GMAT逻辑复习资料-逻辑大全分类-Weaken

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Questions 19-20 are based on the following.
Surveys show that every year only 10 percent of cigarette smokers switch brands. Yet the manufacturers have been spending an amount equal to 10 percent of their gross receipts on cigarette promotion in magazines. It follows from these figures that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay（通过作广告让吸烟者换牌子不划算）, and that cigarette companies would have been no worse off economically if they had dropped their advertising.
大全-4-19.Of the following, the best criticism of the conclusion [that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay] is that the conclusion is based on
最能质疑结论"inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay " 的(理由)是因为这个conclusion的得出 是基于:
(A) computing advertising costs as a percentage of gross receipts, not of overall costs
(B) past patterns of smoking and may not carry over to the future
(C) the assumption that each smoker is loyal to a single brand of cigarettes at any one time
(D) the assumption that each manufacturer produces only one brand of cigarettes（E）
(E) figures for the cigarette industry as a whole and may not hold for a particular company
从行业整体获得的数据不能应用于个别企业。调查的结果是整个烟草行业平均汇总的结果,而每个公司的情况是不相同的,不能从一个general case推出 一个 special case。E说明：玉溪烟不做广告，中华烟做广告，10%的烟民从玉溪转向中华，没有烟民从中华转向玉溪。总的比率仍是10%，但对某些企业是有好处的。广告是行业内互相之间的竞争。
首先题干中提到的第二个the conclusion，是指题目中that cigarette companies would have been no worse off economically if they had dropped their advertising.之所以能够得出这样的结论表面上看是源于题目中的第一个that从句 that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay，但是此时我们不要忘了这两个结果都是从开头提出的数据得到的，因此对于题目一开始两个数据正确性与否的论述中是整个结论的基础，从而是对the conclusion that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay is that the conclusion is based on提出的best criticism ，从而选E了。根据这个推理看其他四个答案完全论述的与题干要讨论的问题无关，因此可以毫不犹豫的选E。

大豆

大全-4-20.        Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion that cigarette companies could have dropped advertising without suffering economically?
(A) Cigarette advertisements provide a major proportion of total advertising revenue for numerous magazines.
(B) Cigarette promotion serves to attract first-time smokers to replace those people who have stopped smoking.
(C) There exists no research conclusively demonstrating that increases in cigarette advertising are related to increases in smoking.
(D) Advertising is so firmly established as a major business activity of cigarette manufacturers that they would be unlikely to drop it.（B）
(E) Brand loyalty is typically not very strong among those who smoke inexpensive cigarettes.

大豆

大全-20-1.        In the first half of this year, from January to June, about three million videocassette recorders were sold. This number is only 35 percent of the total number of videocassette recorders sold last year. Therefore, total sales of videocassette recorders will almost certainly be lower for this year than they were for last year.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion above?
(A) The total number of videocassette recorders sold last year was lower than the total number sold in the year before that.
(B) Most people who are interested in owning a videocassette recorder have already purchased one.
(C) Videocassette recorders are less expensive this year than they were last year.
(D) Of the videocassette recorders sold last year, almost 60 percent were sold in January. (E)
去年的销售中，有60%都发生在一月，支持结论。
(E) Typically, over 70 percent of the sales of videocassette recorders made in a year occur in the months of November and December.

大豆

大全-20-3.        Last year in the United States, women who ran for state and national offices were about as likely to win as men. However, only about fifteen percent of the candidates for these offices were women. Therefore, the reason there are so few women who win elections for these offices is not that women have difficulty winning elections but that so few women want to run.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion given?
(A) Last year the proportion of women incumbents who won reelection was smaller than the proportion of men incumbents who won reelection.
(B) Few women who run for state and national offices run against other women.
(C) Most women who have no strong desire to be politicians never run for state and national offices.
原文讲的是run for state and national offices的妇女，never fun for offices的是无关。
(D) The proportion of people holding local offices who are women is smaller than the proportion of people holding state and national offices who are women(E)
(E) Many more women than men (who want to run for state and national offices) do not(省略run) because they cannot get adequate funding for their campaigns.
"do not" 后面省略了 run.因为女性比男性得不到充分的资金，他们比男性少参加竞选，他因削弱

大豆

大全-20-7.        It is better for the environment if as much of all packaging as possible is made from materials that are biodegradable in landfills. Therefore, it is always a change for the worse to replace packaging made from paper or cardboard with packaging made from plastics that are not biodegradable in landfills.
Which of the following, if true, constitutes the strongest objection to the argument above?
(A) The paper and cardboard used in packaging are usually not biodegradable in landfills.
原文推理中最大的问题在于：不知道paper and cardbord 生物可降解性怎样。不知道这信息就无法下结论。
(B) Some plastic used in packaging is biodegradable in landfills.
无关，原文结论是用不能降解的塑料去替代。跟能降解的塑料无关。
(C) In many landfills, a significant proportion of space is taken up by materials other than discarded packaging materials.
(D) It is impossible to avoid entirely the use of packaging materials that are not biodegradable in landfills.(A)错选E
(E) Sometimes, in packaging an item, plastics that are not biodegradable in landfills are combined with cardboard.

