正确性错误................................................................................................................................ 1

逻辑关系的正确性................................................................................................................... 2

主谓搭配.................................................................................................................................. 2

代词指代.................................................................................................................................. 2

固定搭配.................................................................................................................................. 2

对称性..................................................................................................................................... 2

省略原则.................................................................................................................................. 2

严重的有效性错误.................................................................................................................... 4

严重违反了原文的意思........................................................................................................... 5

简洁原则（语义重复）........................................................................................................... 5

轻微的有效性错误.................................................................................................................... 4

轻微违反了原文的意思........................................................................................................... 5

新东方规律总结........................................................................................................................ 4

错误的表达方式...................................................................................................................... 5

优选结构.................................................................................................................................. 5

有效性原则.............................................................................................................................. 5

题型总结.................................................................................................................................... 4

宾语，定语结构...................................................................................................................... 5

时态......................................................................................................................................... 5

形容词，副词的区别............................................................................................................... 5

Rate.......................................................................................................................................... 5

and........................................................................................................................................... 5

like/as +比较............................................................................................................................ 5

so/such..................................................................................................................................... 5

名词修饰.................................................................................................................................. 5

过程动作/状态结果................................................................................................................. 5

with.......................................................................................................................................... 5

all/each..................................................................................................................................... 5

without..................................................................................................................................... 5

倒装......................................................................................................................................... 5

虚拟语气.................................................................................................................................. 5

If…then..................................................................................................................................... 5

语义不清.................................................................................................................................. 5

正确性错误（Correctives）

1. 逻辑关系的正确性

（1）事物本身不说明问题，要事物的变化说明问题。

Price 不能说明 inflation----price increase

教堂 不能说明 建筑物古老---教堂仍然屹立

佛州 不能说明 经济增长---佛州的就业情况改善

（2）词与词之间的逻辑搭配

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射线本身可以说invisible radiation, 波长不行 invisible wavelength Ｘ

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人本身可以说blind people, 视力不行 blind eyesight Ｘ

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术语refers to 人，本身不是人

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城市发展represent 原则，本身不是原则

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The body was the manＸ, the body was that of the man

（3）事物不能和自身比较，要把本身排除在外

Than any other

（4）逻辑主语和谓语动词搭配问题

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分词省略结构

现分 doing 主动

过分 done 被动

不定式要明确动作发出者

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形容词省略结构

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当逻辑主语未出现时，主动可以变被动

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在转折关系中，事物的分类标准必须统一

老人…but 女人Ｘ

Big museum…but 综合性museum Ｘ

（5）严重损坏 and 彻底摧毁Ｘ  应该是or

Prevent and inhibit Ｘ
prevent or inhibit 预防或者治疗

（6）句子的修饰顺序不能变，不然强调中心就变了

      Detect a condition that is present

      不能变成 Detect the presence of a condition

（7）改变原句的合理意思

      把when从句改成if 从句Ｘ

（8）常识错误

In the Middle Ages, the world is flat.
Ｘ

In the Middle Ages, the world is believed to be flat.

（9）导致global warming的不是fossil fuels, 而是burning of fossil fuels

2. 主谓搭配

（1）主语和谓语

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在英文中永远只有主谓搭配，同位语对谓语动词单复数没有影响

Students each have

Each of the students has

Five hundreds students, a group, each have

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主语，同位语，谓语

The capital of Bosnia, Sarajevo’s population….
Ｘ

中心词population才是主语的同位语,所以错

（2）倒装

There be + A and B

Be 动词的单复数由A决定

介词短语/形容词短语 作表语放句首+系+主

（3）定语从句内部主谓搭配

A of B that 谓语

One of n that 谓语

Only one of n that 谓语

N1 谓语 N2， that

N1 谓语 N2， which
（that 修饰紧跟前面，which 不一定）

（逗号Which 不可以指代前面整个句子，但是可以指代前面句子里的任意一个名词，一般是离逗号最近的那个）

（4）名词性从句和分词短语+单谓

（5）如果原题主语谓语中间插进了很多定语状语，答案可能是把定语状语放到前面，让主语和谓语靠在一起，这样可以make the clause stronger

e.g. Tom, in his books, carefully coordinating the, with his narratives, capitalized…

