求助gwd-3-3, v+ing 该怎么用？

trumptighter

GWD 3-3

A study by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign urged states to undertake a number of remedies to reverse a decline in the shark population, which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing state waters for shark fishing during pupping season, and requiring commercial fishers to have federal shark permits.

1. which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing
2. which includes establishing limits to the size of sharks that can be caught, closing
3. which include the establishment of size limits for shark catches, the closing of
4. including establishing size limits for shark catches, closing
5. including the establishing of limits to the size of sharks that are caught, the closing of

Ans: D

不大明白， 前人说： including作伴随状语，
一般来说， “ clause, v+ing .....”   其中 v+ing 表结果，修饰前面的“clause”.
v+ing,  作伴随状语的多么？ 何况这里，v+ing  远离被修饰词“remedies”

如果， B 选项 中 includes 改为 include， 是否更好？  


谢谢！

chenjinchent

including比较特殊, 建议把他就当作介词看

这里是肯定不能用定从的, 因为会有修饰population的歧义

另外B里面的错误还包括把A的shark catches改为sharks that can be caught, 属于错误添加情态动词

trumptighter

谢谢你的解释，
你能帮忙介绍一下：v+ing 作伴随状语，怎么用吗？