[语法资料] 作业：白勇之分词和不定式（1-20题）

suners

1. Delighted by the reported earnings for the first quarter of the fiscal year, the company manager decided to give her staff a raise.

关键字：ed分词；逻辑主语； delighted，manager gives staff a raised

主语the company manager；谓语decided to give；宾语her staff a raise；delighted…ed分词短语做状语。

这个题没有什么可说的。很清楚。



2. According to a recent United States study, identical twins reared apart from each other showed striking similarities, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.

关键字：ed分词；逻辑主语；reared apart

主语identical twins；定语reared apart from each other；谓语showed；宾语striking similarities；插入语including many idiosyncrasies of behavior；According to…状语。



3. Prompted by new evidence that the health risk posed by radon gas is far more serious than was previously thought, authorities are advising property owners to test all dwellings below the third floor for radon gas and to make repairs as needed.

关键字：ed分词；逻辑主语；

主语authorities；谓语are advising；宾语property owners；to test…补语；Prompted by new evidence that the health risk posed by radon gas is far more serious than was previously thought状语；该状语中，that…引导同位语从句，同位new evidence

注意：advise的 用法
让我们看看mw。
transitive verb
1
a : to give (someone) a recommendation about what should be done : to give advice to <advise her to try a drier climate> b : caution, warn <advise them of the consequences>
c : recommend <advise prudence>
2 : to give information or notice to : inform <advise them of their rights>
intransitive verb
1 : to give a recommendation about what should be done <advise on legal matters>
2 : to talk with someone in order to decide what should be done : consult <advise with friends>
还有advise that… 后面用动词的原型。




4. The record of the past is always incomplete, and historians in writing about it inevitably reflect the preoccupations of their own time.

关键字：ing分词；preoccupations of their own time

2套主谓结构：
1． The record；主系表。
2． Historians主语；reflect谓语；the preoccupations宾语。

注意：为划线部分的代词their提示historian用复数。




5. Compared with other Native Americans of the Southwest, the Quechans were singularly uninterested in the accumulation of material wealth or in the crafting of elaborate pottery and basketry.

关键字：ing分词；逻辑主语

注意：
A be compared to B
A be compared with B

transitive verb
1 : to represent as similar : liken <shall I compare thee to a summer's day? — Shakespeare>
2
a : to examine the character or qualities of especially in order to discover resemblances or differences <compare your responses with the answers>
b : to view in relation to <tall compared to me> <easy compared with the last test>
3 : to inflect or modify (an adjective or adverb) according to the degrees of comparison
intransitive verb
1 : to bear being compared <the two don't even begin to compare>
2 : to make comparisons
3 : to be equal or alike <nothing compares to you>


名词和动名词的平行：in the accumulation of XXX or in the crafting of XXX

BY说，When you/if you都是口语用法。




6. Citing evidence that the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere has increased more than seven percent in the last 30 years, many scientists have expressed a fear that destruction of forests and continued use of fossil fuels will cause an irreversible shift in Earth’s climatic pattern.

关键字：ing分词；逻辑主语

主语many scientists；谓语 have expressed；宾语 a fear；that…同位语从句；citing…是状语。

注意：
平行：destruction of forests and continued use of fossil fuels




7. Spanning more than fifty years, Friedrich Miller’s career began in an unpromising apprenticeship as a Sanskrit scholar and culminated in virtually every honor that European governments and learned societies could bestow.

关键字：ing分词

主语Friedrich Miller’s career；2套谓语began and culminated；That…定语从句修饰every honor；Spanning more than fifty years是状语。

注意：apprentice as




8. In theory, international civil servants at the United Nations are prohibited from continuing to draw salaries from their own governments; in practice, however, some governments merely substitute living allowances for the paychecks of their employees who have been assigned to the United Nations.

关键字：分词

分号分隔两套主谓结构。
1. 主语international civil servants；谓语are prohibited from；
2. 主语some governments；谓语substitute；宾语living allowances；for…状语，修饰substitute；who…定语从句，修饰employees。

注意：
substitute A for B 是用A代替B
substitute A with B是用B代替A
in theory, …,  in practice, …




9. Clark and Florence Wallace, a husband-and-wife medical team, worked steadily and efficiently through the night, but as they sipped their coffee the next morning, she noticed that he seemed disoriented.

关键字：同位语；

But分隔两套主谓结构。
1. 主语Clark and Florence Wallace；同位语a husband-and-wife medical team；谓语worked；
2. 主语she；谓语noticed；宾语that从句；as…状语。




10. Using a Doppler ultrasound device, a physician can detect fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy.

关键字：ing分词

主语a physician；谓语can detect；宾语fetal heartbeats；using…是伴随过程状语；by the twelfth week of pregnancy时间状语。

suners

分词和不定式11-20题


11. By installing special electric pumps, farmers, according to one agricultural engineer, could use the warmth from cow’s milk to heat their houses.