In his books, which she carefully coordinated with her narratives, Tom capitalized…

（6）A 介/连 +谓

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随后原则

Not only, but also

Not…but

Neither…nor…

Either…or

Nor

Or

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随前原则

A of B + 谓语

所有其他不是随后原则的

A with B,

A as well as B,

be integral to A and B…

A, including B

A, together/along with B

A, no less than/more than B

A besides B

A except B

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看of 后面的名词决定

Part/most/some/all/分数百分比/the rest of +n+谓语

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复数动词

Ø
A and B, 无论A和B是可数还是不可数

Ø
A total of +复数n

Ø
An average of

An average of 12 persons come…

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单数动词

Ø
完整句子做主语

Ø
news

Ø
表整体性词组

A body/collection/array/series/set/portion/group of +复数n+单数v

例外A total of/an average of复数n+复数v

Ø
物质名词作主语，谓语动词用单数

Equipment, stone, citrus (柑橘), iron, milk, dioxin(OG 有复数dioxins)

Ø
学科名词作主语，谓语动词用单数，但以下两个作特殊含义时例外

Statistics (统计数据), Economics (经济政策) +复数

Ø
The average of

Ø
集体名词

administration, army, audience, class, crowd (一群，一伙)， faculty (全体教员)， orchestra, team,group.

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Majority/minority/plurality 作主语

---指整体动词+单数v

---指整体的每一个个体+复数vs

The majority of students in this class are hard workers.

The student majority is opposed to the death penalty. 单数名词+ majority

3. 代词指代

（1）单复数名词的指代问题

（2）人和物的指代错误

（3）同一句话中的代词和不定代词（One/ones）

（4）同一句话中的相同代词(they, them, their) 必须指代相同的词

     代词前面出现一个以上的同复数（或单数）的名词，代词指代一定有问题。

（5）代词不能指代一句话，只能指代一个特定的主体

     当动作发出者是前面的整句话，即前面整句话对后文的影响

     用”新名词/doing”，不能用it/that/which/to do

（6）虽然代词不能指代一句话，但有例外 (It 作形式宾语)

It is + adj + to do/that

（7）代词只能指代中心词，不能指代修饰语，有一个例外：

A of B…, it (可以指代A or B)

（8）代词优先指代句子主语，除非明显看出单复数不一样

（9）特指>泛指

（10）有It, 尽量把它往前放，减少指代歧义。如果放越后面，指代的可能性对象就越多，语义不清。

（11）Jose’s room is so messy that his mother calls him a pig. X


Jose’s room is so messy that his mother calls Jose a pig.

      因为第一句的him指代Jose’s, 不符合题意

（12）代词不能指代“插入语”中的名词，因为插入语可以随时抽离

, in…,….them

Them 不能指代in的宾语

代词宏观

5个选项同时使用名词和代词，尤其是原题使用了代词，答案一般选把代词换成了名词的选项

4. 固定搭配

（1）require---sb to do

Of sb that +虚拟语气

That+虚拟语气

（2）help (to) do

help sb (to) do

help in doing

（3）begin, depict, regard, perceive, represent, be prized, think of, see, view, acclaim, act

   
+as + n/adj

Regard as A, not as B

（4）consider sth sth/adj (不加as)

Appoint sb sth

Consider sth to be X

Consider sth as sth X

（5）prohibit sb from doing

Forbid sb to do

Forbit/prohibit sth

Forbit/prohibit that X

（6）at pole, at point, at equator, in/at doing, in that>because, add in doing

（7）compare A with B
比较

Compare A to B
比喻

Compared with/to sth 在GMAT里面通用

（8）try---to do
---and do
X

---doing
---that
X

（9）believe---sth to do

That +宾语从句

Sth is believed to be

（10）distinguish A from B

Between A and B

（11）something/anything/nothing/things

Someone/anyone/no one/ones

+adj

（12）Besides
包括在内

except
同类

Except for
不同类

      如果except前有逗号，那么要用but except (即第二个分句要有连词)

e.g. Mauritius was a British colony, but except in the domain of education.

