总结1：抛砖引玉整理裕发思路。如果大家有更好的，请忽略这里。

当看到题目，看到选项，哪些是“必杀错误”？哪些“死缓错误”？哪些是通过比较才能得出？

曼哈顿裕发上提到的考试时总的思考规律：Grammar， Meaning， Concision。我们就按这条线来看。

一，Grammar 上的错误都是必杀错误

有哪几大类？－主谓一致（先找句子结构，主谓不一致得必杀）

                      －平行对称（这里提醒：句子一定要读完再选。不能只读到划线就完了）

                      －比较（这个点比较大：谁跟谁比较？什么和什么能省略？比较中的固定搭配？数字比较方式）

                      －代词指代（有几个特别固定的，一出现大家就要警惕：which／that／this／等等）

                      －时态（指那些非常明显的错误，遇见过去完成时还是要思量一下）

                      －句子缺少成份

三，Concision 这里的错误大多是要通过理解句意，比较选项，选出最优的。

            （a）wordy：主动大于被动；

                                  动词优于形容词优于名词；

                                  凡是能用一两个词语表达清楚的，就不用从句 比如：the way in which＝how那么选择how，而不用the way in which

            （b）重复：
being这个词总是容易引起重复的嫌疑，大家要注意噢。看到being选项，再多看看别的选项，是否有更简洁的说法。

NN们总结的容易“重复”的词 （有点多，大家有选择的看吖 ）

Achieve a gain／Pay the payment／Possibility & might ／Both & alike／Soar & rise／Amount to & sum／Decline, declension & down／Manifestation & show／Attempt & try／

Annual & a year／Can (表示可能) & potentially／Orbit & around／By the name of & be known as／Likely & maybe／Never & again

it is doing and will continue to do/have been and will continue to do => will continue to do

may be ＝ unlikely／It seems unlikely that...may...／and ＝also／attempt to ＝ try

Like A, B also／possibility....might/might possibly／annual...a year／can ＝potentially => are potentially／never regain again／Payments are not expected to be paid／Although...but...／Because... therefore...

despite
<> yet
/
in the past <> previously
/ enable <> be able to
/
now <> currently
/ explained <> because of
/ even though <> but
/ although <> yet
/ reduced <> lowered
/ regain <> again
/ possible <> may
/ today <> now
/ enough <> so that

after ～when／substitute ～ in place of／once in every [number] [time]／both A as well as B／soar ～rise ～increase／ increase/decrease ～up to/down to ～／opposition～against
／be able to/ability ～ afford／can ～ capability／can ～ potentially(can, potentially,…is right)／consequence ～ result ／may ～likely／that of his own／return back／although ～ may （我这里写出来的意思是条件或让步壮语从句中不应出现表uncertainty的词否则是redundancy）／use as ～ borrow against／also ～ like/as／share the same／withhold disclosure／no less than/nothing other than(在完全美有比较的情况下赤裸裸的出现在名次前)／reason ～because

自己补充一个 due to ～ with the result （OG12－033）

Because an oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging, the manufacturer has announced that it will cut production by closing its factories for two days a month.

(A) Because an oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging,

(B) Because of plunging prices for computer chips, which is due to an oversupply,

(C) Because computer chip prices have been sent plunging, which resulted from an oversupply, 主动大于被动＋which误指代prices 句意改变

(D) Due to plunging computer chip prices from an oversupply, 表达方式太费劲

(E) Due to an oversupply, with the result that computer chip prices have been sent plunging,
”due to“
和
”with the result“
重复＋表达方式太费劲

正确答案：A

再补充一个 To Tom, this book is his ~~~

For Tom, this book is his ~~
(OG12-052)

To Josephine Baker, Paris was her home long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, and she remained in France during the Second World War as a performer and an intelligence agent for the Resistance.

(A) To Josephine Baker, Paris was her home long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate,
重复＋Paris做主语和后一句不符合

(B) For Josephine Baker, long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Paris was her home,
重复＋两句的主语不一致

(C) Josephine Baker made Paris her home long before to be an expatriate was fashionable,
表达方式笨拙，可以有更简洁的

(D) Long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Josephine Baker made Paris her home,

(E) Long before it was fashionable being an expatriate, Paris was home to Josephine Baker,
笨拙＋两句主语不一致

正确答案：D

1.关于语法，现在考的真的很奇怪，好像有些口语化的语句了，我考到一个thank you if you could......if you can‘t please ........这种以前从没见过的

[by 爱吃巧克力］

2.语法  原题不解释40: GWD-29-Q29

                                                                           ［SAILINGDAY]

原题如下：

Most of Portugal’s 250,000 university students boycotted classes in a one-day strike to protest a law that requires them to contribute $330 a year toward the cost of higher education, previously paying $7 per year.

A.year toward the cost of higher education, previously paying $7 per year

B.year toward the cost of higher education, for which was previously paid $7 per year

C.year, compared to the previously $7 per year, toward the cost of higher education

D.year toward the cost of higher education, instead of the $7 per year required previously

E.year as opposed to the $7 per year required previously for the cost of higher education

正确答案D

以下是我个人的错误选项分析（大家悠着点儿看）：

A：v-ing分词，既不是修饰谓语boycotted，也不是修饰前面整个句子。所以不对。

B：which会被误解为指代临近的名词education，which也不能指代前面的句子啊。

C：这个选项比较迷惑。首先previously是副词，不能直接修饰$7。而且compared to的比较对象是谁啊？compared to这个短语放在这里就会让人以为比较对象是主语。

D：正确

E：句子表达不简洁，还有 required 这个v-ed紧跟在year后面，会产生歧义，以为是要修饰year的。

总结知识点：分词结构的用法

a）提到分词，少不了要考虑逻辑主语的问题，判断规律如下：

1） v-ing／v-ed分词短语在句首起状语作用，逻辑主语等于句子的主语

2） v-ing在句尾：

（a）表伴随动作，状态，功能，与句子谓语动作同时发生，逻辑主语等于句子主语

（b）表伴随结果，整个句子是原因，导致分词动作产生，无逻辑主语。可以在分词前面加thus，thereby，in effect等，也可不加

3） v-ed在句尾，优先就近做定语，修饰就近名词

4） 介词或者介词短语＋v-ing：比如 in addition to／in／by／without／besides＋doing，句子～。

（a）在句首，逻辑主语＝句子主语

（b）在句尾，可能为句子主语，也可能不是

b)
现在分词v-ing功能：定语或者状语

做定语：最常见的是要紧跟在修饰对象后面噢～中间没有符号～

换句话说就是，当看到一个v-ing，前面没有逗号，那它的作用只能定语，修饰最临近的名词。

但是也有在句末的情况：

OG10-39

For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows and spears.

A. a method to protect

B. as a method protecting

C. protecting

D. as a protection of

E. to protect

如果前面的句子是个主系表结构，由于系动词是一个状态不存在“被伴随”，但是v-ing分词已然修饰的是整个主系表结构，所以后面的v-ing分词也可以被解读为修饰前面的名词成分：animal－hide shields。或者 items。因为主系表种主语宾语都是同一事物。

要注意的是，现在分词在句尾且有逗号隔开，这个结构从来没有失去过“做定语”的功能。只是优先做状语而已。即优先修饰到前面主句和谓语。

再来个例题：

Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.

(A) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are

(B) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

(C) Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

(D) Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,

(E) Neuroscientists have amassed, over the past twenty years, a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,

这个题目中，我选了E，不考虑句意的情况下，E选项中的谓语为have done 形势，表示已经完成了，这样drawing就无法再做其的伴随状语啦，所以只剩下定语功能，这样就会修饰到adulthood，产生歧义。

做状语：

在句首，则要考虑和主语的逻辑关系：是否是主语发出的动作？

在句末，前面必须有逗号，而且这个分词要么伴随谓语动词同时发生，要么伴随逗号前面整个句子表示结果是～～

过去分词v-ed功能

做定语：在句末，前面有逗号，则优先就近做定语，修饰就近名词

              紧跟在名词后面，后置定语。

做状语：在句首，要考虑这个动作和主语的逻辑关系噢。

总结知识点：比较类题目中出现compared 时

og12－131题中B选项就出现compared to，大家看看琢磨一下

Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, while in Germany it is just over 33 percent.

