表示程度的副词just (t54，t60，t91)与some(大约,t29)等副词，不要随便添加和删除t25，t93, t159，t10. 但是如果前文已有类似词义的词出现，则要去掉该情态动词t237
10. population change 不如change in population 准确 [新东方总结: n + n vs. n + 介词 + 名词，选用后者]t239
11. 在通常情况下，定语从句中无意义的that必须省掉(例外：t243)，而宾语从句中的that必须有，而且宾语从句要用陈述语气t93，t9，t16;
12. would 用来修饰一个promised but not certain的动作，不能用来修饰一个已知的事实t260
13. 定语从句应该搞清楚被修饰成分.
. with its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land，cleveland is but one of a large number of communities on the great lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract new businesses.
(a) is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(b) is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(c) are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(d) are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attracting
(e) are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban life and attract
14. 注意句中独立的介词短语、形容词短语、副词短语是否有正确的修饰对象. t2 (b,e 中独立的about the size of colorado没有修饰对象)，t38, t60a。介词短语、副词短语可以修饰其前面的一个动作t113,t119，介词短语（在该短语之前有逗号）也可修饰前面的名词，如t179c；形容词短语则不能修饰动作。孤立的形容词短语修饰前面的一个事情是，可以考虑再该形容词短语前加一个概括性的名词，使句子完整，t38。
15. 语义的表达必须符合逻辑，如t17是algonquian-speaking people而非algonquian-speaking culture。特别对于难于求解的题目可以考虑从意思、逻辑上区分选项. 如”平行”部分第3条， t32, t50
16. 先扫描5个选项，看看有何区别。 don’t try to read every options word by word. spot the key words.
17. 对人的修饰只能用who不能用which：t17
18.一个句子的时态，注意整体保持一致 t30-a, t46, t88-bc, t55-ab, t230
19. 修饰cn. 用many，few，修饰un 用much，little，t34，t59，t107
20. 名词，+同位语 /插入语，+动词，两边的逗号必不可少，t35，t149
21. which不能用来修饰整个句子，如果要表达这种意思则有两个解决方案：（1）但是“动词 +ing”形式引导的短语可以用来修饰整个句子，t49，t74；（2）用一个概括性的名词来代表前面这句话的含义, t38d
如果选择项中使用了which则修饰之前的一个名词。t229
22. 现在分词短语位于句首则修饰句子主语，位于句末且其前有逗号分离的修饰前面的一句话或者动词，位于句中，其前无逗号则修饰其前面的名词，t234b， t154，t158。如果现在分词短语放在句中，前面有名词，后面有句子，则往往有歧义，因为不知道该短语修饰谁，t178bc, t179de
23. 介词短语位于句首与在句中有差别。如在句首，且用逗号和主句分隔，则修饰整个句子；放在句中，则修饰之前的名词。t147c, t256a, t263a
42. also为副词，非连词，不能用来链接句子t42be
24. twice 为副词，非n。故以下表达错误：the number increases by more than twice（应该为介词＋名词结构）,t72。
25. 注意句子的逻辑，t50，t33，以及因果关系t110
26. sth.1 is sth 2，注意sth 2 是否包含sth1，t56e
27. sth …by sth..，by表示”被…”，则句子应该用被动语态t57
28. so as to 与 so that之间的区别，前者为两动作发出这一致，t67,t88, t136
29. 副词短语位于句首，使用倒装t85，so..that 结构中,so 位于句首要倒装,t20；否定词位于句首要倒装t30c
30. 定语从句尽量紧跟被修饰成分，t113，t117。a +介词(eg. of) b + 定语从句/过去分词短语(c)做定语结构中，首先考虑c修饰紧接着在其前面的名词，即c从语法上首先考虑修饰b，再则考虑修饰a，t109, t229
31. often，first（t170）与only在句中的位置不同，意义也不尽相同,. 如 can’t often do sth. ，often can’t do sth. t70. 故only在句中的位置不要轻易改变t37，t46
32. 注意词序对句意的影响：more gasoline –efficient cars / cars more gasoline-efficient t112; 又如t154, more than the 500 slaves who were considered his property与the more than 500…
33. unlike，besides，other than 位于句首，则修饰主句主语, 即在一下结构中unlike / besides / other than a, b…, a 与b应该属于同一类型的, 应该具有可比性 (for example, transplant与patient都不具有可比性). t141如
34.句子强调的重心应该保留t153
35. a of b，中心词为a
36. 注意定冠词与不定冠词、物主代词的区别。
仔细体会：50 genes in a cell/ 50 genes in the cell/ the 50 genes in cells/ 50 genes in cells t176
注意the hands 与his hands的区别，一般表达使用物主代词形式t61, t86. the 表示上文已经提及的对象（t106, t54），such也表示上文已经所有提及t106，t181
37. as…as 位于句首应与主句主语一致，且表现前后比较，as…as 表示让步，如：as ill-prepared as they are，they nevertheless find good jobs. t177
38. 现在分词与过去分词做定语时候的区别，现在分词表示一个正在进行或持续进行的动作，而过去分词表示一个已经结束或被动状态的动作：t210。that 从句与现在分词短语修饰，区别在于一次性/ 多次性，连续性t178, t80,t237，t1；that 从句与过去分词短语修饰，无意义差别，一般选用过去分词