（13）order sb to do

Sth to be done

That +虚拟语气

Order sth
点菜

（14）food allergies
泛指

An allergy to some food 特指

（15）according to
根据

In accordance with 符合

（16）Be estimated to be

It is estimated that

（17）encourage sb to do

Sth

Encourage sth to be done X

Doing X

（18）make sth sth

Sth adj

Make sth done X

Have sth done

（19）keep sth under control

Be in control of

（20）credit sb with doing

Be credited with doing

(21)
It may well be that…很有可能

It may be that…
有可能

（22）一般介词后面不能加that,但是有三个例外

but that、except that + 完整主谓 （=but）

In that
(>because)

（23）It was not until… that…

（24）,if any, 做插入语 （如果有的话）

（25）many+名词，if not most, 动词

（26）as…as…, if not more so.

（27）inasmuch as
因为,既然=since

      Inasmuch as he has been bankrupted, I will not ask money from him.

Insofar as
在。。。范围内

      I’ll help you insofar as I can.

（28）名词的否定形式：

not A, but B;

not A, but rather B;

…, not/rather than/instead of B

…, but not B Ｘ

not…but rather…比not…but…的语气强烈

（29）phenomenon 后面只能跟 in which (在这个现象里面) 不能跟where

The period/at a time +when

The year +that

      1990 is the year that I was born.

An age/the way+ in which

      We are living in an age in which golden calf is idolized.

The next time/the way +句子

（30）It is hoped that….

…, it is hoped,…

     一般有hopefully 都错，太口语化

（31）表示举例

For example/instance,

Whether it is A or B or C

Such as + 名词/doing
不能加句子

Like to do/ such as to do X

（32）Worry about

Worry concerning/over X

（33）be responsible for sth/doing sth

Be responsible to sb

Be responsible to do X

Take the responsibility to do

（34）One…another

Each…the other

Some…others

（35）Sb propose sth/doing sth

Sb propose that 虚拟语气

Sth propose that 没有虚拟语气

Sb propose sb to do

Encourage/believe/propose sth to be done X

Make sth done X

Order sth to be done 可以

Have sth done 可以

（36）肯定句 Doubt that/whether

     否定句
don’t doubt/have no doubt that 不能写whether

（37）sth sell well

Sth is sold for $

（38）than expected/predicted/estimated

Than sb expected/sb had expected

（39）than usual

（40）blame…on…

（41）one of 复数名词+that V(复数)

The one of/the only one of 复数名词+that V(单数)

      复数名词 each have

Each of 复数名词 has

Every dog and cat has

（42）make sth sth/adj

Make it adj to do

（43）be regarded as A/adj/doing, not as B

（44）be estimated to be 价格以外的东西

Be estimated at 价格

（45）descend from

Be a descendant of

（46）from … to … 结构中to前面不能够加up或者down

（47）介词+one’s doing
X

      介词+doing/sth

（48）aged 30 or older

Aged 30 and over

（49）one in four/out of four/one-fourth
四分之一

（50）capability of doing sth/to do

Capability for doing X

（51）confidence in sth/that

Confidence about sth

（52）主动表示被动

read like..; read well; prove helpful; sell well;

一般不使用被动

lead; cause; enable; become; receive; visit; lack; enter; cost; possess; resemble; last; like; enjoy; notice; watch; look at; listen to ; pay attention to; suit; fit; contain; so as to do; be able to do; be likely to do.