(A) while in Germany it is just over 33 percent
“it”指代不清，前句中有很多单数名词可以被误作为it的指代对象比如：energy／nuclear power＋while有很多别的意思，在这里有可能被误读。

(B) compared to Germany, which uses just over 33 percent
这个是把75％的产自核能的量跟德国这个国家比较，错

(C) whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany

(D) whereas just over 33 percent of the energy comes from nuclear power in Germany
这个地方“the energy”会让人以为是暗指前句中的75％的能量，有误解

(E)
compared with the energy from nuclear power in Germany, where it is just over 33 percent
整个句子不简洁＋it同A选项一样指代不清

这个题目要弄明白比较的对象到底是什么？

法国75％的能量产自核能
VS
德国__?(33)__％的能量产自核能

3.愈发感觉句子不复杂，愈发考点也不明确，做的时候很不好判断啊~~希望大家注意

[by huiwazi]

4.SC有一道honeybee stinger 但是我刚翻了prep，是变体，通过unlike平行筛到剩两个以stinger作主语的选项，然后一个是同位语barbed,一个是定语从句which is barbed...不确定选哪个

[by  Sunlovejulia]

Prep上的关于honeybee stinger的题目和prep上的解释

prep1－194

Whereas the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed and cannot be retracted from the skin, because the yellow jacket has a comparatively smooth stinger, it is therefore able to be pulled out and used again.

A. because the yellow jacket has a comparatively smooth stinger, it is therefore able to be pulled out and used

B. the comparative smoothness of the yellow jacket’s stinger allows them to pull it out and then can therefore use it

C. the yellow jacket’s stinger is comparatively smooth, and can therefore be pulled out and used

D. in comparison, the yellow jacket’s stinger is smooth, and thus able to be pulled out and used

E. in comparison, the yellow jacket has a smooth stinger, thus allowing it to be pulled out and used

正确答案：C

A：whereas表示对比，但是此选项后半句并没有在逻辑上形成对比。because从句属于夹心修饰。can优于able to，且和前文中的cannot呼应。it在这里指代前文的yellow jacket。

B：表达不简洁。them指代不明。use的动作发出者变成smoothness。

D：in comparison与whereas意思重复。can优于able to do，且与前文cannot呼应。

E：in comparison与whereas意思重复。比较的对象不对称，前文是stinger，后面最好也要出现以stinger为主语的句子。

prep2－193

As the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted, this results in the act of stinging causing the bee to sustain a fatal injury.

A. As the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted, this results in the act of stinging causing

B. As the heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes

C. The honeybee’s stinger, heavily barbed and staying where it is inserted, results in the fact that the act of stinging causes

D. The heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted, and results in the act of stinging causing

E. The honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed and stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes

正确答案：E

A：staying～这个部分有夹心修饰的嫌疑。this不能指代句子。results in～这个部分不简洁

B：句子结构不完整，没有主句

C：主语stinger谓语results。逻辑意思不对，stinger怎么能results结果呢？是被蛰这个事情result一个结果。

D：逗号加and 表示and前后是两套完整的句子结构，这里明显不是。而且stinger不能是result的动作发出者。result后面部分不简洁。

总结知识点：with的用法

（with用法很纠结，我整理了好久也没有个完整的头绪，我把自己整理的贴上来，大家凑合着看。个人水平有限，抛砖引玉为主）

给一道og例题86题

The results of the company’s cost-cutting measures are evident in its profits, which increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after it fell over

the last two years.

(A) which increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after it fell
单复数指代＋increase不要用过去时，否则不能区别跟fell前后发生的顺序，尤其是在这个after出现的情况下。

(B) which had increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after it had fallen
时态＋单复指代

(C) which have increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after falling

(D) with a 5 percent increase during the first 3 months of this year after falling

(E) with a 5 percent increase during the first 3 months of this year after having fallen

正确答案C

别的错误选项咱不谈，就说说with。og官方解释with的错误原因是 It is not clear what connection is being described by “with”.

With在og中的用法总结（仅代表个人观点，摘自CD预发版总结）:

1）with紧跟在中心词后作定语表限定修饰

2）主语，with短语，谓语+宾语。作为状语修饰主语，如果with结构放在句末则有歧义，不知是修饰主语还是宾语

3）主语与with有逗号隔开，形式有“with短语，主句”和“主句，with”，with短语修饰主句中的主语，with表示“有”的意思

4）主语+谓语+宾语，with短语。with短语修饰宾语，with表示“有”的意思

总结：从1）2）3）4）可以看出，with紧跟修饰语作定语时表限定，with与修饰词用逗号隔开则作为状语表示非限定，

例如
Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott Joplin's ragtime opera Treemonisha was not produced until 1972, sixty-one years after its completion.

(A) Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged（正确答案）

(B) Except for a concert performance with the composer himself staging it（可以推断此句中with希望与that同样表限定，此选项的错误点在staging时态问题。此外，With后可以用doing形式，不过with短语是作为副词作状语，不能修饰名词

(E) With the exception of a concert performance with the staging done by the composer himself（表达的不简洁）

例如
The root systems of most flowering perennials either become too crowded, which results in loss in vigor, and spread too far outward, producing a bare center.

(C) with the result of loss of vigor, or spreading（应用with结构不存在正确性问题，只是相对resulting不简洁。而且可以推断此处with结构与which与resulting均表非限定）

(D) resulting in loss of vigor, or spread。（正确答案）

来个更简洁的with NN总结

我觉得with的使用应该分为两种情况

1. ,+with引导的独立主格结构, 在句末修饰前面的句子或动作，表示补充句子含义。

with独立主格结构：“with ＋宾语＋宾补”构成的复合结构，在句中可作状语，表示伴随。这一结构中的宾语补足语可由现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词或介词短语等来充当

2. with引导的介词短语, 这时和其他介词短语一样, 在主谓宾句子中如果想作状语或修饰主语的定语, 就要把介词短语提至谓语动词之前以避免产生歧义, 如果是作修饰宾语的定语, 好象一般采用分词短语或从句

with短语做状语三个功能（伴随原因、动作、状态是独立主格的基本功能，只是因为三种独立主格形式的不同具体应用起来也不同罢了）：

1. 表示原因，此时不需要考虑逻辑主语，只是修饰前面整句

2. 表示伴随动作(非伴随结果)，此时需要注意逻辑主语，且前面不能是完成时态(这样就不能伴随动作了).（with短语要表示伴随结果则需要用with the result of，如prep2-193）.

3. 表示状态（此时前面需要是主系表），同样需要逻辑主语。

5.具体题目不记得了，说一下考点吧

1）which 的非限制性定于从句

2) as ... as...

3) 有一题很确定：是or 的并列，选项的最后是 or signal （为动词原型）其他的选项都不是动词原型（singaling之类的东西）

4）主谓一致 ，只考了一个

主语 A and B +定语+ 谓语（谓语为复数）

5）逻辑主语考了不少

6）语意重复：in the previous time / previously 和before放在一起了

7）both ... and

8)
neither...nor...

[by  crabtreevelyn]

总结知识点：as...as...

从曼哈顿(pp145)裕发上摘来几个关于as..as的正确例句和错误例句,越是简单的例句越能说明问题。

正确例句

Cheese is AS GREAT AS people say.

We have AS MANY apples AS need to be cooked.

We have THREE TIMES AS MANY apples AS you.

We have AT LEAST AS MANY apples AS you.

We have ten apples, ABOUT AS MANY AS we picked yesterday.

His knowledge springs AS MUCH from experience AS from schooling.

His knowledge springs NOT SO MUCH from experience AS from schooling.

He wins frequently, AS MUCH because he plays so hard AS because he cheats.

错误例句

Cheese is SO great AS people say.

Cheese is SO great THAT people say.

We have AS MANY apples THAN you.

We have SO MANY apples AS you.

We have AS MANY OR MORE apples THAN you.

We have THREE TIMES AS MANY MORE apples AS you.

We have ten apples, ABOUT EQUIVALENT TO what we picked yesterday.

His knowledge springs NOT from experience AS from schooling.

总结知识点：主谓一致

1.
主语和谓语必须同时存在. 此处请注意：出现connecting words，比如连词and，but，...／比如because，定从中的which，...，要去看看是否句子缺少v；有主句分句出现，是否各自v都齐全。等等

2.
主语谓语要在一起逻辑上有意义。此处注意：看清主语是否是v的发出者，被动还是主动？

3.
主谓必须在单复数上一致。

a)
判断时eliminate the middlemen, skip the warmup.
翻译来说就是把隔在主谓之间的那些碍事儿的东西都忽略掉。那么哪些时所谓的碍事儿的middlemen和warmup呢？

举例：介词结构——A (of B) ／ ~(for ~) / ~(by 1980) / ~ (in ~) / ~ (with her) / ~ (at that level) / ~(to the store) / ~(on their orders) / ~(from the office)

从句结构——
看个句子：When the auditors left, the executive (who ~~) was ~~~.

