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【原创】语法刘杰老师课堂笔记整理

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GMAT语法三大特点:

1、句式复杂

2、考点明确

3、规律性强

*以下例题,如无特殊标明,均为小蓝题目;如果题目用红色标出,最好将题目背下来

常见错误:GMAT语法定义:最严格的书面英语)

1maybe一定错×,表示“可能”用perhaps, probably替换

2、表示“将来”,用will do


be going to do / be to do ×
太口语化)

3like用法:在GMAT语法中,唯一用法是prep. 唯一意思是“


Like+句子
×
e.g. like pearls do
×(句子)


Like不举例

举例用such as

4双重所有格
×


e.g. GDP of 2008’s
×
∵重复了



He’s a friend of my father’s.

5、代词


①任何代词≠一句话


e.g. Michael is rich,
which is true. ×


GMAT语法中,which指代前面一个句子就错

②一句话中出现两个相同代词=相同内容


e.g. …… he …… he ……
两个he指代相同的人

this, that 作代词,不能够“裸奔”


“裸奔”单独出现,既不修饰别人也不被别人修饰


e.g. Michael bought
this. ×


Michael bought this car. √(this 修饰car



This is a book.
×


This one is a book.

6that用法


①作代词不能“裸奔”


e.g. That car.
修饰car



The population (of China) is larger than that (of U.S.A). ()
内容修饰that


②做从句引导词可以裸奔


e.g. I know that he is Obama.

③做宾语从句引导词,that通常不能省


*语语法重要的不是句义、词汇意思,而是句子主要结构

TOP

句子的分类:(按结构分)

简单句:一套主谓结构

并列句:and / or / but


并列句两种形式:
SVO, and SVO.


SVO; SVO.
;”前后是完整句子

复合句:一个主句,若干从句


从句的定义:当某个成分用从句充当,就产生相应什么从句


e.g. Tom had a delicious meal quickly.



S …………… V ……………. O …………………………. .


主从句
表从句
宾从句
同位语从句 (that在从句中不充当成分)


n.
从句


定语从句:
adj.
从句

两种形式
that从句中充当成分
可以跨过修饰成分指代n.


, / prep
+
which
但不能跨过谓语V.指代前面n.


状语从句:
adv.
从句

选择相对最好的一项:

两种错误:
绝对错误:语法错误


相对错误:不好的表达

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三类相对错误:

1、表达不够简洁:


e.g. Obama made a significant impact.


adj.


Obama made an impact of great significance.
×


抽象n.(从别的选项v.变化成的n.


同根词比较:v. adj.
抽象n.
动名词doing

n. + that + be +adj. 不简洁

2、表达不清晰:


e.g. some food allergy
有歧义
some (food allergy)


A
B
(some food) allergy


allergy to some food


B
A


B prep. A A
B

n. pron. (代词)
e.g. 259.73

3、表达不忠实原文的意思:


e.g. Only Tom can understand birds.


Tom only can understand birds.


*Only
位置最好不变

Only 直接位于所修饰的词之前


e.g.
讲义19
there be
不好(∵啰嗦)


there be +
抽象n. 一定错
×


*being
一定错的三种形式:
there being


being + n. / adj.


n. + being done

TOP

常考比较句型:

1 more … than …

as
… as


①在倍数之后都对;但在数字之后,只有more than

②混搭错:
more … as


as
…. than …
×

2like 句型


Like
A, B V C.


B, like A, V C.
A
B要对等


B V C, like A.


e.g.
讲义1 unlikelike用法一样,reluctant to do 不愿做


讲义 2122
be similar to


*similar
只能做表语,放在be动词后

3、当as做“像”,一定是conj连词,一定+句子


e.g.
Owning a villa
is a dream of Tom,


as
it
is of Jerry.
E.g.
讲义201


*as
引导的句子,要和主句主谓对应

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专题一:平行结构

Ⅰ概念:并列连词连接两个或以上语法功能相同的部分


e.g. Michael love
apples and bananas.


What people do and what people love are often different.