（53）It is +adj+虚拟语气

important/natural/essential/imperative/necessary/ vital/ advisable/ obligatory/ best/ incredible/ ironic/ preferable/ appropriate

不加虚拟语气

Allow that

Rule that

Sth propose/suggest that

（54）It is alleged that/to do
据称

（55）be native to some place
土生土长于某地

（56）think of …as

Think of…to be/doing X

（57）prohibit sb from doing

Prohibit sb to do/that…X

Sth is prohibited from being done X

（58）at least as great as

As great as or greater than

（59）be liable to do

Be liable for/to sth

（60）cannot do A, much less/even less do B

（61）mandate sb to do/that+虚拟语气

（62）this, that, these 不能直接做主语，必须加了名词才可以

（63）apprenticeship as +职业

（64）substitute sth for sth

（65）sb attribute A to B

A (结果) is attributed to B （原因）

（66）with the intention of

（67）be credit with +原因(having done)

A credit to sb for having done

（68）do it/this/that/these/those X

      应该改为 do so

（69）all sb has to do is do…and do…

      省略 is 后面的 to

The only thing that 永远错, 必须改成 all，更简洁

（70）claim to do/that

   
He claims to be able to process it.

He claims that he can process it.

（71）rather than + do 放在句中，后

Rather than + do/doing 放在句首

（72）aid in doing sth

（73）with the aim of doing

Aim at doing

（74）no amount of 怎么。。。也不

     
No amount of money can make up for the death of my father.

（75）double, triple, quadruple, quintuple

      只能是主动

（76） sth is …times as +adj/adv as…

Sb is 百分数 more likely to do…than to do…

（77）less of 修饰前面的动词，而不是后面的名词

      例： emit less of pollutant

（78）In contrast to/with

（79）at one time永远错，不符合书面语，应改为 once

Similar to 放在句首永远错，应该改为
Like

Different from 放在句首永远错

Similar to the way 永远错，表达不简洁

Higher numbers of 永远错，应改为 a higher number of

（80）as…as 肯定句

Not so…as 否定句

（81）Nowhere is sth more…than…

Nowhere is the recovery in financial market more evident than in corporate bonds. 金融市场回暖在企业债券方面最为明显

（82）Despite + n

      不可以加 doing/句子

（83）more ancient than>older than书面语

（84）have sth done 使某事被做

（85）threaten sth
threaten the stability of the region

Threaten （不及物）to do
He can threaten to call the deal off.

（86）take turns doing sth, 不是to do.

（87）It is likely/liable that…

（88）The extent to which, to the extent that

（89）look to …for… 指望   look to your brother for help

（90）less 可数、不可数都可以

（91）likelihood that

（92）seek support from/of sb

（93）on condition that +虚拟语气

（94）model after

（95）the reason that

The reason…is because
X

（96）the+ more than 数词+ n

      Set free the more than 500 slaves

（97）Rates for (rates=price charge)

（98）introduce into

（99）in danger of

（100）cite A as an instance of B

（101）mistake A for B

（102）the use of sth to do sth

（103）the rivalry between A and B; rival A and B;A rival B for sth.

（104）break with sb in sth

（105）distinction of being

Jupiter has the distinction of being the largest planet.

（106）alliance and treaties[必须一起出现]

（107）that is[表示那就是说,不能用which means]

（109）diminish[不能用impede] the possibility of doing sth

（110）looking to sb to do sth

（111）recoup sth/recoup sb for sth

（112）it was not until….that….

（113）Target at----target to X

（114）pronounce sth sth

（115）A is to B what X is to Y.


A对B来说就像X对Y来说那样

（116）restriction on

（117）in the domain of

（118）…that, in turn,…

In turn一般在动词前面，一般不能把in turn放到句尾

（119）be dated at 1990, 不是be dated to be 1990

（120）sb should be blamed/ sb is to blame

（121）the loss to sth

（122）in the contrary, to the contrary

（123）credit the success in doing sth/to sth

（124）no less was X than was Y

（125）sb liken sth to sth

（126）agree with sb

Agree to plan/action

（127）discourage sb from doing sth

（128）indifferent towards

（129）retroactive to 时间

（130）sacrifice X for Y

（131）so…as to be/as to constitute

（132）pronounce X Y, declare X Y, consider X Y

（133）have preference for

（134）sth is scheduled to do (do在这里主动表被动，被做)

（135）reach a speed of/speeds of
a height of/heights of

（136）whether A, B or C

（137）…, as was the case with….