修饰语——
比如
分词，同位语，插入语。看个句子：(Limping,) the horse (once considered one of the favorites) was taken away.

b)
总结点表示“和～一起”这个意思的结构

首先 A and B 这个结构没有问题，谓语复数

但是对于 along with B/ in addition to B / as well as B / accompanied by B / together with B / including B 这些词组，它们的意思跟A and B这个A，B平行的关系不一样，它们表示”额外捎带上B“，所以它们的出现不影响对于主语单复数的判断。也就是这些结构出现，判断看A。

c)
总结or ／ either。。or ／ neither。。nor／not only 。。。。but also

这个结构符合临近原则，就是谁靠谓语近就是谁

d）总结一些名词，看着像单数，但是实际上全是复数代表

例如：表示人——agency / army / audience / class / committee / crowd / orchestra / team

表示物——baggage / citrus / equipment / fleet / fruit / furniture

这些如果做主语，谓语动词要用单数噢。

e）总结代词

Anyone, anybody, anything， No one, nobody, nothing，each, every (单独做代词)， Someone, somebody, something，Everyone, everybody, everything Whatever, whoever，Either, neither (may require a plural verb if paired with or/nor)

这些谓语动词单数

但是有5个例外，曼哈顿里把这5个例外给大家编了个单词：SANAM

Some / Any / None / All / More(Most)

这5个可以既单数又复数

再注意看一下e中高亮的each ／every它们单独做代词谓语单数，同时当他们做修饰语时，也用单数，比如：each pen is 5 dallors。

f）跟量词有关的。

The number of +单数

A number of ＋复数

Half of ／ part of / most of / all of / some of / % of / the rest of
做主语时，谓语动词看of后面跟的名词噢

g）从句或者v-ing短语做主语，谓语单数

例如：Having good friends is a wonderful thing.

Whatever you want to do is fine with me.

h）what引导的名词性从句

从句的谓语单复数如何判断：即 what后面用什么单复数，这个判断根据东此后面的名词单复来决定。

当what从句做整个句子的主语时，这个主句的单复数如何判断：

（1）what所代表的成份在从句中如果是做主语，主句谓语由从句谓语决定

比如：what is difficult to determine is A, B, and C.

（2）what所代表的成份在从句中如果是做表语或者宾语，主句谓语由从句谓语决定

比如：what they want are A, B, and C.

6.语法

很难回忆，最深刻印象的就是出了3道破折号的题，比如划线的是【difficult，-one of】【difficult-one of】【difficult，one of】等等，破折号跟句子的语法点多注意吧。。。

[by  cthy1]

总结知识点：破折号

破折号（——）：用途广泛。can use a dash as an emphatic 逗号／分号／冒号。

破折号用于插入语，解释说明，话题中转，反讽

＊一些曼哈顿书上的例句：

（1）By January 2, 2009, the XXX was already widely considered a joke—although the reason for the ~~~ was the huge corporate and governmental investment in prior countermeasures.

（2）My three best friends—A, B, and C—and I went skiing.

（3）XXX compensation for investment bankers tends to surge far ahead of that for management consultants—by tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars a year.

7.语法也比较难，好几道都没有把握，就凭感觉选了个最顺眼的。有一道考得是军人被授予勋章之类，关键语法some one is awarded (as)， 有几个答案没有as，有几个有。

[ by  speedofsound]

总结知识点：award的用法   摘自牛津高阶

award 做动词表示：颁发，授予，给予，判定 时采用的形式为：

主动语态：award sth (to sb)

例句：The judge awarded both finalists equal points.
裁判员判定决赛双方分数相同。

The court awarded (him) damages of 500000 pounds. 法庭判给（他）500000 英镑赔偿费

被动语态，结构为：sb is／are awarded sth （没有as）

例句：She was awarded a medal for bravery. 她因勇敢而获奖章。

6.语法

很难回忆，最深刻印象的就是出了3道破折号的题，比如划线的是【difficult，-one of】【difficult-one of】【difficult，one of】等等，破折号跟句子的语法点多注意吧。。。

[by  cthy1]

总结知识点：破折号

破折号（——）：用途广泛。can use a dash as an emphatic 逗号／分号／冒号。

破折号用于插入语，解释说明，话题中转，反讽

＊一些曼哈顿书上的例句：

（1）By January 2, 2009, the XXX was already widely considered a joke—although the reason for the ~~~ was the huge corporate and governmental investment in prior countermeasures.

（2）My three best friends—A, B, and C—and I went skiing.

（3）XXX compensation for investment bankers tends to surge far ahead of that for management consultants—by tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars a year.

7.语法也比较难，好几道都没有把握，就凭感觉选了个最顺眼的。有一道考得是军人被授予勋章之类，关键语法some one is awarded (as)， 有几个答案没有as，有几个有。

[ by  speedofsound]

总结知识点：award的用法   摘自牛津高阶

award 做动词表示：颁发，授予，给予，判定 时采用的形式为：

主动语态：award sth (to sb)

例句：The judge awarded both finalists equal points.
裁判员判定决赛双方分数相同。

The court awarded (him) damages of 500000 pounds. 法庭判给（他）500000 英镑赔偿费

被动语态，结构为：sb is／are awarded sth （没有as）

例句：She was awarded a medal for bravery. 她因勇敢而获奖章。

8.要把prep这份宝典好好研读，尤其是语法题，考场上就会感觉很多题都似曾相识。

[  by  tompry]

这个可是来自760的忠告啊～

9.只记得拿到if you could ... thank you. If you could not, pls inform the manager 什么的。

我选的那个选项第一个if 么有的，就是thank you for ... 然后 if you could not, pls...manager 什么的（等补充啊）其他我再回忆回忆，实在想不起来了 不好意思。

[by Clairexxx]

不好意思筒子们啊～此题跟前面的第一个语法狗是一样的，但是我真的看不出来到底考点是什么。期待后来人的汇报啊～

10.语法：考了一个one of 复数名词后面跟谓语动词的单复数形式

[by yux228]

总结语法点：one of

one of + 复数名词 + 单数谓语；

eg: One of my friends is in the US.（强调one）

one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句(从句复数谓语) + 主句谓语单数；

eg: One of my friends who are in the US will come to China.（强调friends）

only one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句(从句单数谓语)；

eg: Only one of my friends who is in the US will come
to China.（强调only one）

one of+复数名词,that修饰复数名词.the only one of+复数名词,that修饰the one.

参见大全885 section 04第21题:

21.
With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land, Cleveland is but one of a large number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract new businesses.

(A) is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract

(B) is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract

(C) are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract（正确选项）

(D) are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attracting

(E) are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban life and attract

要从句意上来理解,体会句子想表达什么意思.当用A is one of+复数名词(暂且称为Bs)时,句子是想说,"A是众多B里的一个",句子强调重心是A的归属:是B的一个,而不是其他的一个(例如,我们只会说,zeros是众多牛人中的一个,而不会说,zeros,很牛,是众多人中的一个),这个句子实际上已经完整了,如果要对这个句子作进一步的解释,那就是要解释"A是什么B里的一个?",而不是"什么样的A是B里的一个?",因此that定语从句必然修饰B.如上题.

当用A is the only one of B时,句子的强调重心移到了only上,表达的是"A是B中唯一的一个"(这时我们就可以说,zeros是众多人中唯一一个牛的),这个句子显然不完整,无法表达出其原来想表达的意思--为什么A是唯一的一个?唯一在哪里?因此进一步的说明一定是针对A的,从而定语从句修饰A.

做题时只要记住第一行的规律就好了.

11.语法［此狗主人730噢］：

(1) 最后一题是

“xxxx” professor xxx said in the telephone interview, regarding xxx, which is forthcoming in the Jounal Nature.

主要应该考察这种句式里said的位置跟状语的位置，等待语法大牛给答案吧，这条我自己随便猜的。。

(2) 有一道是：

The work of xxx is compared to those of many other authors, among them A's and B's in particular, but the style of which is unique (不记得原句，但考点应该都全了。。)

我也不知道选什么，似乎第一遍把所有选项都排除掉了。。就不说了。。

(3) A perfect title fitting, Women's Room， xxx's work, can sell more..

