The human nervous system and a telephone system superficially resemble each other, not only because the former carries information in the form of electrical impulses and because all of its neural pathways converge in the brain and spinal cord, which together form a kind of central exchange.
(A) The human nervous system and a telephone system superficially resemble each other, not only because the former carries
(B) The human nervous system and a telephone system bear a superficial resemblance because they both carry
(C) The human nervous system bears a superficial resemblance to a telephone system both because the former carries
(D) Superficially, a telephone system resembles the human nervous system both because they carry
(E) There is a superficial resemblance between a telephone system and the human nervous system, not only because they both carry
21. (25520-!-item-!-188;#058&002357)（c）
Before scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakingly in small amounts from the pituitary glands of human cadavers.
(A) scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakingly
(B) scientists had learned about making a synthetic growth hormone, they had to remove it painstakingly
(C) scientists learned how to synthesize the growth hormone, it had to be painstakingly removed
(D) learning how to make a synthetic growth hormone, scientists had to remove it painstakingly
(E) learning how to synthesize the growth hormone, it had to be painstakingly removed by scientists
对于 C，it 指代growth hormone，对于D，it指代synthetic growth hormone，D不合逻辑
特殊使用：
Prep 2
8. (24773-!-item-!-188;#058&001691) A
Ozone, a special form of oxygen that screens out harmful ultraviolet rays, reaches high concentrations twelve miles above Earth, where it has long appeared that it was immune from human influence; we have now realized, though, that emissions of industrial chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer.
(A) has long appeared that it was immune from
(B) has long appeared to have been immune from
(C) has long appeared as being immune to
(D) had long appeared immune to
(E) had long appeared that it was immune to
9. (24819-!-item-!-188;#058&001693) B
The Environmental Protection Agency frequently puts mandatory controls on toxic substances that present as little risk as one in a million chances to cause cancer.
(A) as little risk as one in a million chances to cause
(B) as little risk as one chance in a million of causing
(C) as little risk as one chance in a million that it will cause
(D) a risk as little as one chance in a million for causing
(E) a risk as little as one chance in a million for it to cause
如何看题：as little as…用于修饰risk，先不看，根据固定搭配risk of sth/doing sth, risk doing即可选出B，one chance in a million 与little 对应，功能对称
可以v +n to be done的词：order、allow
不可加that的词： permit, persuade, prohibit, forbid
错误情况
1、 重复：
(1) the possibility that…might do应改为 the possibility that…do
(2) now和 currently
(3) regain和again
(4) it seems likely that和 may be
(5) from to 和up、down
(6) double和increase
(7) opposition against
(8) gain/achieve
(9) annually/every year
(10) with/include
(11) by the name of/be known as
(12) with, by use of
(13) superiority/over
(14) increase, rise, raise, grow, soar
(15) from…to…/then
2、状语：
(1) 状语从句不可修饰名词或介词短语
(2) 状语的位置不可随意改变，eg.从从句中移到主句中（白勇96 Q26）
3、differ from, similar to放于句首永远错
4、极端修饰词位置的更改和缺失：first, last, only
5、强烈语气词的缺失：any, not unlike, whatever/whoever/however
6、口语化的表达方式：hopefully—it is hoped; when you, if you; maybe—probably
7、主观色彩：be to do, be going to
8、concerning最好改成above, over
9、把like改成seem, 把as改成as if——错误
10、every one应改为all/each
26、allow doing; allow sb to do; allow sb/sth to be done; allow that表示承认