（138）…and thus do sth
表示因果

…, thus doing sth
表示伴随

And 和thus不一定要黏在一起，中间可以有助动词隔开

     
He is blind and have thus/therefore never seen any trees in his life.

（139）the extent of

The degree of

（140）it takes sb some time to do

it takes sb some time until X

（141）honor the promise to sb to do sth

（142）more than=more so than

（143）GMAT中compare to/with是一样的，都是表示对比

（144）be immune to sth 对…免疫

Be immune from sth=exempt 免除

（145）on the grounds that..../of

（146）such as=as varied as

（147）…is not so much that….as that
与其说。。。不如说。。。

According to one expert, the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is not so much that dogs are being bred for looks or to meet other narrow criteria as that the breeds have relatively few founding members.

（148）sth entails doing sth 意味着。。。

It entails driving a long distance everyday.

（149）proof for sth/proof that…

e.g. It is the proof for my completion of work

It is the proof that I’ve completed my work.

（150）number 大小比较要用smaller/greater than,不能用more, fewer,less

（151）otherwise=were it to do so

（152）namely 后面不跟完整的句子，只能跟名词·词组·n

Namely that +完整句子

…, namely that they variably changed over time.

（153）be synchronized with  和。。。一致/同步

（154）sth leak into 主动表达，

（155）appear to have done
似乎。。。

Appear as sth
以。。。出现

（156）act as 表。。。的功能     It acts as my alarm.

Act like 表。。。的行为    He acts like an adult.

（157）be expended on

      
Large sums were expended on model farms.

（158）under the protocol

（159）support …for…(不要用to do)

（160）A is as likely as B to do

A and B are equally likely to do

（161）threat of sth(威胁的抽象内容)
threat from sb

（162）sales in sths
sales for sth X

Sell sth for 价格

（163）wait for sth=await sth

Wait to do=await doing

（164）what…look like

How…look

5. 对称性

As well as, rather than, not only…but also…, and

（1）形式上对称

     现在分词和过去分词可以对称

     主动和被动可以对称

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省略

前后两个分句都是不定式的时候，后半个分句的”to”可以省略

前后两个分局都有be 动词，后半个分句的 be 可以省略

而且一般把 to, be省略的都是正确答案

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平行对称

分句1，分句2，分句3 and 分句4

1. 肯定句
and

   否定句/选择句
or

   两个程度不同的词要用 or 连接 (damage or vanish)

   只有出现 no/not才是否定句，（nor/neither/never）都不是

   I’ve never been to USA and Australia.

2. 省略

to do A, to do B and to do C

to do A, do B and do C

           把 to 改成 can 一样, 要么全有，要么全省

3. 翻着考

            句1，句2， and 句 3
X

才逗号不能连接完整的主谓结构，要用分号；

4. 分号前后要是完整的主谓结构

5. the same…as…

(the same to sb as to sb)

6. 副词不能做连词

副词不能够起连词的作用，如 worrying over…, also over…., also是副词，不能够连接两个介词短语。如：its worry concerning…, also concerning…, also不能够起连词的作用，以上两个例子全错

7. 前一分句用to do, 后一分句也尽量用to do

The best way to build a house……, but the most popular method now is to do… (不用that, doing)

The only way to know is to take the plunge.

The only way to know is taking the plunge. X

8. 代词平行排列

I prefer to hire employees who work hard to those that don’t. X

I prefer to hire employees who work hard to those who don’t.

9. include 前后含义对称

The production of new cells includes the brain growing in mice. X

The production of new cells includes the brain growth in mice.

（2）含义上对称

a. 动作性名词-----动作性名词

Duty assignment and the staffing of people (不是the staff)

动作性名词

The onset, the assignment, the staffing, the splitting apart (裂开)

             动词ing前面加the 就变成名词

b. 两个句子用and连接，最好主语一致

To Ann, Paris is her home and she remained in France during WWII.

             Ann made Paris her home and she remained in France during WWII.

6. 省略原则

（1）两个句子并列，第一个句子含有be动词或者become，第二个句子中的be动词或者become必须省略，同时，一些重复的名词或形容词也必须省略。

例如：Once the economic and social usefulness of the motor car was demonstrated and its superiority to the horse proved, …(proved前省略了was).