我觉得主要是在考察结构问题跟逻辑

我选的是though the title is perfectly fitting (具体细节不确定，但是以though开头没问题。。)

[by icanfindyou]

12. 此狗主人740

之前一直听说实战的时候语法很奇怪，找不到考点，但这次我觉得还好～我的语法题出现了几个主谓一致，还有考修饰语的比较多，语法放狗就有点难度了，但是我觉得prep语法笔记真的很好，考场上没时间让你一个一个排除（特别是姐被扣了那么多时间的情况下），在平时练习的时候一定要注意语感的培养。我这次就觉得，你看那5个选项，具体说不上来为什么，但是就有一个比其他的好，其他的都长得奇形怪状的～实在不知道哪个对，选那个顺眼的就行了

                                                                                            ［
by twwan］

狗主人的肺腑之言，请各位杀鸡的筒子，如果临近考试很茫然觉得没底，还是再把prep笔记还有og还有曼哈顿等复习资料一一浏览一下吧。保持对语法的敏感度吖～

13.此狗主人740

语法只记得一个了， 是考 as much and more than 那个东西的，但是选项里没有at least as much as, 有的那几个都挺奇怪的，还有一个选项有破折号~

[by piuksig］

＊破折号的用法前面总结过咯，详见第6个语法狗

总结知识点：比较

坦白讲我没有看明白狗主人的as much and more than，但是先把比较拿出来帮大家回忆一下吧，反正比较的考点经常出现。

究竟什么东西在比较？？

借助og上第18题

Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than are fungi,
in the form of carbon dioxide, and converting it to energy-rich sugars.

(A) Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon

than are fungi,
不符合后面要修饰的东西

(B) Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon

than fungi,
同上＋than前后比较对象变成acquiring carbon vs fungi

(C) Plants are more efficient than fungi at acquiring

carbon,

(D) Plants, more efficient than fungi at acquiring

carbon,

缺少v

(E) Plants acquire carbon more efficiently than fungi, 同B than前后比较对象变成acquire carbon vs acquire fungi （仔细体会）

正确答案C

这里给大家放个大知识点，也是从CD上摘录的，总结比较详细，就是有点多，大家选择着看。

比较总结

总结一下关于比较的结构考点

对主谓宾全的句型

主语比较：
A do sth
than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）

介宾比较 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2对等名词）

宾语比较 A do C1 than C2.(C1C2为对等名词）

状语比较A do sth than usual/everbefore/people expected(直接加状语）

按照这个原理，对下一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：

I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别

I eat apple faster than you do

如果写成 I eat apple faster than you 按ETS的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。

补充NN总结的more/ less/ adj+er than语法点：

（1）主语比较

1.1
than前若有宾语，则其后的助词需补出，时态要据后定。主语相同可省

eg：The pay of senior executives increased in 1990 by a larger percentage than did the wages of other salaried workers.

eg：As a result of the continuing decline in the birth rate, fewer people will enter the labor force in the 1980’s than did in the 1960’s and 1970’s, a twenty-year period during which people born after the war swelled the ranks of workers. (主语people相同且无定语成分则省之，但did不能省)

eg：Several studies have found that the coronary patients who exercise most actively are at least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack.（主语相同且有定语成分，必须要that/those来指代）

1.2
than前只有BE + ADJ，则其后的主语无须补助词。

eg：Even though Bela Bartok’s music has proved less popular than Igor Stravinsky’s and less influential than Arnold Schonberg’s, it is no less important.

eg：In 1982 the median income for married-couple families with a wage-earning wife was $9,000 more than that for families in which only the husband was employed.

1.3 than前有两个动词，比较主语无须补助词。

eg：A study commissioned by the Department of Agriculture showed that if calves exercise and associate with other calves, they have require less medication and gain weight more quickly than those raised in confinement.

（2）than后名词前的介词要补出

eg： Aging is a property of all animals that reach a fixed size at maturity, and the variations in life spans among different species are far greater than those among individuals of the same species: a fruit fly is ancient at 40 days, a mouse at 3 years, a horse at 30, a man at 100, and some tortoises at 150. 介宾的比较。

eg：The investor who is uncertain about the future is more likely to put money into blue-chip stocks or treasury bills than into gold.

eg：Nowhere in Prakta is the influence of modern European architecture more apparent than in its government buildings.（倒装句）

（3）宾语比较，一般加that/those

eg：In addition to having more protein than wheat does, rice has protein of higher quality than that in wheat, with more of the amino acids essential to the human diet. (B-p106-19)

（4）宾语补语，比较结构修饰宾语，无须补出助词；

eg：In his eagerness to find a city worthy of Priam, the German archaeologist Schliemann cut through Troy and uncovered a civilization a thousand years more ancient than the city known to Homer’s heroes.

（5）likely引导的表语比较

eg：St. John’s , Newfoundland, lies on the same latitude as Paris, France, but in spring St. John’s residents are less likely to be sitting at outdoor cafes than to be bracing themselves against arctic chills, shovelling snow, or seeking shelter from a raging northeast storm.

（6）宾语+介词混合结构：

eg：Although Napoleon’s army entered Russia with far more supplies than for any previous campaign, it had provisions for only twenty-four days.

（7）句子的比较

eg：In Japan elderly people are treated with far greater respect than they are in most Western countries.

eg：Dr. Hakuta’s research among Hispanic children in the United States indicates that the more the children use both Spanish and English, the greater their intellectual advantage in skills underlying reading ability and nonverbal logic. (B-p106-7)

（8） than ever, than anticipated/ estimated…

eg：The report on the gross national product—the nation’s total production of goods and services—showed that second-quarter inflation was somewhat lower than previously estimated and that the savings rate was slightly higher.

（9） more than, less than 及其他。

视同副词

eg：Founded in 1983, the magazine has since more than doubled its circulation and its advertising.

视同形容词

eg: No less an authority than Walter Cronkite has reported that half of all Americans never read a book.

(10) 插入语

eg: The visiting pharmacologists concluded that the present amalgam of Chinese and Western medicine is probably as good as, or better than, any other system that might be devised for the patients treated at the Nan Kai hospital in Tian-jing.

14. 大牛770

1，sentence correction有那个很诡异的口语题！貌似大致是这样的：Thank you for v.-ing if you can v. ; If you couldn't v. please tell the manager before you leave.
选项里对于“for v.-ing if you can v.”
“can和could”
“before you leave和before leaving”作出了更改。我选的是A，其实真的很不确定。

[by  VickyCao]

版本2：记得一句 Thank you for giving us high rates if you can;but if you can't, please inform our manager before you leave.

[by ishangshi]

版本3：只记得拿到if you could ... thank you. If you could not, pls inform the manager 什么的。

我选的那个选项第一个if 么有的，就是thank you for ... 然后 if you could not, pls...manager 什么的（等补充啊）其他我再回忆回忆，实在想不起来了 不好意思。

[by Clairexxx]

版本4： 关于语法，现在考的真的很奇怪，好像有些口语化的语句了，我考到一个thank you if you could......if you can‘t please ........这种以前从没见过的

[by 爱吃巧克力］

这些天经常看到狗主人念叨这道颇具口语化的题目。我把所有凡是提到这个题目的信息都放在一起，希望大家能从中琢磨出点东西。

期待更多补充～

15.SC碰到的语法点有so...that

还有考either...or 是either to...or to...

[by blueyears]

总结语法点：so that以及经常用来比较的so as to

以og12－039为例

In 1527 King Henry VIII sought to have his marriage to Queen Catherine annulled so as to marry Anne Boleyn.

(A) so as to marry
用法不当
详细看右面

(B) and so could be married to
so在此有非常强烈的因果关系，表明结束了去QC的婚姻必然产生和Anne结婚的结果。这个是不正确的。对比D选项看，could一词表达了可能或许的意思，更合适。

(C) to be married to
主动大于被动

(D) so that he could marry
正确

(E) in order that he would marry

＊针对A选项：so as to 一定要是能明确表示主语的时候简洁使用，而主语不确定就不能用 so as to 。在此题中，marry是可能有指代不明的嫌疑，可能是King Henry也可能是Queen Catherine。

其次， so as to 是用于简单的主系表结构！！！其次要求逻辑主语始终一致。所谓简单主系表结构，拿一道题目举例：Climatic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuations in the weather. 这题不用so as to首先它不是简单的主系表结构，逻辑的表达显然不如so that清晰。并且前面有2个人名，不是说逻辑主语不一致，而是会显得confusing

以og12－065

In a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Corps of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, so that it absorbs the energy of crashing waves and protecting the beaches.