关键字：ing分词；逻辑主语

主语farmers；谓语could use；宾语the warmth；from cow’s milk宾语的定语；to heat their houses宾语的补语；by…状语；according to…插入语。


12. In addition to having more protein—than wheat does, rice has protein of higher quality than that in wheat, with more of the amino acids essential to the human diet.

关键字：逻辑意思；破折号

主语rice；谓语has；宾语protein；宾语的定语of higher quality than that in wheat和with…;in addition to…状语。


13. Defense attorneys have occasionally argued that their clients’ misconduct stemmed from a reaction to something ingested, but if criminal or delinquent behavior is attributed to an allergy to some food, the perpetrators are in effect told that they are not responsible for their actions.

关键字：被动语态；逻辑主语

But分隔两套主谓结构；
1. 主语Defense attorneys；谓语 have occasionally argued；宾语从句 that their clients’ misconduct stemmed from a reaction to something ingested

2. if…状语从句；主语the perpetrators；谓语are told；宾语是that…从句。

注意：attribute A to B（原因）; A is attributed to B（原因）
at•trib•ute-verb-transitive verb
1: to explain by indicating a cause <attributed his success to his coach>
2
a : to regard as a characteristic of a person or thing
b : to reckon as made or originated in an indicated fashion <attributed the invention to a Russian>

例句：
Air pollution has been partly attributed to cars.
Having qualities generally attributed to a woman.
The drama is attributed to Shakespeare.



14. Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted.

关键字：逻辑主语；代词指代

主语Alaska；谓语deposits；宾语some of its profits；宾语的定语 from the sale of oil；into…状语；定语intended to sustain the state’s economy修饰fund；状语after…修饰to sustain。

注意：Intend to do; intention of doing/to do
Intention
1: a determination to act in a certain way : resolve
3
a : what one intends to do or bring about

例句：
She announced her intention to run for governor.
He bought a dog with the intention of training it to attack intruders.


15. In an assessment of the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.

关键字：分词；句尾；逻辑主语；分词作定语

主语the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor；谓语is；表语irrelevant；in an assessment…workers状语。


16. In his research paper, Dr. Frosh, medical director of the Payne Whitney Clinic, distinguishes between mood swings, which may be violent without being grounded in mental disease, and genuine manic-depressive psychosis.

主语Dr. Frosh；同位语medical director of the Payne Whitney Clinic；谓语distinguishes；宾语mood swings and genuine manic-depressive psychosis；定语which may be…disease修饰mood swings。

注意：
distinguish A from B; distinguish between A and B
例句：
The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish one from the other.
His mind could no longer distinguish between illusion and reality.


May + be vs. maybe
May作助动词时
1c —used to indicate possibility or probability <you may be right> <things you may need> ; sometimes used interchangeably with can <one of those slipups that may happen from time to time — Jessica Mitford> ; sometimes used where might would be expected <you may think from a little distance that the country was solid woods — Robert Frost>

Maybe作副词时=Perhaps

五个选项的差异中，其中一处是may be和maybe的区别。May be修饰mood swing，意思是“mood swing有可能是violent的”；maybe修饰violent，“可能是violent的”。


17. Although it has not been proved that the consumption of any particular food will reserve hardening of the arteries, studies indicate that refraining from eating certain foods can help reverse blockage of coronary arteries, the blood vessels that feed the heart.

关键字：具体化同位；ing分词的完成式

主语studies；谓语 indicate；宾语 that从句；同位语the blood vessels that feed the heart，修饰coronary arteries；Although…arties状语从句，其中that the consumption of any particular food will reserve hardening of the arteries是主语，it是形式主语。


18. Once the economic and social usefulness of the motor car was demonstrated and its superiority over the horse had been proved, much of the early hostility to it in rural regions disappeared.

关键字：平行结构的形式对称；

争议在于B) and its superiority over the horse had been vs. c) and its superiority to the horse.

Had been proved 和(was) proved。讨论从had been是否合理到superiority over还是to。

白勇书中本题答案B和句子结构-特殊结构-省略结构中，举c)为例。


19. As business grows more complex, students who major in such specialized areas as finance and marketing are becoming more and more successful in the job market.

主语students；定语 who…marketing修饰students；谓语 are becoming；表语 more and more successful；状语 in the job market修饰谓语; As…状语从句。

注意：such XXs as XX; XXX such as XXX;


20. Cajuns speak a dialect brought to southern Louisiana by the four thousand Acadians who migrated there in 1755; their language is basically seventeenth-century French to which English, Spanish, and Italian words have been added.

关键字：分号

分号分隔两套主谓结构。

1.    主语Cajuns；谓语 speak；宾语a dialect；定语 brought to…in 1755。
2. 主语their language；谓语 is；表语 basically seventeenth-century French；定语从句 to which…have been added修饰seventeenth-century French。