（2）习惯性省略

As needed/planned/required/scheduled

Whenever necessary/needed/possible

Wherever necessary/needed/possible than ever

Than before/ever before/usual/expected/predicted/estimated/anticipated

Consider sth sth/adj

Prove adj

  （3）一句话中尽量避免重复使用同一个词

…through their being lifted by a chain drive through…Ｘ

  （4）动词的省略，只能是do V---do

       不能是are doing---are, have done---have

e.g. The wines are priced to sell and they (wines) do---确实卖了.

严重的有效性错误 （serious effectiveness）=correctives

   （1）严重违反了原文的意思

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极端性修饰词位置发生改变

First, last, only
(only you---you only)

Only 和all 的修饰位置不能随意改变（原文修饰谁，选项应该还修饰谁）

Primarily从句中放到开头

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强烈预期的添加或丢失

Any, not unlike (非常喜欢) , however, whatever, wherever

e.g. I don’t know student in the class 不等于 I don’t know any student in the class.

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Must不能用should 代替, Will 不能用may 代替

原文情态动词不能改变.

若在题中的划线部分(即A选项)中发现情态动词，那么在最后的正确答案中必须有些情态动词或类似语气的词出现。

原文没有as if （though）,选项不能有as if (though)

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句子强调重心发生了一个彻底的改变

(1) 把句子的主干变成从属

主语改变

(2) 把句子的从属变成主干

e.g. 把状语从句  变成  一个独立的句子（where/when/that---and）

She has a house where many parties are held.

She has a house and many parties are held there. X

It is a work that…and that critic Sam pronounces it the greatest novel.

It is a work that… and critic Sam pronounces it the greatest novel. X

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把倒装句变为正常语序一定错

如果原句是倒装，BCDE全是改成正常语序，一定选A

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如果原句是正常语序，也不要轻易改成倒装句，awkward and confusing

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介词/so/极端性词+… 倒装

（2）简洁原则

      语义重复-----严重

From….up/down to
不能加up/down

Double-----increase

Opposition---against

Orbit---around

Gain---achieve

Superiority---over

Annual---a year

By the name of---be known as

With---by---include---use

Rise---raise---increase---grow---soar

Now---currently

The possibility that…might do (应该去掉might)

amount to a sum

substitute and in place of

once in every [number] [time]

increase/decrease and up to/down to

be explained---because

e.g the phenomenon is explained not just because…,but also because…X

the phenomenon is incurring not just because…,but also because…

No matter how 应该改成
however

With sth included （with和included重复）

Withhold---disclosure

Seem---like

be able to/ability and afford

consequence and result

can and potentially(can, potentially,…is right)

share the same

return back

although and may

no less than/nothing other than(在完全美有比较的情况下赤裸裸的出现在名次前)

pay and payment

enable---be able to

same---exact

rarely---ever

sum---total

academic---in school

ensure---must

while---simultaneously

though---yet/but

other than what it is ----precisely the opposite

sufficient---enough

include---among them

2. 一个句子里面连续两个that引导的从句, 去掉一个that, 可改成to do

e.g. They have found evidence that suggests that the elephants….

They have found evidence to suggest that the elephants….

3. not any一定会被no替代；

that which一定会被what替代；

having been done会被done(限定词)所替代。

不严重的有效性错误 （light effectiveness）

（1）轻微违反了原文的意思

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弱语气的添加或者丢失

Just，even

As he do, I am a student.

1. As he is, I am a student.

2. Just as he is, I am a student

3. Like him, I am a student

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以下不可以随意替换

Only if---if

However much---however

Should---if

Be like---be not unlike

If---on condition that

n---any +n

like---just like

以下可以替换

May---might

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句子的强调重心发生轻微的改变

主动---被动

状语（即修饰成分）的位置发生改变

把状语从句+ and 改成 并列的第二主句

E.g. Laos has only four million in population, among whom many are members of hill tribes.