(A) act as a buffer, so that it absorbs
平行

(B) act like a buffer so as to absorb
act as是固定搭配＋平行＋so as to～也有表示目的结果的意思，但是表示太笨拙而且与后面不平行

(C) act as a buffer, absorbing

(D) acting as a buffer, absorbing
不平行

(E)
acting like
a buffer, absorb
同上

以prep174为例

Often major economic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary

fluctuations in the financial markets.

A. so gradual as to be indistinguishable

B. so gradual so that they can be indistinguishable

C. so gradual that they are unable to be distinguished

D. gradual enough not to be distinguishable

E.
gradual enough so that one cannot distinguish them

正确答案A

so 之后的gradual的逻辑主语为major economic shifts

as to之后的 be indistinguishable的逻辑主语为major economic shifts

二者一致。所以so as to不仅仅是idiom还是最优的结构，优于so that 句式（c选项)

而且，be able to do 是不能用被动的，can才可以用被动。（白勇语法）

＊总结区别so as to和so that的用法

NN1：so as to,和so that的差别, 基本上,so as to动作执行者就是主句中的主词.

NN2：so as to 和so that 的另一重要区别是:so that 中包含了时态,在这种情况下,不能用so as to 代替,在别处也见过这种情况,具体哪里记不清了.反过来,对于so as to ,如果没能表达从句部分正确的动作主体,需要用so that 来代替,表示与主句不同的动作主体进行so that 后面的行为.

找到一些例题来区别：

88.The Emperor Augustus, it appears, commissioned an idealised sculpture portrait, the features of which are （so unrealistic as to constitute ）what one scholar calls an “artificial face.”

(A) so unrealistic as to constitute

(C) so unrealistic that they have constituted

136.Although schistosomiasis is not often fatal, （it is so debilitating that it has become an economic） drain on many developing countries.

(A) it is so debilitating that it has become an economic

(C)
so debilitating is it as to become an economic

NN： so...as to是固定搭配，通常中间不加入主语成分eg. it is or is it,　这儿我觉得如果１３６变成so debilitating as to become an economic肯定是优选选项（在不考虑整个句子的情况下）。

另外：become是瞬间动词，可以用has become可以表示已经完成不再继续, 而constitute是延续动词，用has constitute 也表示完成了的动作不再继续是不是不太好？

NN总结

1. so as to ... = in order to ..., 它后面跟的不是句子, 在它后面部分的逻辑主语本来就在前面. 当然前后一至了.

2. so that ... = so + that 引导的从句, 没有要求过从句和主句的主语一致.

正如你指出, so that 有两重用法:

1) 相当于in order that, 即你所说的表目的. 如: I stopped so that you could catch up.

2) 相当于with the result or consequence that, 即你所说的表结果.

至于是表目的还是表结果,没有助动词,几乎一定表结果. 但有助动词时, 要根据句子意思来决定.助动词或情态动词不是判断的依据.例如:

I was just careless so that you could win this time. (我不过是大意了, 所以这次你才能赢的.)

16. 狗主人730

语法题大多挺怪，真的有点怪，有一道题连my opinion都出来了，但其实不太难，比如which的题基本不对；还有一道whose和who的题，选who 然后后面的挺好判断；
平行题很少基本没有有点难过。。。让我觉得manhattan的常用语法基本为出现，所以同志们有空看看advanced的部分吧~我个人偏爱manhattan！

[by Quadrifolia］

推荐曼哈顿的advanced部分噢～

不知道为什么，这些天的语法狗特别少。Aimeedoudou没有办法啦，如果再不做点什么出来，对不起看愈发狗你们啊～～所以我把自己总结的一些固定搭配给大家贴上来了。肯定是不全的，但是不全总比没有强啊，对吧～希望能对大家有所帮助。

总结语法点： 固定搭配／杂七杂八小词区别

1.
so

* not so + adj/adv (+ as ....)
不像～那么～

例句：It was not so bad as last time.

*
not so much .... as... 不是～而是～(要求平行结构）

例句：～～may lie not so much in any specific skill as in our ability to extend knowledge ～

*
～+ adj/adv + a + 名词
( + as sb/sth ) 此词组用于做比较

例句：He is not so good a player as his brother.

1-1. ..so....as to ＝..so as to do sth.....
“ 为了做某事”

..so .....that ＝....so that....
“为的是～，以便～”， 不要求从句的主语和主句主语一致。

区别在于多个主语和单一主语，是否引起歧义。

参考og总结中37／39／65

还有NN说当前后时态一致，主语一致时，so as to时so that的简洁形式

关于so...as to..的例句：

The sauce was so hot as to burn my mouth.

关于so...that的例句：

The book was so short that I could read it in one night.

The book was short enough for me to read in one night.

2.
help

help do sth
/
help sb do sth

help to do sth
/
help sb to do sth

sb’s help (名词) in doing sth is ~~~~~~

3.
such as

*
such .... as.....

*
.......such as .........

such as都可以举什么样的例子呢？ 名词 ／ doing ／ what从句 ／ 介词短语

             不可以举什么样的例子呢？代词（these／that／there等）／ to do ／ 句子 ／ when

4.
distinction between A and B

5.
difference比较灵活

*
difference between A and B ／ A has difference from B

*
There is a difference in ability between us.

*
There is a difference between what you say and what I say.

*
There are differences in what you and I can do.

6.
lie / lay

lie ／lied ／lied 撒谎

lie ／lay ／ lain 躺着；平放

lay／laid／laid 产卵；下蛋；放；搁

7.
rise / raise

rise (v) / rose / risen

例句： Oil prices rose sharply last year.

A rise (名词）in oil price has led to inflation.

Rising prices at the gas pump are hurting consumers.

The rising of the sun always lifts my spirits.

raise (v) /raised / raised
提升／举起／抬起 （有外力相助的升起) / 使某物产生或出现

例句： The government raised the interest rate.

He raised his offer to $500000.

raise standards of service

rase doubts / fears

rising inventories

rising interest rates

在上面的两个结构中，rising是形容词，所以主语是复数inventories和rates

8.
enough

enough to do sth

enough for sb

错误搭配：enough + that.../ so as to / so to / so that

9.
expect

sth be expected to do

sth be expected sth

it is expected that ~~ (这个结构不是最简洁的）

expect to do sth

expect that

expect sth

expect sb to do sth

expect sth from sb

必错形势：sth be expected for sth (to do)

sth be expected that

it is expected for sth/sb to do

expect sb that

10.
make

make it + 形容词＋to do

make sth ＋形容词

make （doing）sth ＋形容词

make N1 N2

11.
little这个词有形容词和副词两种词性。容易产生修饰歧义。所以选择时要小心

详见prep 46页

12.
announce的正确固定搭配

announce something to somebody

announce to sb sth

announce a decision/intention/plan +(to do)

announce (that)

注意常见的错误：announce to do sth (X)

announce to be sth (X)

13.
one + another

some + others

each + the other

each other + others

14.
ensure + n.

ensure that ~~

15.
intend to do sth

intend doing sth

intend that~~

16.
provide的用法

New genetic evidence—together with recent studies of elephants’ skeletons, tusks, and other anatomical features—provide compelling support for classifying Africa’s forest elephants and its savanna elephants as separate species.

A.
provide compelling support for classifying

B.
provide compelling support for the classification of

C.
provides compelling support to the classification of

D.
provides compelling support for classifying

E.
provides compelling support to classify

provide正确用法如下：

(1) provide sb (with sth)

(2) provide sth (for sb)

(3) provide for sth 为什么事的发生做准备

17.
allow的用法

曼哈顿上的例句：

The holiday ALLOWS Maria TO WATCH the movie today.

Maria WAS ALLOWED TO WATCH the movie.

The demolition of the old building ALLOWS FOR new construction.

18.
prohibit的固定用法

prohibit sth.

prohibit (sb) from doing sth

两个必错搭配：prohibit to do (X)

prohibit that
(X)

17.语法：

挺难得，遇到一道整段划线的。主谓宾都不好找。

语法实在记不住了~~不好意思。

刚突然想起一道，对比 only one of
和 the only one of~貌似，不是特别难。

有一道题考了while，大家去看看while的用法吧。记不清了~

[by 小舟90hou]

only one of的知识点在第10狗里

总结语法点：while 的用法（我把while 和 although放一起比较着总结）

两种结构：while/although + 句子， and
while/although + 现在分词 毫无疑问都是可以的。

但while/although +名词的结构好象不允许。

再例如LONGMAN上的一个例子：

She met Andy while working on a production of Carmen.