27、call for+ 名词/名词短语——正确； call for sth to do——错误
28、model after 仿照、模仿
29、if only because算是正确搭配
30、the possibility of doing sth/that——正确；the possibility to do ——错误
31、pay some money for sth花钱买东西， pay some money for doing sth 表示因做某事而赔偿多少钱
32、believe sth; believe sth to be; believe that
33、decide to do/decide on 决定做
34、rule on对…作出裁决
35、merge A with B ——正确；merge A and B——错误
36、mistake A for B
37、use sth as sth; use sth to do sth
38、likelihood + of, be likely to do
39、help to do/sb to do; helpful in doing
40、compare A with B 比较，同类事物；compare A to B比喻，不同类事物
41、at point, at equator, at pole, aim at doing
42、try to do/doing——正确；try and do/ try that——错误
43、distinguish A from B/ distinguish between A and B
44、something/ anything/nothing/things/someone/anyone/no one/ones 定语后置
45、encourage sth/sb to do sth——正确； encourage doing/ sth to be done——错误
46、food allergies泛指食物过敏； an allergy to some food 特指食物过敏
47、besides除了还有，包括——同类
except除了，不包括——同类
except for 除了，不包括——不同类
48、according to 根据， in accordance with与……一致
49、keep sth under control; in control of
50、order sb to do sth/ that+虚拟/sth to be done——正确；order sth——错误
51、propose sht/doing/sb to do/that+虚拟——正确；propose sth to be done——错误
52、credit sb with sth/doing；be credited with doing
53、at speed
54、as be the case(with……) 表明后者是前面概述的一个情况
55、effort to do
56、immune to不受影响， immune from 受保护，豁免
eg. You will eventually become immune to criticism.你终究会变得不在乎批评
Not even the president was immune from criticism by the press. 甚至总统也未能免遭新闻界的批评
57、risk of sth, risk of doing sth, risk doing
58、jump:若jump表示数量/水平的进步到一定程度，+介词to
固定搭配
1、 be responsible for sth/doing sth; be responsible to sb—— 正确
be responsible to do sth——错误
have a responsiblility to do; take responsibility for sth/doing sth
2、 consider sth sth
3、 than (sb) (had) expected/anticipated/estimated, 后不加宾语
4、 one another; each the other; each other; some others
5、 permit n/doing/sb to do/介词+n ——正确
permit that/sb doing/sth to be done; sb be permitted sth——错误
6、 make sth sth/ make sth adj (to do)——正确
make sth done——错误
7、 estimated to be，it is estimated that——正确；estimated at+表示价格等数量词
8、 the way in which/+句子/to do
9、 几分之一：多用one in four/one out of four，少用one of four
10、be necessary to do——正确；be necessary for/in doing——错误
11、土生土长于某地：be native to
12、be liable to do; be liable to/for sth——正确； be liable that——错误
13、can强调可能性，be able to 强调能力（不可be able to be done）
14、prohibit/prevent/stop/keep sb/sth from doing; sb/sth be prohibited from doing; prohibit sth——正确
prohibit that; prohibit sth from being done——错误
forbit sb to do sth; forbit doing sth; forbit sth——正确
forbit that, forbit sb from doing ——错误
15、require sb to do; require that; require of sb that; sth be required of sb；require doing
16、have difficulty/trouble in doing
17、find/deem/make it + adj + to do；find sth to be/as —错误
18、substitute A for B 用A 代替B
19、with the intention/aim of，注of 不可用to 替代
20、attribute A to B, A is attribute to B，注to是介词，只能加n,不可加be/do
21、be credited with/to， with/to 是介词
22、动作性名词强调结果,ing形式强调动作、行为
23、persuade sb to do——正确； persuade that——错误
24、sth be expected to do; it is expected that——正确
25、claim to do, claim that——正确
词的用法
1、 as
(1) 作介词：作为；+ n
(2) v……as: regard, view, see, think of, perceive, conceive, depict, define, begin, be acclaimed, be prized, present
(3) 作连词：a. 表原因
b. 表时间: 当…时
c. 像……一样(like+n, 注此形式置于句中常会引起歧义，多用as替代
(just) as A do, (so) B do;
(just) as A do, so too + 句子（倒装）
注：as从句中的v若与主句的v相同，可用do 替代，以免重复
(4) 作副词：as when/ as where 均可
2、doubt的肯定形式，可以由whether/that 引导宾语从句，但其否定形式，只可由that引 导宾语从句
3、where, while, whereas可引导状语从句，表转折意，“虽然，尽管”，但where只可放于句首
4、现在分词的完成时态having been不可作定语修饰名词
5、His: (1)他的,作定语，可加ving。Eg. Do you mind his speaking.