---Laos has only four million in population, and many are members of hill tribes. X

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时态发生变化

一般过去---过去完成

一般现在---现在进行

Since
现在完成

Originally
一般过去

Becoming
现在进行

Earlier in the year
过去完成

The economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year.

新东方规律总结

（1）错误的表达方式

Whether or not

Do it
(应该是do so)

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口语化的表达方式

When you, …. X

If you X

Maybe X
(应该是perhaps)

Hopefully X

(应该是It is hoped that…)

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主观的色彩表达方式

Be to do/be going to X ------should

Avoid X -----keep sb from doing

Have to X ---must

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Being 放在 adj 或者 n 前面X

Being done 可以，被动语态进行时

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There be sth done
X

There being sth
X

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Similar to 放主句或者从句的句首X---用like

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Concerning/with respect to X --- about/over

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Be able to be done 能够被做 X

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Base, compare 只能被动---based on, compared with

Prove, double, triple, quadruple, 只能主动

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If + 名词

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Like X ---seem

As X ---as if

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Every one X ---all/each

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举例不能用Like---要用such as

或者such +n + as

(such crops as corns and beans)

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This, that, these, those 不能单独出现，要+n

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Seeming X ---seemingly

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In comparison with---compared with

In isolation with---isolated from

In contrast with---contrary to

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Is 单独出现X

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双重所有格 A of B’s CX

The rates of Mideast immigrants' entrepreneurship X

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All…not X ----Not all

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N1, doing, N2 X
doing的指代对象不明

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其他

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Enough在画线部分一定错！

Enough…to…是主观表达，一般在GMAT里面都是错的，换成so…that

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把LIKE换成SEEM，AS 换成AS IF一定错。As though = as if

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Make comparison of 错！ 要用compare。

With the intention to错！ 要用intend。

Be able to be done错！应改为can be done

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Doubled, tripled, quadrupled 错！ 只能用主动

The doubling of the sales could occur…错！； the sales double 对！

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Such as to 错！

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Try to 错！
Try and make 错！

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Like this/that/ these/ those
错
; such + n
对

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Do it
错(指代不清)
;
do so 对

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All not 错（有歧义）； not all 对

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To do sth is to do sth 对，doing sth is doing sth 从未错过正确答案

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Visit..where 错！Visit..that (可省略)对！因为visit 及物

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把because,换成since, X 因果关系变得没有那么强烈

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把that换成what

Avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year

Avoid the recession, what many had feared earlier in the year X

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Some reason is attributed as the cause of some phenomenon X

Some phenomenon is attributed to some reason

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In one’s doing X

e.g. in his trying to X----in his attempt to

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时间状语一般放在开头比较清楚，放在主语和谓语的中间就不好

（2）优选结构

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Not… but…>rather than>instead of

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Even though/if, Although+句子>Despite + n / despite of + n

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B 介词 A> AB

Inability of French>French inability

Sediments from the Baltic Sea>Baltic Sea sediments

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介词+which>where

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Adj+n>n +that be adj

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名词+more adj>more adj 名词（more 修饰对象有歧义）

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在其他完全相同的情况下

名词>代词

同位语>定语从句

主动句>被动句

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In that>because>by doing>because of >due to
(in that 现在已经不怎么用了，太正式了，用for更好一点)

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So+adj>such+抽象名词

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表示“是否”，whether>if

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Can>Able to do>ability of sb to do>capable>capability

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To do>of doing>for doing

表示动作目的的时候只能用to do, 不能用for doing

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Obituary>death 更正规

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比。。。少，不管可数还是不可数，都可以用less, 不用few

People是个例外，一定要用fewer

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尽量使用书面语

Obituary>death

Once>at one time

More ancient>older than

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Increase in sth>more sth

A 55% increase in delays> A 55% more delays

后者不清楚和谁比增加了55%

At a lower cost>cost less
(书面用，比间接性更重要)

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实意n>v>adj>抽象n>分词，动名词>从句

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V>adj

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Adj>抽n

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So+adj>such a adj n

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V>抽n

半抽---aim, base, cost, force, help, result, increase…

优先选用他们的动词含义

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抽n>现在分词，动名词

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分词，动名词>从句

重复性v---政府法令----现在分词

一次性v---定语从句

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Whereas>while 在表示对比的时候，因为while可以表示同时，也可以表示对比，比较ambiguous