这个例子出现在WHILE作连词词性下面。

如何理解连词后面为何能跟现在分词短语呢？我觉得要么就是习惯用法，要么是WHILE后面省略了she was（我倾向于后一种理解）。

同意,另外我的看法,请nn们指正一下:

我觉得while/although+现在分词,其实是一种省略:当while/although从句主语和主句的主语一致时候,可以省略掉从句主语: 就比如gemj的例子:

She met Andy while (she was)working on a production of Carmen.

延伸出去的一点看法就是,做题时候,遇到while+分词形式,要记得看看这个省略的主语和主句的主语是否一致,是否逻辑合理,否则也要排除之.

参见og12－036题及其官方对while解释，og12－060的解释，

OG12－098题也总结了although和while的这个用法，还配有例句呢～

Even though Clovis points, spear points with longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces, have been found all over North America, they are named for the New Mexico site where they were first discovered in 1932.

(A)
Even though Clovis points, spear points with longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces, have been found all over North America, they are named for the New Mexico site where they were first discovered in 1932.

(B)
Although named for the New Mexico site where first discovered in 1932, Clovis points are spear points of longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces and have been found all over North America.
“where”引导的从句不完整，应该要有从句的主语和谓语补充出来＋这个句子结构导致，although的这个让步连接的是“命名的地方”和“Clovis的特征andClovis被发现的地方”

(C)
Named for the New Mexico site where they have been first discovered in 1932, Clovis points, spear points of longitudinal grooves chipped onto the faces, have been found all over North America.
后面明明有时间状语in 1932表示要用过去时态

(D)
Spear points with longitudinal grooves that are chipped onto the faces, Clovis points, even though named for the New Mexico site where first discovered in 1932, but were found all over North America. “that”从句不简洁＋but这个词不和even though同时出现诶

(E)
While Clovis points are spear points whose faces have longitudinal grooves chipped into
them, they have been found all over North America, and named for the New Mexico site where they have been first discovered in 1932.
用了很多从句，不简洁＋in 1932标明过去时＋整个句子结构让步和主句的对象变了

再找几个例题：

With only 5 percent of the world's population, United States citizens consume 28 percent of its nonrenewable resources, drive more than one-third of its automobiles, and use 21 times more water per capita than Europeans do.

(E) Although accounting for

Recently implemented "shift-work equations" based on studies of the human sleep cycle have reduced sickness, sleeping on the job, fatigue among shift workers, and have raised production efficiency in various industries.

(E) and fatigue among shift workers was lowered while raising

Although she had signed a pledge of abstinence while being an adolescent, Frances Willard was 35 years old before she chose to become a temperance activist.

(A) while being an adolescent

(E) as an adolescent
为什么在此题，不用A的格式了呢？

因为A选项中，while being是个不简洁的表达方式，尽管这样的表达方式不算错，但是不如E简洁有效。

NN还有更详尽的解释：这道题目里面的while being an adolescent不对,除了being不好以外,是不是逻辑上也不合理.因为signed是一个瞬间的动作,而青春期是一段时间.用while连接,意思会有歧义,彷佛他sign誓言这个动作伴随着整个青春期.

所以当有E这个更清晰的选项在的时候,就要选E.

E的as是介词,"作为..."来翻译.表明他以什么身份sign这个文件.

18. 语法：

具体的题干是记不得了，就列几个知识点。

1. credit.....是as 还是for

2. 比较结构两道题都蛮难的。要考虑助动词是否补出，有点饶

3. resistance of 还是to 还是for

4. 分词结构和动名词结构的就近修饰原则

[by 粉红栀]

比较的知识点在第13狗里总结过了

分词结构知识点在第2狗里

总结credit的用法

如果是固定用法的话，根据牛津高阶，貌似没有credit as的用法

credit （for sth）称赞，赏识

例句：He got all the credit for the discovery. 由于这个发现他得到了所有的表扬。

另外补充几个固定搭配：

credit sb/sth with sth

credit sth to sb/sth
这两个一样都是表示：把某事归功于某人或某事

总结resistance的用法

牛津高阶：resistance to sth／sb 抵抗，对抗

resistance to sth
阻力，抵抗力，对某种改革的抵制

19. 愈发：比prep的语法难一点吧

1）有考到余华....神呐~ 给大家补充点单词吧，因为那道题还是考的是意思：（1）aesthetic美学
（2）avant-garde 革新者 3）postsocialist 后社会主义

2）有主谓一致，但是只碰到1-2题，能凭此秒掉2个，剩下3个另外纠结

[by kelin117]

狗主好心提醒，大家可不能辜负啊

主谓一致第5个狗总结过了

20.
语法题的语法点偏重于符号的应用，我遇到不下3题考我破折号怎么用……好好看曼哈顿啊！逻辑主语平行之类的考的不算很多，独立主格那种有好几题。很多题还是要搞懂一句话在说什么，不然没法选……

[by JUDAL]

750大牛的回忆

破折号在第6狗总结过

总结知识点：
独立主格
之前第4狗总结过with的用法
大家配合着看

1）独立主格一般在句首或者句尾，起状语作用，表示伴随原因，条件，状态等

2）一般独立主格，与主句形成松散得逻辑关系，形式为：

n.+n.

n.+v-ed/v-ing

n.+介词短语

n.+形容词短语

3）with型独立主格，与主句形成紧密得逻辑联系（因此常有因为逻辑主语不对而不选），形式为

with+n.+v-ed/v-ing

with+n.+adj

with+n.+介词短语

4）each型独立主格，强调句尾名词，形式为

                句子＋复数名词结尾，each＋介词短语／形容词短语／v-ed／v-ing

21.
这个实在没有办法回忆了

只记得一题里有考aim to protect ...from.../ aim at bxxxing(忘了什么词，反正也是阻止的意思)...change.

还有一题考了although, whereas, unlike

还有一题考了but also, although, as

[by dorature]

总结语法点：unlike开头的比较

以一道og的题目为例，越简单的题目越是精华啊～

20. As contrasted with the honeybee, the yellow jacket

can sting repeatedly without dying and carries a

potent venom that can cause intense pain.

(A) As contrasted with the honeybee,

(B) In contrast to the honeybee’s,

(C) Unlike the sting of the honeybee,

(D) Unlike that of the honeybee,

(E) Unlike the honeybee,

正确答案：E

这个题目很容易选出来，大家复习到这个阶段了，肯定都知道unlike A，B～。名词与名词之间的比较。这个与用as（后面要加完整的主谓结构）的比较，大家都能分清的吧。

借这个题目，重点说下，为什么其它的选项不对？

A －固定搭配错

B －比较事物不平等

C －同上

D －同上

总结下正确的“有对比比较”性质的固定搭配：

1） in contrast with X, Y~~~

2） in contrast to X, Y~~~

3） unlike X，Y～～

4）contrary to X，Y～～

要注意 3／4都有很坚决的表示：与X不同，Y怎么怎么样

但是1／2都只是在比较：与X比较起来，Y怎么样 说明XY不一定完全不同 只是比较哪个更怎么样

总结aim的固定搭配

摘自曼哈顿语法

aim做动词： aim at ＋doing

例句：We adopted new procedures AIMED AT reducing theft.

aim做名词：with the aim of doing

例句：We adopted new procedures WITH THE AIM OF reducing theft.

与aim有关的错误例句：

We adopted new policies, the aim of which was to reduce theft

We adopted new policies with the aim to reduce theft.

aim本身已有“目的是～～”的意思，所以如果加上to do的话
就有重复的嫌疑。

总结语法点：whereas

og12－131题

Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, while in Germany it is just over 33 percent.

(A) while in Germany it is just over 33 percent
“it”指代不清，前句中有很多单数名词可以被误作为it的指代对象比如：energy／nuclear power＋while有很多别的意思，在这里有可能被误读。

(B) compared to Germany, which uses just over 33 percent
这个是把75％的产自核能的量跟德国这个国家比较，错

(C) whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany

(D) whereas just over 33 percent of the energy comes from nuclear power in Germany
这个地方“the energy”会让人以为是暗指前句中的75％的能量，有误解

(E)
compared with the energy from nuclear power in Germany, where it is just over 33 percent
整个句子不简洁＋it同A选项一样指代不清

这个题目要弄明白比较的对象到底是什么？

法国75％的能量产自核能
VS
德国__?(33)__％的能量产自核能

＊区别while／whereas

while____这个词有很多意思：（1）在....期间；当...的时候

（2）用以表示对比或者相反的情况

（3）尽管

例句：I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream。（2）

例句：English is understood all over the world while Turkish is spoken by only a few people outside Turkey itself.

whereas____but in contrast; while 这个词只有一个意思：然而

例句：He earns $8000 a year whereas she gets at least $20,000.

