GMAT逻辑复习资料-逻辑大全分类-Weaken

大豆

Questions 19-20 are based on the following.
Surveys show that every year only 10 percent of cigarette smokers switch brands. Yet the manufacturers have been spending an amount equal to 10 percent of their gross receipts on cigarette promotion in magazines. It follows from these figures that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay（通过作广告让吸烟者换牌子不划算）, and that cigarette companies would have been no worse off economically if they had dropped their advertising.
大全-4-19.Of the following, the best criticism of the conclusion [that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay] is that the conclusion is based on
最能质疑结论"inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay " 的(理由)是因为这个conclusion的得出 是基于:
(A) computing advertising costs as a percentage of gross receipts, not of overall costs
(B) past patterns of smoking and may not carry over to the future
(C) the assumption that each smoker is loyal to a single brand of cigarettes at any one time
(D) the assumption that each manufacturer produces only one brand of cigarettes（E）
(E) figures for the cigarette industry as a whole and may not hold for a particular company
从行业整体获得的数据不能应用于个别企业。调查的结果是整个烟草行业平均汇总的结果,而每个公司的情况是不相同的,不能从一个general case推出 一个 special case。E说明：玉溪烟不做广告，中华烟做广告，10%的烟民从玉溪转向中华，没有烟民从中华转向玉溪。总的比率仍是10%，但对某些企业是有好处的。广告是行业内互相之间的竞争。
首先题干中提到的第二个the conclusion，是指题目中that cigarette companies would have been no worse off economically if they had dropped their advertising.之所以能够得出这样的结论表面上看是源于题目中的第一个that从句 that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay，但是此时我们不要忘了这两个结果都是从开头提出的数据得到的，因此对于题目一开始两个数据正确性与否的论述中是整个结论的基础，从而是对the conclusion that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay is that the conclusion is based on提出的best criticism ，从而选E了。根据这个推理看其他四个答案完全论述的与题干要讨论的问题无关，因此可以毫不犹豫的选E。

大豆

Questions 19-20 are based on the following.
Archaeologists [seeking the location of a legendary siege and destruction of a city] are excavating in several possible places, including a middle and a lower layer of a large mound. The bottom of the middle layer contains some pieces of pottery of type 3, known to be from a later period than the time of the destruction of the city, but the lower layer does not.寻找传说中的对一个城市进行围攻和摧毁的地点的考古学家在几个可能的地点挖掘，其中包括在一个大土包的中低层。（对土包，越上层，离现在越近）
大全-1-20.        The force of the evidence cited above is most seriously weakened if which of the following is true?
(A) Gerbils, small animals long native to the area, dig large burrows into which objects can fall when the burrows collapse.
(B) Pottery of types 1 and 2, found in the lower level, was used in the cities from which, according to the legend, the besieging forces came.
(C) Several pieces of stone from a lower-layer wall have been found incorporated into the remains of a building in the middle layer.
(D) Both the middle and the lower layer show evidence of large-scale destruction of habitations by fire.
(E) Bronze ax heads of a type used at the time of the siege were found in the lower level of excavation.

大豆

大全-1-13.        While Governor Verdant has been in office, the state’s budget has increased by an average of 6 percent each year. While the previous governor was in office, the state’s budget increased by an average of 11.5 percent each year. Obviously, the austere budgets during Governor Verdant’s term have caused the slowdown in the growth（增长的减缓） in state spending.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion drawn above?
(A) The rate of inflation in the state averaged 10 percent each year during the previous governor’s term in office and 3 percent each year during Verdant’s term.
高通胀导致高物价.所以,尽管上一政府的预算较高,但是同时由于其物价水平也高于现在,所以预算所产生的实际效果(govt. spending)还不如现在(同样的钱买不到同样的东西了)
(B) Both federal and state income tax rates have been lowered considerably during Verdant’s term in office.
(C) In each year of Verdant’s term in office, the state’s budget has shown some increase in spending over the previous year.
V与它自己对比，且“有一些增长”与文中slowdown in the growth“缓慢增长”吻合，不冲突
(D) During Verdant’s term in office, the state has either discontinued or begun to charge private citizens for numerous services that the state offered free to citizens during the previous governor’s term.只说了收入可以得到增加，但与开销（spending）的关系不知道（收入多开销不一定也多）。因此不具有明确的因果关系
(E) During the previous governor’s term in office, the state introduced several so-called “austerity” budgets intended to reduce the growth in state spending.