1、词并列
n., n., and n..


adj., adj., and adj..

2、并列连词:

and / or / but / yet


短语
not … but …


not only … but also …


neither … nor …


either … or …


both
and(不能省略e.g. both to do and to do



… rather than

(可省略e.g. to do rather than do



* … as well as …
不是并列连词,但要求前后要平行


e.g. 3.7
260.78


*
not … but … … rather than …


rather than
大部分对(∵rather than 平行已包含instead of 用法)


instead of
一定错
×
(和rather than 同时出现时)


e.g. 269.116

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and链接N个对象的用法

1、当N=2时,A and B


A / B = SVO, 形式:A, and B.

e.g. 讲义3
persuade
+
sb. that / sb. to do


convince


that ×

2、当N2时,形式:A, B, C, and D.


*无论N是几,一组平行有且只有一个and

两组平行举例:A, B and C, and D.
*
先找大平行,再找小平行





②小平行
③大平行


e.g. 241.3

讲义4

3and连接要改为or的情况:当有逻辑错误 e.g. 249.32


e.g. 1.1
倒装句的本质在谓语前面找不到主语


n. + doing
表主动:I know the man telling stories.



n. + done
表被动:I know the story told by him.

Ⅲ平行结构的省略:

1、不定式/情态动词/助动词,并列可以省略


to do A and (to) do B


can do A and (can) do B


have done A and (have) done B


*
N2时,要就近平行
e.g. 277.143

To do A, to do B, and to do C.




To do A, do B, and do C.




*这种平行是否省略,关键看第②项:②省,后面省;②不省,后面不省。

2、从句引导词并列


①名从/定从,并列通常不能省


e.g. I believe that SVO and that SVO.


e.g. 1.2 B

②状语从句并列可以省


e.g. …… because SVO and (because) SVO.
原因状从句

3、介词短语并列,介词尽量保留(相对更好,语义表达更清楚) e.g. 讲义6

Ⅳ平行的本质语法功能相同,在此基础上尽量追求形式一致含义对等


e.g. Michael loves apples, bananas,
and success.
×


e.g.
讲义7


*
动名词doing可以和n.平行,但是有宾语的doing不能和n.平行


e.g. smell / touch / taste / sight /

hearing


hearing a sound ×
讲义7 A


e.g. 246.22


in a flash of inspiration
灵光一闪

TOP

专题二:时态

Ⅰ一般现在时:

1、表示经常性、习惯性的动作(核心:总是这样)

2、表示客观事实,客观规律可能考时态混用

*时态混用的情况:科研成果,政府决策,协议内容


e.g. Copernicus (
哥白尼) found that the earth moves around the sun.


过去发现
理论内容,客观事实


e.g. 252.46

Ⅱ一般过去时:

表示过去结束的动作

Ⅲ现在完成时:

1、表示过去发生的动作,一直持续到现在(理解本质,不要看标志词)


e.g. I have studied English for 8 yaers.

2、表示过去的动作,对现在造成了某种影响,句中没有明显的过去时间


e.g.
I had lunch, yesterday.


I have had lunch, yesterday.
×


I have had lunch, so I’m not hungry.


影响


标志词:
一般过去时
in / during + 过去时间


e.g. during the first world war



过去时间


last year / 3 days ago / previously // from 2002 to 2007


现在完成时
since(自从) + … (then 1995)

within
+ the last / past / recent 5 years


over


e.g. 255.55
280.155

15.8 increasedouble不能连用

Ⅳ过去完成时:

表示在过去的某个动作之前,发生的动作,即“过去的过去”,表示一种比较,常跟一般过去时连用,但距离现在的远近无关

e.g. Before XM went to America 3 years ago, he had lived in China for 18 years.

e.g. 274.132
as if
+
完整句子


as though

249.32

96.15
doubt + whether



no doubt + that

264.92

*主从句时态一致

1、动词时态首先和时间状语一致

2、文章无明确时间标志词:主从句时态一致


现在——现在
一般现在


现在完成


一般将来will do


过去——过去
一般过去



过去完成

TOP

专题三:主谓一致

Ⅰ就前原则:

1介宾


A
(prep B) Verb


Verb
和主语A一致


e.g. The
books by Rowling are very popular.