在做题目中，当while和whereas出现，记得看一下while是否有可能因为它的多意思而有被误解的可能。如此题。

＊解释D选项：作者意图是将（核能在法国能源中所占比例），与（核能在德国能源中所占比例）相比。

而D: Over 75 percent of (the energy produced in France) derives from nuclear power, whereas just over 33 percent of the energy comes from (nuclear power in Germany)

超过75%的（法国产出的能源）来自核能，而这能源中仅有超过33%来自于（德国的核能）

再来一道og12－136

Whereas in mammals the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, in birds the tubes form a random pattern.

(A)
Whereas in mammals the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, in birds the tubes

(B)
Whereas the tiny tubes for the conveying of nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in mammals in parallel lines, birds have tubes that
“whereas”
比较的两个从句结构上不对等＋for the conveying of 不简洁

(C)
Unlike mammals, where the tiny tubes for conveying nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, birds’ tubes
不对等

(D)
Unlike mammals, in whom the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines,
the tubes in birds
不对等

(E)
Unlike the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells, which in mammals are arrayed in parallel lines, in birds the tubes
不简洁＋which指代成bone cells错误

有筒子问：whereas需要平行的结构么
请教nn

OG12-131

Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany.

OG12-136

Whereas in mammals the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, in birds the tubes form a random pattern.

这两个分别是正确选项的句子，136中给出的解释是——whereas introduces two contrasting situations or events and should be followed by parallel structures.

偶晕掉了
原本一直以为whereas和although这类词一样
只是在引导状从句
不需要和主句结构平行

像131一样只是逻辑意思（本题是比较对象）平行即可

但136却明确强调要parallel structures

NN解答：

这两题的比较都是平行的啊
比较对象是指句子的成分
这两句话比较的都是状语

如果你觉得in germany放在后面就算不平行
那就太教条了

136题
你把in birds放在句子最后一样是对的

你看看136题的错误选项就明白了

针对Q131中

D 选项如果加上produced 也是正确的

whereas强调比较对象的对等
不要求结构完全一致

25.语法：碰到大概至少4道做过的原题！鉴于LZ做题少，应该都是GWD或者PREP里面的！大家要好好看看GWD啊！

[by 周小猫]

以下是狗主人帮我们找到的原题，十分感谢！

语法1 （不是GWD,是PREP原题）

The continental United States receives an average of 30 inches of precipitation a year; transpiration from soil and from plants returns approximately 21 of the 30 inches to the atmosphere, while the balance of 9 inches contributes to the flow of streams and rivers.

(A) transpiration from soil and from plants returns approximately 21 of the 30 inches to the atmosphere, while the balance of 9 inches contributes to the flow

(B) even though transpiration from soil and from plants returns approximately 21 of the 30 inches to the atmosphere, the remainder of 9 inches contribute to the flowing

(C) although transpiration from soil and from plants return approximately 21 of the 30 inches to the atmosphere, the balance of 9 inches contribute to the flowing

(D) with transpiration from soil and from plants to return approximately 21 inches to the atmosphere, the rest of the 9 inches contributes to the flow

(E) as transpiration from soil and from plants return approximately 21 of the 30 inches to the atmosphere, the rest of the 9 inches contribute to the flow

正确答案A

B／C／E通过主谓一致都能排除

D 我排除它是因为with 在这里我会以为主语是the rest of ～。一般我看到with选项都会去看看其它选项有没有更完美的，我个人对这个with还是很排斥得。

在CD网上搜了一些解释：

D有很多错误，选一个最简单的就可以把它排除。

the rest 就是指剩下的那9 inches。

而the rest of the 9 inches 指的是，9 inches里剩下的，明显不对。

不需要把每个选项都看得那么透，只要找到明显的语义错误就可以立即排除。

SC考察的是“语义的精确度”，就是你的意思到底有没有说得清楚明白，没有歧义，如果简洁就更好了。

语法2

Most of Portugal’s 250,000 university students boycotted classes in a one-day strike to protest a law that requires them to contribute $330 a year toward the cost of higher education, previously paying $7 per year.

A. year toward the cost of higher education, previously paying $7 per year

B. year toward the cost of higher education, for which was previously paid $7 per year]

C. year, compared to the previously $7 per year, toward the cost of higher education

D. year toward the cost of higher education, instead of the $7 per year required previously

E.year as opposed to the $7 per year required previously for the cost of higher education

此题前面第2个语法狗已经解释过啦，答案D。

26.语法还好吧，平行、比较还是挺重要的~~

[by jedist]

27.
语法。。。这个刚出考场时记得，但是现在忘得差不多了。。。只能说trick很多，大家吃透prep的时候要灵活一些，题确实不是太难，但是没有GWD的题实在。。。实在。。。大家能明白不

[by Serena0710]

30.SC

1.有个句子是one image of 某某人
(is。。。stem-balabala一堆副词—from。。。）我选的这个

2.平行结构有，但记得都是大平行。

3.还有一个考impose的，后面的介词to还是什么

4.whereas/but

5.。。。require by law (not to claim/not claiming...),我觉得这题主要是句意，那个claim应该不是law的内容，大家有时间再仔细看看

6.有个being的题，选项看着都挺怪，根据句意我选的那个还是带了being

sc还是要厚积薄发啊，点太细了，心态重要，要稳下来读懂句子

[by snygrace ]

总结impose

impose sth (on sb/sth) 加...于某人／某物

总结一个跟law requiring 有关的题目

希望大家注意，这个不是原题，也不是相关考点。只是看到这个law requiring 我想到曾经遇到的题目，拿出来给大家看看。

Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemp's ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with laws requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protect adult sea turtles.

A. requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protect

B. requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting

C. that require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets protect

D. to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets are protecting

E. to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting

31.语法有很多雷同的考点
我想想啊
并列什么的
我感觉也不是很难
也没碰到大家说的那个什么 if you coulD 那种口语题

感觉动不动就来个语法题

没什么偏的
感觉语感很重要

注意一些很基本的
如句子成分的完整性
主谓一致等等

[by sumk4decem]

32.语法，最诡异，我prep做的很有感觉了，平时语法也是最厉害的，但是考试的时候，不知道为什么那么心急，完全不是很明确的肯定答案啊

（1）有一题直接考限定性定从和非
限定性定从的区别，因为A是that
B是，which其他的我基本课以排除了。

（2）还有一题是考DO IT DO SO

（3）还有either or 平行并列的

[by 天空之城之小白]

33.语法....

印象深刻的是so as to的用法和so to的区别。

还有两道破折号。

有一题是prep原题，水分蒸发的那个，the 9% remainder contributes to....大概是

[by jzyjzy]

so as to 这个在第15个狗总结过了

prep原题也在上面出现过了

37.
verbal的pace完全被打乱，因为语法的句子都看起来怪怪的。。不像OG和GWD那样，一眼就可以看出考点，选出来的答案读起来也很舒坦。考到好几道有破折号的题，有考到平行，还有not only...but...的题目，我选了那个省略了also的选项，因为其他都好像有别的错误。其他真想不太起来了，考试的时候大家注意找句子的主干。

[by ivy8252003]

38. .大概在34.5题左右遇到一道写信时用的话，惊到我了！虽然也是书面语，也不用Ｉ，you狂出现吧？瞬间让我觉得自己在低分区···

Thank you for (sending the letter to us，一个动作，不重要，因为五个选项都一样), if you can not complete it, please tell us (as fast as possible,我编的)

Ｂ．Thank you in sending **, if you can **

C. If you send us the letter, thank you; if you could not complete it, **

D. If you had send us the letter, thank you;***

第一看到这样的，就傻了，选了A。觉得send 的动作应该没完成，但把thank you,放后面也太不靠谱了吧？（就是JJ上的第一题，我灰常想知道之前几位遇到的都是verbal 几分的？是在高分区的吧？）

2.遇到考credit sth. with/for/as

3.之前听说平行考很少，但我这次遇到不少于2道，而且很明显。只是不是部分平行，根据题意。

4. 有考到so much as its，so that

[by loveshadow111 ]

嗯，这道口语化的题目终于要浮出水面啦，我把之前大家提到过的都总结到一起，大家看看能不能从中悟出题目的考点和选项吖

另外大牛770的答案

1，sentence correction有那个很诡异的口语题！貌似大致是这样的：Thank you for v.-ing if you can v. ; If you couldn't v. please tell the manager before you leave.