注意对比(whereas)前后的句子的主语要一个性质(e.g. 35% ---70%),structure 要parallel

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Try>make an attempt

Differ>have difference

Idealize>ideal

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在表示”是否”的时候，whether>if

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主动>被动    （如果by sb 在划线部分之外，可以保留被动）

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GMAT偏爱用that 引导宾语从句，同位语从句，因为解释的清楚，且避免结构复杂

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Include>with, with代表的意义太宽泛

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To do>as a way of doing

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Sb’s doing
(Katherine’s becoming a journalist) 一般都是X

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Using>by the use of

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Not+动词> 有否定词前缀的动词

---because it more effectively expresses the intended negation

e.g. not accompanied>unaccompanied

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It引导的that从句一般都很wordy

Sb is at falut for doing> It is the fault of sb to do

St is expected to do> It is expected that st do

Maybe>It may be that

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Twice>two times

（3）. 有效性原则 （按错误严重性排序）

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There be+抽象n
X-----只能+实义n

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情态动词的添加和丢失X

Can, may

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Come, become, go, remain

表示方向性词，一定要保留，原文中没有不要加，改为Be 动词也错

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介词和助动词尽量补出

And补出介词  取消歧义

As, than 后面补出介词

补出不一定对，不补不一定错

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定语从句和分词省略结构的就近修饰原则

（全划线的常考）

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在其他完全相同的情况下

定语从句that 作为宾语尽量省略，作为主语不能省略

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逻辑关系的强加，丢失和改变X

When
时间

If
条件

Because
因果

Although 转折

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代词指代尽量清晰明确，不能指代不清

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A of B ---无生命

B’C--------有生命

题型总结

（1）宾语、定语从句

（1）宾语从句

一定要有that, 不可省

    动词+n+that…X

Verb that…, that… and that…

(that不可以省略)

N in which…, in which and in which…

（2）定语从句

That/which 的区别

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That+限制性定语从句

That 前不能加介词，要紧跟名词，不能跳跃修饰

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Which+非限制性定语从句

Which 前可加介词，不能紧跟名词，要加逗号，可以跳跃修饰,但一般认为是修饰前面最近的词（OG11）

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Who/whom---人

That/which---物

Whose---人，物

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N where… and in which X

N where… and who X

N who…and whose

（3）Time/period
when

2012
when

Age
in which

Year
that

Date
at which

（4）前面整句话对后面的影响，用新名词/doing

用which, to do, this, it X

（5）n that ….v …如果that 后面的修饰语太长，则可以将that 放到v后面

A new type of jet engine is being tested that could eventually propel aircraft anywhere in the world。

（2）时态

     同一句话中现在时，过去式不能混用

     出现before, after, once等代表事件顺序的词，前后分句的时态要不同

e.g. They want to see whether tourists will continue to visit game parks to see rhinoceroses once the animals’ horns have been trimmed.

     考单一时态

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一般现在时

客观规律，真理

科研成果和统计资料

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一般过去式

Originally, centuries ago

To have done 表示的是一般现在时，不是现在完成时

e.g. They are thought to have lived 2,000 years ago

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现在进行时

政府法规法令 directive, sentence

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现在完成时

Since

一大段时间

短语 （the world has ever seen, than ever before possible）

within/during/over/in + the past/last/recent + 时间短语

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一般将来式

The possibility that/the likelihood that

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Continue

不能用进行时

不能用复合时

Is and will continue doing X

(3) 形容词、副词的区别

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转义

Significant (重要)----significantly (极大程度的)

Fair (公平的)-----fairly (相当的)

Simple (简单)-----simply (仅仅地)

Special (特殊)-----especially (尤其的)

Economic(经济上的)---economical (节约的)

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修饰名词用形容词

修饰形容词用副词

Recent extended sales (recent 一定是修饰sales)

Clothing could be packed flat
(flat 一定是修饰 clothing)