大豆

大全-1-12.        Using computer techniques, researchers analyze layers of paint that lie buried beneath the surface layers of old paintings. They claim, for example, that additional mountainous scenery once appeared in Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, which was later painted over. Skeptics reply to these claims, however, that X-ray examinations of the Mona Lisa do not show hidden mountains.
Which of the following, if true, would tend most to weaken the force of the skeptics’ objections?
(A) There is no written or anecdotal record that Leonardo da Vinci ever painted over major areas of his Mona Lisa.
(B) Painters of da Vinci’s time commonly created images of mountainous scenery in the backgrounds of portraits like the Mona Lisa.
(C) No one knows for certain what parts of the Mona Lisa may have been painted by da Vinci’s assistants rather than by da Vinci himself.
(D) Infrared photography of the Mona Lisa has revealed no trace of hidden mountainous scenery.
(E) Analysis relying on X-rays only has the capacity to detect lead-based white pigments in layers of paint beneath a painting’s surface layers.

大豆

大全-2-18.        Lark Manufacturing Company initiated a voluntary Quality Circles program for machine operators. Independent surveys of employee attitudes indicated that the machine operators participating in the program were less satisfied with their work situations after two years of the program’s existence than they were at the program’s start. Obviously, any workers who participate in a Quality Circles program will, as a result, become less satisfied with their jobs.
Each of the following, if true, would weaken the conclusion drawn above EXCEPT:
(A) The second survey occurred during a period of recession when rumors of cutbacks and layoffs at Lark Manufacturing were plentiful.
第二次survey是在行业衰退期谣言满天气的时候做的，自然没有可比性。在原文基础上提供更多相关信息，weaken.  显示因果关系的资料不准确。
(B) The surveys also showed that those Lark machine operators who neither participated in Quality Circles nor knew anyone who did so reported the same degree of lessened satisfaction with their work situations as did the Lark machine operators who participated in Quality Circles.
没有参加这个QC计划的人同样认为自己的工作处境变差。有果无因，weaken.
(C) While participating in Quality Circles at Lark Manufacturing, machine operators exhibited two of the primary indicators of improved job satisfaction: increased productivity and decreased absenteeism.
在参加QC计划的期间，operator们表现出两种对工作满意的主要表现：产量提高和旷工率降低。在原文基础上提供更多相关信息，weaken.  这一点我感觉明白了，这是直接weaken结论吧，显示job satisfaction是improved了的，而不是less satisfied。   我一开始没有注意exhibite一词的意思，以为这个选项是在说明员工对于improved job satisfaction的界定。以为只是提供背景信息呢。
(D) Several workers at Lark Manufacturing who had participated in Quality Circles while employed at other companies reported that, while participating in Quality Circles in their previous companies, their work satisfaction had increased(E) The machine operators who participated in Quality Circles reported that, when the program started, they felt that participation might improve their work situations.
operator们说当QC计划开始的时候，他们认为这个计划能改善他们的工作处境。偶们无法判断到底现在operator的处境是好了还是坏了，所以是无关选项。

大豆

大全-2-15.        Six months or so after getting a video recorder, many early buyers apparently lost interest in obtaining videos to watch on it. The trade of businesses selling and renting videos is still buoyant(繁荣的,看涨的), because the number of homes with video recorders is still growing. But clearly, once the market for video recorders is saturated(饱和), businesses distributing videos face hard times.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion above?
(A) The market for video recorders would not be considered saturated until there was one in 80 percent of homes.
(B) Among the items handled by video distributors are many films specifically produced as video features.
(C) Few of the early buyers of video recorders raised any complaints about performance aspects of the new product.
(D) The early buyers of a novel product are always people who are quick to acquire novelties, but also often as quick to tire of(厌倦) them.文章的立论就在于认为拥有了产品六个月后人们都烦了不再租录影带，那么一旦大家都买了，超过六个月后，就没人租了，进而提供录影带租赁的行业就危险了，D是说，文章所依据的关于现在那些6个月就烦了的，都是喜新厌旧的人，并不能说明所有人都是这样的，因此，文章的支点就没有了。(E) In a shrinking market, competition always intensifies and marginal businesses fail.