39. yet，but 等连词连接独立句子时，前应该有分号t184, 连接短语不必用逗号t114
40. 多动词结构，特别是混有被动语态时且各动作发出者各不相同时，应该保证中心动词（划线的部分或其前后的动词）的逻辑主语明确 t171，t181，t183。而且在可能的情况下应该说明被动语态的动作发出者，t210c
41. 被动语态加动词不定式，则不定式逻辑主语为被动语态动作发出者 t183.
42. 动词 + 宾语 +that从句为错误的表达，应为动词+that从句 t61
43. 一前一后的两个动作用and连接可以表示因果关系. the only way for growers to salvage frozen citrus is to have it quickly processed into juice concentrate before warmer weather returns and rots the fruit.
44. 一个事件a, 发生在某物或某人b1身上, 产生某效果c1; 如果事件a发生在另外某人或者某物b2身上, 则会产生另外某效果c2; 但是事件a有不可能既发生在b1上又发生在b2上. 注意体会一下两个例子的表达方法: a quake of comparable magnitude occurring in the west; an adult with such vision. 而不是使用”如果a发生在b2的话, 就…”的表达(就如t199b以及t50a)
例如t199: because the earth's crust is more solid there and thus better able to transmit shock waves, an earthquake of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern united states than it does in the west.
(a) of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern united states than it does in the west
(b) of a given magnitude will typically devastate 100 times the area if it occurs in the eastern united states instead of the west
(c) will typically devastate 100 times the area in the eastern united states than one of comparable magnitude occurring in the west
(d) in the eastern united states will typically devastate an area 100 times greater than will a quake of comparable magnitude occurring in the west
(e) that occurs in the eastern united states will typically devastate 100 times more area than if it occurred with comparable magnitude in the west
又如t50: as a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision, it would be rated about 20/500. or legally blind if it were an adult with such vision.
(a) as a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision, it would be rated about 20/500, or legally blind if it were an adult with such vision.
(b) a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision that would be rated about 20/500, or legally blind as an adult
(c) as a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb, its rudimentary sense of vision would be rated about 20/500; qualifying it to be legally blind if an adult
(d) a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision that would be rated about 20/500; an adult with such vision would be deemed legally blind.
(e) as a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb, its rudimentary sense of vision, which would deemed legally blind for an adult, would be rated about 20/500.
45 with引导的独立主格结构t86
46. 用于举例使用such as 而非like。如使用such adapted spaces而非these adapted spaces. t116
47. 介词、’s后尽量用名词t241, t6, t66
48. although 可以引导一个分词短语t158，但是although不能够作为关系代词来修饰名词，即although/though 出现的必须有完整的整句与从句. 如以下句子就有问题. …with crests and troughs that remain stationary although the they are formed by rapidly moving air… t205
49. 介词短语位于句首修饰整个句子或是句子主语，此时应特别注意该介词短语是否能够符合逻辑的修饰该句子，特别是在比较结构中。t133a
50. 一个定语从句修饰一个名词，如果把定语从句变为单独的一个句子的话，有可能使得这个名词和该句子的关系不明朗，且表达的意义有变化，需仔细斟酌，t192e
51. there be结构中的there不是“那里”的意思，在此表达中，there不作任何地方上的限制t168d
52. whereby: 从属连词, 含义为”by, through, or in accordance with which.”, eg. the means whereby we achieved our goals. 又a system whereby a new discovery may arise. t41