问题求助

1.In most corporations the salaries of executives are set by a group from the corporation's board of directors. Since the board's primary mission is to safeguard the economic health of the corporation rather than to make its executives rich, this way of setting executives salaries is expected to prevent excessively large salaries. But, clearly, this expectation is based on poor reasoning After all, most members of a corporation's board are themselves executives of some corporation and can expect to benefit from setting generous benchmarks for executives salaries.
Which one of the following practices is vulnerable to a line of criticism most parallel to that used in the argument in the passage?
(A) in medical malpractice suits giving physicians not directly involved in a suit a major role in determining the damages due to successful plaintiffs
(B) in a legislature, allowing the legislators to increase their own salaries only if at least two-thirds of them vote in favor of an increase
(C) to work both fast an accurately by paying them by the piece but counting only pieces of acceptable quality
(D) in a sports competition decided by judges scores selecting the judges from among people retired from that sport after successful careers
(E) in a business organization distributing a group bonus among the members of a task force on the basis of a confidential evaluation by each member of the contribution made by each of the others.
A. 请问题目问的是什么意思，为什么A正确？我选的B。

2. Anthropological studies indicate that distinct cultures differs in their moral codes. Thus, as long as there are distinct cultures there are no values shared across cultures.
Each of the following, if true, would weaken the argument EXCEPT：
A） Anthropologists rely on inadequate translation techniques to investigate the values of cultures that use languages different from the anthropologists' languages.
B） As a result of advancing technology and global communication we will someday all share the same culture and the same values
C） Although specific moral values differ across cultures, more general moral principles, such as "Friendship is good" are common to all cultures
D） The anthropologists who have studied various cultures have been biased in favor of finding differences rather than similarities between distinct cultures
E） What appear to be differences in values between distinct cultures are nothing more than differences in beliefs about how to live in accordance with shared values.
选E. C和D明显可以削弱，但是我最后在A和B之间斟酌，AB如何削弱论断的？E为什么又不能？

3. Antinuclear activist: The closing of the nuclear power plant is a victory for the antinuclear cause. It also represents a belated acknowledgment by the power industry that they cannot operate such plants safely.
Nuclear power plant manager: It represents no such thing. The availability of cheap power from nonnuclear sources. together with the cost of mandated safety inspections and safety repairs, made continued operation uneconomic. Thus it was not safety considerations but economic considerations that dictated the plant's closing.
The reasoning in the manager's argument is flawed because the argument
(A) fails to acknowledge that the power industry might now believe nuclear power plants to be unsafe even though this plant was not closed for safety reasons
(B) overlooks the possibility that the sources from which cheap power is available might themselves be subject to safety concerns
(C) mistakes the issue of what the closure of the plant represents to the public for the issue of what the managers' reason for the closure were
(D) takes as one of its premises a view about the power industry's attitude toward nuclear safety that contradicts the activist's view
(E) counts as purely economic considerations some expenses that arise as a result of the need to take safety precautions
选E。B为什么不行，它是什么意思？

4. Cafereria patron The apples sold in this cafeteria are greasy. The cashier told me that the apples are in that condition when they are delivered to the cafeteria and that the cafeteria does not wash the apples it sells. Most fruit is sprayed with dangerous pesticides before it is harvested, and is dangerous until it is washed. Clearly, the cafeteria is selling pesticide-covered fruit thereby endangering its patrons.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) The apples that the cafeteria sells are not thoroughly washed after harvest but before reaching the cafeteria
(B) Most pesticides that are sprayed on fruit before harvest leave a greasy residue on the fruit
(C) Many of the cafeteria's patrons are unaware that the cafeteria does not wash the apples it sells.
(D) Only pesticides that leave a greasy residue on fruit can be washed off
(E) Fruits other than apples also arrive at the cafeteria in a greasy condition
A. A是什么意思？B也是成立的假设呀？

5. Dillworth: More and more people are deciding not to have children because of the personal and economic sacrifices children require and because so often children are ungrateful for the considerable sacrifices their parents do make for them: However, such considerations have no bearing on the fact that their children provide the best chance most people have of ensuring that their values live on after them. Therefore, for anyone with deeply held values, foregoing parenthood out of reluctance to make sacrifices for which little gratitude can be expected would probably be a mistake.
Travers: Your reasoning ignores another fact that deserves consideration children's ingratitude for parental sacrifices usually stems from a wholesale rejection of parental values.
The point of Travers' rejoinder to Dillworth's argument is that
(A) Dillowrth's assumption that children acquire values only from their parents is mistaken
(B) it is a mistake to dismiss as irrelevant the personal and economic sacrifices people are called on to make for the sake of their children
(C) Dillworth has overlooked the well-known fact that people with deeply held values not infrequently reject opposing values that are deeply held by others.
(D) the desire to perpetuate their values should not be a factor in people's decision to have children
(E) the fact than children are often ungrateful for parental sacrifices is not irrelevant to deciding whether to have children in order to perpetuate one's values
E．选是选对了，但是对E还是不够理解，能否指点一二？

6. Until about 400 million years ago. fishes-the first true swimmers-were jawless. Their feeding methods were limited to either sucking in surface plankton or sucking in food particles from bottom mud. With the development of biting jaws. however, the life of fishes changed dramatically, since jaws allowed them actively to pursue prey, to seize it in their jaws, and to manipulate it between their teeth. The jawed fishes then developed along two main lines one retained cartilage for its skeletons. for its skeletons, for example, sharks and rays: the other adopted bone as its principal skeletal material. From the latter group evolved the most abundant and diverse of all of today's vertebrate groups. the "teleosts" some 21,000 species, which vary from barracudas to sea horsesl
If all of the statements in the passage are true which one of the following must also the true?
(A) Fish are the primary prey of all jawed fishes
(B) The jawless fishes did not prey upon other fish
(C) Teleosts do not feed upon particles found in bottom mud
(D) Jawless fishes did not have cartilage as their skeletal material
(E) Jawless fishes became extinct approximately 400 million years ago
B．我觉得D能从” The jawed fishes then developed along two main lines one retained cartilage for its skeletons.”推出。为什么不对？

7. Magazine editor: I know that some of our regular advertisers have been pressuring us to give favorable mention to their products in our articles, but they should realize that for us to yield to their wishes would actually be against their interests. To remain an effective advertising vehicle we must have loyal readership, and we would soon lost that readership if our readers suspect that our editorial integrity has been compromised by pandering to advertisers.
Advertising-sales director: You underestimate the sophistication of our readers. They recognize that the advertisements we carry are not articles, so their response to the advertisements has never depended on their opinion of the editorial integrity of the magazine as a whole.
Which one of the following is the most accurate assessment of the advertising-sales director's argument as a response to the magazine editor's argument?
(A) It succeeds because it shows that the editor's argument depends on an unwarranted assumption about factors affecting an advertisement's effectiveness
(B) It success because it exposes as mistaken the editor's estimation of the sophistication of the magazine's readers.
(C) It succeeds because it undermines the editor's claim about how the magazine's editorial integrity would be affected by allowing advertisers to influence articles.
(D) It fails because the editor's argument does not depend on any assumption about readers' response to the advertisements they see in the magazine.
(E) It fails because it is based on a misunderstanding of the editor's view about how readers respond to advertisements they see in the magazine.
D． Advertising-sales director的言论没看懂，大方向都错了。