大豆

大全-2-8.        Teenagers are often priced out of the labor market(因索价过高而无人问津) by the government-mandated minimum-wage level because employers cannot afford to pay that much for extra help. Therefore, if Congress institutes a subminimum wage, a new lower legal wage for teenagers, the teenage unemployment rate, which has been rising since 1960, will no longer increase.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?
(A) Since 1960 the teenage unemployment rate has risen when the minimum wage has risen.
(B) Since 1960 the teenage unemployment rate has risen even when the minimum wage remained constant. 无因有果削弱
(C) Employers often hire extra help during holiday and warm weather seasons.
(D) The teenage unemployment rate rose more quickly in the 1970’s than it did in the 1960’s.
(E) The teenage unemployment rate has occasionally declined in the years since 1960.

大豆

大全-2-7.        Throughout the 1950’s, there were increases in the numbers of dead birds found in agricultural areas after pesticide sprayings. Pesticide manufacturers claimed that the publicity given to bird deaths stimulated volunteers to look for dead birds, and that the increase in numbers reported was attributable to the increase in the number of people looking.
Which of the following statements, if true, would help to refute the claim of the pesticide manufacturers?
(A) The publicity given to bird deaths was largely regional and never reached national proportions.
(B) Pesticide sprayings were timed to coincide with various phases of the life cycles of the insects they destroyed.
(C) No provision was made to ensure that a dead bird would not be reported by more than one observer.加强
(D) Initial increases in bird deaths had been noticed by agricultural workers long before any publicity had been given to the matter.
(E) Dead birds of the same species as those found in agricultural areas had been found along coastal areas where no farming took place.

大豆

大全-2-6.        To entice customers away from competitors, Red Label supermarkets have begun offering discounts on home appliances to customers who spend $50 or more on any shopping trip to Red Label. Red Label executives claim that the discount program has been a huge success, since cash register receipts of $50 or more are up thirty percent since the beginning of the program.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the claim of the Red Label executives?
(A) Most people who switched to Red Label after the program began spend more than $50 each time they shop at Red Label.加强
(B) Most people whose average grocery bill is less than $50 would not be persuaded to spend more by any discount program.无关
(C) Most people who received discounts on home appliances through Red Label’s program will shop at Red Label after the program ends.无关
(D) Since the beginning of the discount program, most of the people who spend $50 or more at Red Label are people who have never before shopped there and whose average grocery bill has always been higher than $50.加强
(E) Almost all of the people who have begun spending $50 or more at Red Label since the discount program began are longtime customers who have increased the average amount of their shopping bills by making fewer trips.

大豆

大全-3-17.        Lists of hospitals have been compiled showing which hospitals have patient death rates exceeding the national average. The data have been adjusted to allow for differences in the ages of patients.
Each of the following, if true, provides a good logical ground for hospitals to object to interpreting rank on these lists as one of the indices of the quality of hospital care EXCEPT:
(A) Rank order might indicate insignificant differences, rather than large differences, in numbers of patient deaths.
排名只能体现死忘病人数的细微差别，而不是明显差别（所以排名没意义）。
(B) Hospitals that keep patients longer are likely to have higher death rates than those that discharge patients earlier but do not record deaths of patients at home after discharge.
(C) Patients who are very old on admission to a hospital are less likely than younger patients to survive the same types of illnesses or surgical procedures.
ABDE都是描述医院之间的差别，正因为医院之间有差别，所以死亡人数不足以说明医院的服务质量；而C是说病人之间的差别，这种差别在每家医院都有，无法用来对比。
(D) Some hospitals serve a larger proportion of low-income patients, who tend to be more seriously ill when admitted to a hospital.
(E) For-profit hospitals sometimes do not provide intensive-care units and other expensive services for very sick patients but refer or transfer such patients to other hospitals.