听力阅读加试机经

midsummer

听力加试-lecture three （相当全！有英文介绍，有考点）
LECTURE THREE
主题：拉格泰姆音乐(1890-1915期间在美国流行的一种音乐)Ragtime music


内容简介：Ragtime介绍了一种流行于美国十九世纪左右名为ragtime的音乐，能够表现年青人的活力(spirit of youth)之类的，此乐流行是由于piano的关系，因为两者真是太搭配了。在那个年代，在各种场合都用钢琴。此乐当时流行程度，就像Rock & Roll在某一时期一样。（有问题出现，女学生说了一堆后，来了一句 I just don't get it，意思是要教授explain），还说piano 之所以当时那么受欢迎，一是因为它能与音律产生和谐，另一是因为当时它算一种财富地位的象征什么的symbol of wealth and status。再加上那个年代，大家都没钱，就去public concert or restaurant什么的听音乐，而piano声音够响亮，又和ragtime music rhythm搭配的天衣无缝，所以，两者相得益彰这个音乐年轻人很喜欢，因为很有激情。除了到处演出啊，park演出等不用钢琴，因为难搬（有考点出现，because of transportation problem）。同时，此乐也是 jazz的前身，因为演奏者不按牌理出牌，一首曲七个人弹，弹出七种调。这种ragtime音乐影响很远啊，例如现在的jazz就是从那发展来的。
本篇文章要点：
分析：本篇文章在用词上面可能会有一些难度，因为涉及到专业的音乐词汇，另外本篇中也涉及到了句子的语气语调的考察，这种考察一般会涉及到listen again题型中，这个题型和旧托福中的part a部分相似，可以参考旧托福中的part a部分的材料和总结进行复习。

本文涉及到的背景知识介绍：Ragtime 拉格泰姆音乐(1890-1915期间在美国流行的一种音乐) Ragtime is an American musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1899 and 1918. It has had several periods of revival since then and is still being composed today. Ragtime was the first truly American musical genre, predating jazz. It began as dance music in popular music settings years before being published as popular sheet music for piano. Being a modification of the then popular march, it was usually written in 2/4 or 4/4 time (meter) with a predominant left hand pattern of bass notes on odd-numbered beats and chords on even-numbered beats accompanying a syncopated melody in the right hand. A composition in this style is called a "rag". A rag written in 3/4 time is a "ragtime waltz".
Ragtime is not a "time" (meter) in the same sense that March time is 2/4 meter and waltz time is 3/4 meter; it is rather a musical genre that uses an effect that can be applied to any meter. The defining characteristic of ragtime music is a specific type of syncopation in which melodic accents fall between metrical beats. This results in a melody that seems to be avoiding some metrical beats of the accompaniment by emphasizing notes that either anticipate or follow the beat. The ultimate (and intended) effect on the listener is actually to accentuate the beat, thereby inducing the listener to move to the music. Scott Joplin, the composer/pianist known as the "King of Ragtime", called the effect "weird and intoxicating". He also used the term "swing" in describing how to play ragtime music: "Play slowly until you catch the swing...". The name swing later came to be applied to an early genre of jazz that developed from ragtime. Converting a non-ragtime piece of music into ragtime by changing the time values of melody notes is known as "ragging" the piece. Original ragtime pieces usually contain several distinct themes, four being the most common number.

midsummer

听力加试-lecture two （相当全！有英文介绍，有考点）
LECTURE TWO
主题：浪漫主义诗歌
内容简介：主要介绍18-19 世纪英国浪漫主义(Romanticism)诗歌的代表人Wordsworth的诗。他是浪漫主义的鼻祖，但浪漫主义这个称谓是后人加上的，不是他们本身这样称呼自己的（有题目出现）。Romanticism不是我们平时理解的romance，和男女之间的爱情无关。Romanticism针对的是common people而不是少数educated people，用的是simple language，描述的是日常生活中常见的事物，孩子，人类情感，以及自然和人类之间的互动。教授以自己为例，说自己在散步时感受到了这种互动（有题目出现）与romanticism针锋相对的一种风格是neoclassicism新古典主义，也是那位romanticism的鼻祖很反对的。neoclassicism使用太多的elaboration，如sky不叫sky，而叫blue什么的；bird不叫bird，而叫feathered person。教授把该诗人的作品分为三个阶段。早期的浪漫主义作品，主要描述植物的（花与草）诗歌。 中期时是对一些社会现象的评论。后期时对早期的作品进行修改。目前文学界还是认为它早期的作品是最好的。教授还说，他的诗越写到后来越糟糕，反而早期的比较好，本文重点讲了他第一阶段的诗。

本篇文章要点：
本篇文章中涉及到了一道举例题，比如文章中教授会用自己的一个经历举例子，然后问教授为什么说这个例子，学生在听文章的时候应该注意到比如for example等词句，文中一旦出现例子，一定会有考题出现。另外，文章涉及到了一个事物的分类，像这种分类的情况，一定也会涉及到考题，比如填表体等等。所以考生在听得过程中，应该记住是怎么分类的，并且记住每一类的具体特征即可。