大豆

大全-20-11.        In malaria-infested areas, many children tend to suffer several bouts of malaria before becoming immune to the disease. Clearly, what must be happening is that those children’s immune systems are only weakly stimulated by any single exposure to the malaria parasite and need to be challenged several times to produce an effective immune response.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the explanatory hypothesis?
(A) Immediately after a child has suffered a bout of malaria, the child’s caregivers tend to go to great lengths in taking precautions to prevent another infection, but this level of attention is not sustained.
(B) Malaria is spread from person to person by mosquitoes, and mosquitoes have become increasingly resistant to the pesticides used to control them.
(C) A certain gene, if inherited by children from only one of their parents, can render those children largely immune to infection with malaria.无关. 因为原文针对是那些本身没有免疫能力的小孩
(D) Antimalaria vaccines, of which several are in development, are all designed to work by stimulating the body’s immune system.(E)错选C
(E) There are several distinct strains of malaria, and the body’s immune response to any one of them does not protect it against the others.
malaria 有多种不同的 strain,　要全部都得了之后才会对所有的都有抵抗，原文的结论只是说明对某种malaria感染多次后会产生免疫.

大豆

大全-19-3.        Companies in the country of Kollontay can sell semiconductors in the country of Valdivia at a price that is below the cost to Valdivian companies of producing them. To help those Valdivian companies, the Valdivian legislature plans to set a minimum selling price in Valdivia for semiconductors manufactured in Kollontay that is ten percent greater than the average production costs for companies in Valdivia.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously threatens the success of the plan?
(A) The annual rate of inflation in Kollontay is expected to exceed ten percent within the next year.
(B) Valdivia is not the only country where companies in Kollontay currently sell semiconductors.
(C) Some Valdivian companies that sell semiconductors have announced that they plan to decrease their price for semiconductors.
(D) The government of Kollontay will also set a minimum price for selling semiconductors in that country.(E)
(E) Emerging companies in countries other than Kollontay will still be able to sell semiconductors in Valdivia at a price below the cost to Valdivian companies to manufacture them.

大豆

大全-19-6.        Damaged nerves in the spinal cord do not regenerate themselves naturally, nor even under the spur of nerve-growth stimulants. The reason, recently discovered, is the presence of nerve-growth inhibitors in the spinal cord. Antibodies that deactivate those inhibitors have now been developed. Clearly, then, nerve repair will be a standard medical procedure in the foreseeable future.
Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the accuracy of the prediction above?
(A) Prevention of the regeneration of damaged nerves is merely a by-product of the main function in the human body of the substances inhibiting nerve growth.
抑制毁坏神经再生仅仅是抑制人体神经生长物质对人体作用主要功能的一个附属功能，那么原文的结论神经恢复将成为一个标准的医学手续当然就不能确定了。
A simple example:
Direct sunshine causes skin cancer. Avoid direct sun will prevent skin cancer. Therefore, people will no longer stay in the sun. To counter the argument, we say that causing skin cancer is only a by-product of sunshine (sun is essential to human growth etc.
Let me give you an example: eating make people sick. Therefore, people should stop eating to prevent sickness. Weaken: eating is critical for people to sustain, or, making people sick is just a by-product of eating.
(B) Certain nerve-growth stimulants have similar chemical structures to those of the antibodies against nerve-growth inhibitors.无关对比点
(C) Nerves in the brain are similar to nerves in the spinal cord in their inability to regenerate themselves naturally.
(D) Researchers have been able to stimulate the growth of nerves not located in the spinal cord by using only nerve-growth stimulants.(A)
(E) Deactivating the substances inhibiting nerve growth for an extended period would require a steady supply of antibodies.

大豆

大全-19-16.        Many consumers are concerned about the ecological effects of wasteful packaging. This concern probably explains why stores have been quick to stock new cleaning products that have been produced in a concentrated form. The concentrated form is packaged in smaller containers that use less plastic and require less transportation space.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the explanation offered above?
(A) Few consumers believe that containers of concentrated cleaning products are merely small packages of regular cleaning products.
(B) The containers in which concentrated cleaning products are packaged are no harder to recycle than those in which regular cleaning products are packaged.
(C) Those concentrated cleaning products that are intended to be used diluted have clear instructions for dilution printed on their labels.
(D) The smaller containers of concentrated cleaning products enable supermarkets and drugstores to increase their revenues from a given shelf space.(D)
(E) Consumer pressure has led to the elimination of wasteful cardboard packaging that was used for compact discs.

大豆

大全-18-3.        A 20 percent decline in lobster catches in Maine waters since 1980 can be justifiably blamed on legislation passed in 1972 to protect harbor seals. Maine’s population of harbor seals is now double the level existing before protection was initiated, and these seals are known to eat both fish and lobsters.
保护seals的法令通过以lobster为食的seals增多lobster减少
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above?
(A) Harbor seals usually eat more fish than lobsters, but the seals are natural predators of both.
(B) Although harbor seals are skillful predators of lobsters, they rarely finish eating their catch.
(C) Harbor seals attract tourists to Maine’s coastal areas, thus revitalizing the local economy.
(D) Authors of the 1972 legislation protecting harbor seals were convinced that an increase in that animal’s numbers would not have a measurably negative impact on the lobster catch(E)
(E) The record lobster harvests of the late 1970’s removed large numbers of mature lobsters from the reproductive stock.他因削弱(因捕捉繁殖期的lobster,导致其数量下降)