选项里对于“for v.-ing if you can v.”
“can和could”
“before you leave和before leaving”作出了更改。

我选的是A，其实真的很不确定。

版本2：记得一句
Thank you for giving us high rates if you can;but if you can't, please inform our manager before you leave.

版本3：只记得拿到if you could ... thank you. If you could not, pls inform the manager 什么的。

我选的那个选项第一个，就是thank you for ... 然后 if you could not, pls...manager 什么的

总结：貌似大多数人都选A。

42.
愈发：
还是要说愈发。和近几天大家的感觉一样。GWD和PREP上的题基本没有，几乎全是要看语感，狠狠诡异的咚咚，没有那么清晰的愈发点，我做GWD和prep也很不错的，可现在。。厚厚~~
最重要的是完全影响了pace, 一个题上面纠结太久会很影响月度和裸机的，提醒大家一定要注意。

[by luoliya]

43.
如果你前10题做的不好，
你就无缘jj了= = 血的教训啊，
我整个v中sc和cr就没见过jj！！！你没看错
没见过！！一题都没有！（哦
有个那个if you if you那个口语。。 sc的
选了a 在挺后面出现的）

[by linkbj ]

44.
愈发：总体感觉比较偏，依靠愈发点直接排除的选项很少，更多的是逻辑主语和修饰语的一致，名词、动词、动名词简洁性。选的时候不太确定的题挺多的，而且我越做划线越短，还考了逗号连接插入语，大家看看逗号怎么用吧，划线很短但是也不好选……是不是划线长短也不一定绝对代表是不是进入低分档呢？

[by mzw0210]

总结简洁性的问题

这个部分我参考了曼哈顿，直接翻译过来的。

Verb > Adj > Noun

1.
Verb > Action Noun

举例：

revolute
>
revolution

apply
>
application

conceive >
conception

sth cost ...
>
the cost of sth is ...

decide
>
decision

sth influence sb > sth has an influence on sb

sth inspire sb > sth is an inspiration to sb

refer > reference

weigh > weight

2.
that从句with verb > a series of 短语 with noun

举例：

不简洁：The hypothesis ABOUT the COMPOSITION OF the universe AS largely dark energy seems strange.

简洁：
The hypothesis THAT the universe IS largely COMPOSED OF dark energy seems strange.

提醒：这个原则尤其适用于以下这些词：

belief / discovery / evidence / indication / report

3.
Verb > Adj

举例：

aggravate > be aggravating

can > be able to

indicate > be indicative of

inspire > be inspirational

suggest > be suggestive of

4.
Adj > Noun

举例：

can do > be able to do > have the ability to do

be capable of > have the capability

be convinced > be of the conviction

be disinclined > have a disinclination

be isolated > be in isolation

5.
副词 > 介词短语

举例：

considerably > to a considerable extent

significantly > to a significant degree

6.
adj > adj 从句with be 动词

例句：

M is a professor WHO IS ADMIRABLE.

M is an ADMIRABLE professor. (简洁）

Joan, WHO IS a FIREFIGHTER, works in Y park.

Joan, a FIREFIGHTER, works in Y park. （简洁）

Tom Monk, who was a jazz pianist and composer, produced a body of work.

Tom Monk, the jazz pianist and composer, produced a body of work.

Jazz pianist and composer Tom Monk produced a body of work. 最优选项

7.
去除IT IS ...THAT...句型

例句：

IT IS without fear THAT children should play.

Children should play without fear.

8. 专有名词 优于 动名词

eg construction 优于 constructing of

45. 愈发

第一题记得，就是开头一个并列，In addition to XX,XX,XX and XX, _______________-选项我很纠结的，human milk has antibodies that help 还是 human milk help .... with antibodies,我选的后者。。

[by frankie114 ]

46.

(1) although perfectly fitting title, the Woman’s Room(不是这个词，但是大概是说女性专属的什么) by XXX (可能是人名吧)，man can read_____ more_______ if it____________.大概就是说虽然title很适合，但是如果怎么变一下更好读之类的。划线部分是although perfectly fitting title。我不是很记得自己选了什么。但是大家去翻翻although后面该跟什么性质的词或者句子。

(2) 遇到了not only, but 不需要also的那题。

(3)
还有一个题考了虚拟语气什么were to, should倒装的用法。这道题大概是讲一个salt business 如果延伸到哪个地区用之前另一个公司建造了又抛弃的盐场会更好。记住这个business是被延伸的所以是是be expanded, 然后比较tricky的是建造了和抛弃和它反过来写的。Abandoned by XXX that had built them.大概是这个意思。迷惑项是 abandoned and built byXXX. 不要一看到had就抛弃选项。逻辑理解一下。

(4)
感觉今天很多题都是靠逻辑来排除选项。考点真的像大家说的那样比较模糊。

(5)
考到不少同位语。

[by smallway]

总结虚拟语气

给出几个例句

（1）If Sophie EATS pizza, THEN she becomes ill. (肯定语气而且完全确定发生的结果）

（2）If Sophie EATS pizza, THEN she may become ill. (有点不太确定，用到may ／can）

（3）If Sophie EATS pizza tomorrow, THEN she will become ill. (对将来结果的完全肯定）

（4）If Sophie ATE pizza tomorrow, THEN she would become ill. (对将来的虚拟，貌似不太可能发生）

（5）If Sophie HAD EATEN pizza yesterday, THEN she would have become ill. (对已经过去的事情的虚拟，表示完全不可能实现的。因为已经过去啦啊）

prep笔记上总结的虚拟语气

If + present, future
( if X happens, Y will happen.)

If + past, would / could + verb
( if X happened, Y would happen.)

( if X were to happen, Y would happen.)

If + past perfect, would / could + have done

49.

(1) PREP原题
下雨的那题
总共十厘米precipitin（降水
忘了怎么拼） 7到8厘米流回海里神马的，the balance of 1or 2inches 大家考古吧
果断选A

(2) Winner of Noble PRIZE,xxx has become a spokesman of--and also the symbol of--the right of civil(不确定)，largely based on the fact……
从 spokesman后面开始划线

这个是我选的答案
其他有on basis 神马的

(3) Since being recovered in 1939, the line on the rock 就让科学家很puzzle 考主谓一致

(4) 虽然彩印照片在1920年就有了，但在1930年大多报社都用黑白的因为它more xx, not to mention marketability;the most famous magazine had yet to use 彩印


英文部分划线
重点是 xx和marketability的表述

(5) 有个人鉴定了某三者之间的关系，and他发现神马神马，a suggestion to her that………

有三个选项 which suggests
E为suggesting that……但是后面很怪有错


考suggest暗示的用法 LZ选A

(6) 虽然消费者有提议过food的分量的变化，但是消费者还是倾向于把所有给他们的东西都吃了，a tendency called"unit bias", for people who,for example, to drink 20 once 的饮料。关键是"unit bias"的表述有选项在前面加分号神马的

(7) 当今很多intellects和scholars，as well as Book Washington biographer，认为华盛顿的历史被简化了啥的。划线英文部分。考intellects、scholars和biogropher间的关系
不是including biographer

(8) 银行清算将破产公司while allowed the viable ones to write off
（开始划线）debt in an amount sufficient to enable them to become profitable.
其余选项有 debt sufficiently,so they can神马的

(9) Having learned from insights that...,five wine producers blabla
逻辑主语

[by jeanq]

这位大NN给的非常详细。大家认真看噢。其中有（3）（5）（6）（7）（9）aimeedoudou在考场也遇到了呢。

稍稍补充一下第(6)题：

原JJ是：
虽然消费者有提议过food的分量的变化，但是消费者还是倾向于把所有给他们的东西都吃了，a tendency called"unit bias", for people who,for example, to drink 20 once 的饮料。关键是"unit bias"的表述有选项在前面加分号神马的

Aimeedoudou记得那个加分号的选项好像形式是：

开头一个完整的句子；a tendency ~, for example, called “unit bias”，～～～～。