本文涉及到的背景知识介绍：

Wordsworth, as we have said, is the chief representative of some of the most important principles in the Romantic Movement, but he is far more a member of any movement, through his supreme poetic expression of some of the greatest spiritual ideals he belongs among the five or six greatest English poets.
First, he is the profoundest interpreter of nature in all poetry. His feeling for nature has two aspects. He is keenly sensitive, and in a more delicately discriminating way than any of his predecessors, to all the external beauty and glory of nature, especially inanimate nature of mountains, woods and fields, streams and flowers, in all their infinitely varied aspects. A wonderful joyous and intimate sympathy with them is one of his controlling impulses。

In the second place, Wordsworth is the most consistent of all the great English poets of democracy, though here as elsewhere his interest is mainly not in the external but in the spiritual aspect of things。

The obstinacy and these poems are only the most conspicuous result of Wordsworth’s chief temperamental defect, which was an almost total lack of the sense of humor. Regarding himself as the prophet of a supremely important new gospel, he never admitted the possibility of error in his own point of view and was never able to stand aside from his poetry and criticize it dispassionately.

midsummer

听力加试-lecture one （相当全！有英文介绍，有考点）
LECTURE ONE
主题：神经胶质细胞研究
内容简介：教授说早期对人类大脑的研究集中在神经细胞neuron，让一男生起来回答上节课的主要内容，男生说bioelectricity（生物电）
通过神经细胞传导，通过两个神经细胞的接触点传到下一个细胞，有趣的是说到这里被教授打断，说他答得已经很完整了（有题目出现，问教授打断他的用意）。glial cells（神经胶质细胞）的作用在早期被忽视了，人们认为胶质细胞只有支持神经细胞的作用。后来人们发现胶质细胞也有传导信息的作用，不是通过生物电，而是化学物质传导。于是总共有三种传导方式，神经细胞间，胶质细胞间，神经和胶质细胞互相传导。而且发现胶质细胞的数量及其巨大，远多于神经细胞。同时还可能有修复神经细胞，决定哪些神经长的大。教授又说，胶质细胞可能与智力有关，越多智商越高，但这不确定。教授说对胶质细胞的研究是一个很开阔的领域，建议学生们可以考虑毕业后作深入研究（有题目出现）。
本篇文章要点

分析：本篇文章所涉及的正是托福听力中最难的关于生物学方面的知识，所以其中的生词非常多，比如glial cell等，但是同学们要注意，凡是托福听力中涉及到的生词，都会出现一些解释原则对其进行解释说明，比如会出现which means等词语。
biology 讲glial cell（神经胶质细胞）。以往人们对神经传导的研究仅限于neuron（神经元），也叫nerve cell。神经传导通过electrical communication从一个结点传到另一个结点，神经元被认为起主要作用，glial cell（神经胶质细胞）研究的很少，一直被忽略，被看作help the growth of neurons（有题目出现），起辅助作用。
后来偶然发现大脑中glial cell（神经胶质细胞）比neuron（神经细胞）的数目多很多，glial cell（神经胶质细胞）引起了科学家的重视，开始研究它究竟起什么作用（有题目出现，问glial cell怎么引起科学家注意的）。
后来有一重大突破， 发现glial cell传导信号不是用的electrical signal，而是用chemical conductor（有题目出现）。传统观点一直误以为glial cell也像nerve cell一样用电信号。后来谈到glial cell可能的作用：使人更intelligent。对glial cell的认识目前十分有限，但相关研究已经开始流行，是大家毕业之后可选的研究课题（有题目出现）

本文涉及到的背景知识介绍：Glial cell is thought to help the growth of neurons. However， scientists accidentally discover that glial’s amount is much more than the neuron. So glial attract people’s attention. They use chemical conductor to communicate with others. In the past glial was thought to support nerve cell.

Glial cells (神经胶质细胞)and Neurons （神经细胞）：Glial cells， commonly called neuroglia or simply glia， are non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition， maintain homeostasis， form myelin， and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. In the human brain， glia is estimated to outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1.

Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons， the other main type of cell in the central nervous system. They are thus known as the "glue"胶水 of the nervous system. The four main functions of glial cells are to surround neurons and hold them in place， to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons， to insulate one neuron from another, and to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons.
Glia was discovered in 1856 by the pathologist Rudolf Virchow in his search for a 'connective tissue' in the brain. The human brain contains about ten times more glial cells than neurons. Following its discovery in the late 19th century， this fact underwent significant media distortion， emerging as the famous myth claiming that "we are using only 10% of our brain". The role of glial cells as managers of communications in the synapse gap， thus modifying learning pace， has been discovered only very recently  vIn addition to neurons， the nervous system is populated with another category of cells， glial cells. Glial cells are approximately 10 times more plentiful than neurons， but since they are approximately one-tenth the size， they take up equal size， glia is a Greek term meaning glue， researches originally believed that glial cells served as the putty that held the neurons together， and recent research indicates that these cells provide very important contributions.;

A neuron is the functioning unit of the nervous system， specialized to receive， integrate， and transmit information， the flow of information moves in the following direction.$