(Prep A), B (prep C)
(prep D)
(prep E) Verb.


介宾
主语

谓语



B
通常是介宾(90%),但是固定搭配除外


e.g. The number (of students) + is


(
A number of) students + are


固搭(量词里唯一的例外);


其他的:A group of
students
is doing …



A line of


*
一些常考到的固定搭配:a lot of students are


all of students are


hundreds of students are


10 percent of students are



*the rest of the students are


Rest
修饰students

2插入语

A(, B,) Verb


e.g. Michael
(, in spite of his age,) is still charming.

Ⅱ就后原则倒装的本质:谓语前找不到主语,真正主语是紧跟谓语后的n.


There is a rat in Michael’s car.


adv.


Here comes a car.


adv.

*公式:adj. / adv. / 介宾 + Verb. + 主语
(表系主完全倒装)


e.g. (On the desk) is an OG.


(In an old castle) lived a princess who was …

Ⅲ就近原则

not only A but also B

neither
A nor
B
+
Verb

either
A or
B


A or
B

Ⅳ复合主语


A and B are

主语


e.g. A house and a wife are necessary.


Money and a wife are necessary.


Water and air are necessary.


*
例外:当A and B是一个东西 + is


e.g.
A poet and writer is


一个“A”,一个人的两个头衔,共用一个“A


The Old and The Sea
is


《老人与海》书名会用斜体

*总原则:主谓一致就是主语和谓语要一直,关键是看谁是主语


Each (of students)
介宾 has an MP3.


Students (each)
同位语 have an MP3.


e.g. 14.7 the (leaf and small-stem) material


中心词:主语


D
项:parts同位语和主语单/复数可不一致(∵同位语从不同角度来解释主语)


e.g. Yuquan, a group …


e.g. 11.5
compare to
比喻


compare with
比较


e.g. 12.7 when
if 区别:


when
后面的事情一定会发生,只是时间问题


if
后面的可能发生也可能不发生


*
当出现这一考点时,
看哪个忠实原文的意思

e.g. 267.107


A or
B Verb
就近原则


few / many + pl.(
复数)



little / much + [u.]
不可数名词


e.g. 242.6


organism’s


‘s
所有格之后,优先用n.而不是doing小考点

②同意重复错误
attempt


try


OG 7
previously


in the past / ago

C项:try and do ×不书面


try to do


e.g. 244.13
介词微小差别不是主要考点,考固定搭配时才考介词



同意重复:rise, raise, soar, grow, increase, double, triple 任意两个不能同时使用

* (More than) one singer here has a car.


修饰成分
主语
谓语

TOP

专题四:同位语

Ⅰ概念:

1、词性:是n.

2、种类:
主语同位语
e.g. Libai, a poet of Tang dynasty, loved travelling.


宾语同位语

3、作用:解释说明

Ⅱ位置

主语同位语: n, S V O.


S, n, V O.

宾语同位语: S V O, n.
e.g. I admire LB, a poet of Tang dynasty.

Ⅲ结论(用来做题)

1、通过主语同位语,判断主语

2、句末同位语,优选


e.g.
255.56 D项:there be + done ×(∵表达不清)


E
项:主语,were done
×
主谓之间不能一个逗号


讲义10


*
句末同位语 S V O, n.
S V
O, which.


简洁

S V O, done. ×(应改为S V O done. 也不简洁)


e.g. 164.14 a consequence of
一个结果,句末同位语


DE项:… , done.


e.g. 244.15
distinguish
A from B


distinguish
between A and B


without

n.


doing


without one’s doing
×
(∵所有格后面加n.doing


e.g. 86.8
E
项:n. + having been done ×
一定错!


e.g. 246.20

so + adj. + that


改成such + 抽象n. + that ×


*So … that
结构当“So”放在句首,通常倒装,表示强调


273.129

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