(2)他的（东西）—物主代词，可作主语，表语，宾语
Own: (1)形容词：自己的I saw it with my own view
(2)作代词（作表语，宾语）：自己的东西His view is similar to my own
6、directive 的同位语从句不可用虚拟语气
7、be grounds for doing sth——正确； be grounds that/to do——错误
on grounds of + 简单名词， on grounds that
8、like不用于举例，such as+n/doing，such as不加代词
9、aid 作名词：aid in/to doing sth; aid 作动词：aid in doing sth
10、because of/on account of/despite 后应加名词
11、increased/increasing不能放在名词后，只能放在名词前；
12、so/such…that不用考虑逻辑主语的问题， such后不加抽象名词, 不加to do
so as to用于单一主谓结构中，逻辑主语等于句子主语，so as to不可用于倒装句，不加被动语态
13、doing so——正确；doing it/them/this/that/these/those
14、副词使用的正确语序v+n+adv或adv+v+n
15、all not必须改成not all
16、after + n——作介词； after+主谓结构——作连词
17、there be句型的使用：there be+具体名词，表示自然存在
错误形式：there be + 抽象名词； there be sth done; there being +名次词组；there could be done sth
18、since可作连词、副词、介词
19、advise: (1) 建议：advise sb to do; advise sb on sth; advise sb that +虚拟语气
(2) 要求：advise sb against (doing) sth
(3) 告诉/通知：advise sb of sth; advise sb that(不用虚拟语气)
20、contrary to（违反）必须跟抽象的名词修饰主语，不可加人名或科学家之类的实义名词
21、provide: provide sth; provide sb with sth; provide sth for sb.
sb/sth provide sth for sth/doing sth or sb/sth provide sth to do
多数情况下选用for
to do的选择：1、to do 的逻辑主语是否与provide一致 2、是否表目的性
22、being的用法1、介词后表被动 2、被动语态进行时
3、名词和adj前常错，也须看去掉是否合理
23、倍数的表达方法：
(1) twice as many/much…as; twice the n; twice + what从句
(2)** times as + adj + as; ** times the + n
(3)double, triple, quadruple可用主动语态，也可被动，但不可与as搭配
24、extent/degree of sth, to…extent/degree
25、but instead 较少用，多but rather，但也有此用法，不可根据此排除选项prep73
26、base和compare必须用被动
27、一些形容词与副词意义不同的
significant 重要的—significantly 极大的； fair公平的—fairly相当地
simple 简单的—simply 仅仅，只不过；special 特殊的— especially 尤其地
28、rate: (1) 在比较结构中只可与rate比，不可与其他相比 (2)adj应用low, high,不可用prevalent之类搭
29、without (1)without n/doing中间不可加任何修饰: eg. without any water应改为 without water (2) 强烈语气表达，一般原文中无 (3) 较为简洁，优先使用
逻辑一致
1、 在转折关系中，事物的分类标准必须统一
2、 When 与if 从句不可随意互换
3、 词与词之间的逻辑搭配
优选结构
1、not but优于rather than 优于instead of
2、adj>抽n;
v>抽n;
作主语、作宾语、作介词结构、所有格结构的宾语，优先使用名词；
抽n>动词ing形式的名词
过去分词〉定语从句
3、on account of, because of, as a result of, despite之后只加简单名词，若其后加的是动名词、 名词所有格+动名词短语，或名词短语+复杂的现在分词修饰，或抽象名词，应改为although、because 引导的从句形式
4、B 介词 A优于 A B
(1)without n/doing中间不可加任何修饰: eg. without any water应改为 without water (2) 强烈语气表达，一般原文中无 (3) 较为简洁，优先使用