with的用法（
伴随一般被视为累赘）

1.
独立主格，表示伴随，所以必须修饰主谓宾结构，而非主系表结构。

独立主格三种形式：

1)一般形式（独立部分与主句部分无太多关联）n.+n.，n.+V-ed/v-ing，n.+介词短语/形容词短语

2)with形式（与主句主语有紧密的逻辑关系）：with+宾语+宾补，如：with+n.+v-ed/v-ing/介词短语/形容词短语

3)each形式（必须前面有复数名词）： each+v-ed/v-ing，each+介词短语/形容词短语，each+n.+介词短语

*：with型独立主格在GMAT中常常被判累赘。

With引导独立主格结构有修饰歧义--放在中间可修饰前者也可修饰后者。

Eg. 关于夹心修饰 (byaeoluseros)：

所以歧义修饰，是因为引发了不同的理解，而并不是语法上是否会有不同的修饰，所谓夹心修饰也是这个原则。很多人对“夹心修饰”都有过一个误解，认为S,v-ing, V. + O.结构中，v-ing既可以往前修饰S，也可以往后修饰V就是夹心，而实际上夹心并不是“可以往前修饰S，也可以往后修饰V”。在S, v-ing, V. + O.这样的表达中，v-ing约定俗成只伴随修饰动词，见下例：

prep2-104 The yield per acre of coffee berries varies enormously, because a singletree, depending on its sizeand on climate and altitude, is able to produce enough berries to make betweenone and twelve pounds of dried beans a year.

这个句子里depending不能改为dependent，因为depending和dependent的区别在于，前者伴随修饰谓语动词is able to produce，后者则是修饰名词single tree，会造成逻辑上不对
——
“一棵树依靠它的size”。

   with独立主格结构：

由“with     ＋宾语＋宾补”构成的复合结构，在句中可作状语，表示伴随。这一结构中的宾语补足语可由现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词或介词短语等来充当：

Visitorsto the park have often looked into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleepingon the branches, with arms and legs hanging like socks on a clothesline.

With no naturalpredators and expanses of green suburban neighborhoods that allow no hunting,wildlife officials estimate the New  Jersey deer population to have grown to exceed 175,000

A.
With no natural predators and expanses ofgreen suburban neighborhoods that allow no hunting, wildlife officials estimatethe New Jerseydeer population to have

B.
With no natural predators and with expanses of green suburbanneighborhoods that do not allow hunting, wildlife officials' estimate of thedeer population in New Jerseyhas

C.
With no natural predators and with expanses of green suburbanneighborhoods where there is no hunting, the deer population in New Jersey, wildlifeofficials estimate, has

D.
Without natural predators and no hunting allowed in expanse of greensuburban neighborhoods, New Jerseyhas a deer population that wildlife officials estimate to have

E.
Without natural predators and with expanses of green neighborhoods wherethere is no hunting, wildlife officials in New Jersey estimate a deer population thathas

Birdsknown as honeyguides exhibit a unique pattern of behavior: the bird leadsanother animal, such as a honey-badger or a human, to a bees’ nest withtheir chattering when they fly ahead; after the larger animal takes honey,the bird eats the wax and bee larvae.

A.
with their chattering when they fly

B.
with chattering and its flying

C.
by chattering as it flies

D.
by chattering and [url=]its flying[/url]

E.
bychattering as they are flying

题目释义：the birdleads sth , , to a bees’ nest by chattering as it flies

主语是the bird，谓语动词lead sth to someplace, by+分词结构为方式状语，as引导时间状语从句。

指代一致，逻辑表达

1.
with和by的区别：

(1) 做某事时通过什么方法或手段用by：dosomething by (doing) something。

(2)表示使用有形工具时，通常用with来表示：write with a pen,see with naked eyes, strike with a hammar

(3)作”用”讲时，by和with的区别在于：with表示行为动作的工具，后面的名词一般要有冠词；by表示动作的手段，后面的名词一律不用冠词。

2.
as和when引导的时间状语含义不同：

(1)
as表示"当……时""一面……一面"，"随着"。具体用法如下：

1）
表示"当……时"、"和……同时"。常指从句的动作未结束，主句中的动作就已发生。从句中多用表示动作的动词，而不用be动词或表示感觉、理解、知道这类动词。

e.g.  As hestood there, he saw two men enter the bar.

Shedropped the glass as she stood up.

2）
用于平行的动作中，表示"一面……一面……"。常指一个主语同时进行两个动作。

e.g.  Thestudents took notes as they listened.

3）
用于平行发展的结构中，表示"随着……"。常指一个行为是另一个行为的结果，或一种状态随另一种状态变化。句中的动词多表示状态的发展变化。

e.g.   As thewind rose the noise increased.

Asit grew darker it became colder.

Ashe grew older he became more confident.

(2)
when表示“当……的时候”。从句中既可用延续性动词，又可用非延续性动词，这些动词既可以表示动作，又可表示状态。从句中的动作既可和主句的动作同时发生，又可在主句的动作之前或之后发生。

When I came into theroom, I found him lying there asleep. <表示动作，主从动作同时发生>

Mary was havingdinner when I saw her. <表示动作，主从动作同时发生>

When you meet a wordyou don't know, consult the dictionary. <表示动作，从句动作在前>

She was beautifulwhen she was a girl. <表示状态>

*：所以，when引导的仅仅是最单纯的时间状语，在要表示伴随含义的时候，用as比用when更为合适。

(A)
they以及their和前面未划线的the bird指代不一致，应为单数it；通过某某方法要用by，而不是with；when引导的时间状语从句没有伴随的含义，应该用as更好。

(B)
通过某某方式要用by，而不是with；chattering and its flying不平行；时间状语改为平行结构少了伴随、同时发生的含义。

(C)
Correct，这里as是“一面飞一面喋喋”，上面谈到的as引导时间状语时的第2中用法。

(D)
chatteringand its flying不平行；时间状语改为平行结构少了伴随、同时发生的含义。

(E)
the bird应为单数，指代词要用it。

Becauseof wireless service costs plummeting in the last year, and as mobile phones areincreasingly common, many people now using their mobile phones tomake calls across a wide region at night and on weekends, when numerouswireless companies provide unlimited airtime for a relatively small monthlyfee.

A.
Because of wireless service costs plummetingin the last year, and as mobile phones are increasingly common, many people

B.
As the cost of wireless service plummeted inthe last year and as mobile phones became increasingly common, many people

C.
In the last year, with the cost of wirelessservice plummeting, and mobile phones have become increasingly common, thereare many people

D.
With the cost of wireless service plummetingin the last year and mobile phones becoming increasingly common, many peopleare       (D)

E.
While thecost of wireless service has plummeted in the last year and mobile phones areincreasingly common, many people are

题目释义：With ….,many people are now using…..,when

With引导独立主格结构作原因状语，主语many people,谓语use的进行时态,when引导时间状语修饰谓语动词。

题目释义

1）在主从复杂句子中要注意主句和从句的主谓结构是否齐全，常见的错误选项是缺少主句谓语。

(A) and前后的分句结构都不完整；because of和as不平行对称；because of后面核心词只有costs，无法表达出完整含义，awkward。

(B) 缺少主谓成分，句子结构不完整；in the last year通常与现在完成时搭配；未划线部分的provide用的是一般现在时，则as mobile phonesbecame increasingly common中，became应该用一般现在时；两个as引导的原因状语从句并列

(C) and前后成分不平行；and后面句子run-on的错误；此处there be句型不及主谓结构更有效，wordy；in the last year提前，从仅修饰the cost of wirelessservice plummeted变为修饰整句话，造成逻辑错误

(D) Correct；with可以表示原因，与as含义相似(见补充说明)；注意become和increasingly并不重复，increasingly只是表达了more and more的含义，become与more常搭配使用

(E) while引导的从句要与主句发生在同一时间，可是wireless service hasplummeted与主句不是同一时间发生的，用while错误，而且用as表示原因或伴随更为合适

1. with是有"因为"的意思：(the following explanations are fromLongman dictionary)

释义: because of a situation that exists:

With John awaythere's more room in the house.

短语: withsomething doing something     

I can't do myhomework with all this noise going on.

2. 注意in last与in the last的区别：

e.g. : Did you seethe game on TV last night? 昨天晚上

e.g. : Interest ingolf has grown rapidly in the last ten years. 最近十年

再如大全242. Despite the recent election of a womanto the office of prime minister, the status of women in Pakistan is littlechanged from how it was in the last century.

(A) is littlechanged from how it was

(B) is a littlechange from how it was

(C) has changedlittle

(D) has changedlittle from how it has been

(E) is little changedfrom the way it was

Key：C。last 此处意思为"最近的"而不是"上一个",否则就不必用the.