1.第一题为modifier类，句首状语有个its, 由此推断主句主语。 [by staystupid]

2.

one of +复数，谓语动词的单复数问题
[by h3701485]

回顾此类语法点1：

one of + 复数名词 + 单数谓语；

eg: One of my friends is in the US.（强调one）

one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句(从句复数谓语) + 主句谓语单数；

eg: One of my friends who are in the US will come to China.（强调friends）

only one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句(从句单数谓语)；

eg: Only one of my friends who is in the US will come
to China.（强调only one）

回顾此类语法点2：

one of+复数名词,that修饰复数名词.the only one of+复数名词,that修饰the one.

参见大全885 section 04第21题:

21.
With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land, Cleveland is but one of a large number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract new businesses.

(A) is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract

(B) is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract

(C) are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract（正确选项）

(D) are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attracting

(E) are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban life and attract

要从句意上来理解,体会句子想表达什么意思.当用A is one of+复数名词(暂且称为Bs)时,句子是想说,"A是众多B里的一个",句子强调重心是A的归属:是B的一个,而不是其他的一个(例如,我们只会说,zeros是众多牛人中的一个,而不会说,zeros,很牛,是众多人中的一个),这个句子实际上已经完整了,如果要对这个句子作进一步的解释,那就是要解释"A是什么B里的一个?",而不是"什么样的A是B里的一个?",因此that定语从句必然修饰B.如上题.

当用A is the only one of B时,句子的强调重心移到了only上,表达的是"A是B中唯一的一个"(这时我们就可以说,zeros是众多人中唯一一个牛的),这个句子显然不完整,无法表达出其原来想表达的意思--为什么A是唯一的一个?唯一在哪里?因此进一步的说明一定是针对A的,从而定语从句修饰A.

做题时只要记住第一行的规律就好了.

3.
愈发：估计我就是栽在愈发上，没见什么长句，就知道这次挂了。但问题是我平时愈发都是80%的正确率啊，哎。句子肯定是回忆不起了，回忆几个愈发点吧：

1)

至少有两个考题考了because,because of +句子

2)


有个考题几个选项每个选项都有as far as could.. 不同的是后面分别跟 she was receptive of/to, was she receptive to..,句子在划线部分前面有个nor

[by
jeanblanc]

回顾此类语法点：because,because of +句子

because表示强因果，直接回答原因；而且，because puts more emphasis on the reason, and most often introduces new information which is not known to the listener/reader.

                                                                      －－－－－－－－－－

＊通过because 修饰的从属结构 有两个重要考点：

1. 主谓语宾要全，因为毕竟是一个句子

2.
不能单独形成一个完整的句子，必须依附于一个主句。

即：because＋完整的一套句子结构，另一套完整的句子结构。（当遇到because的题目时，看下结构是否完整，不仅仅because自己那部分的结构，还有整个句子的结构。

＊because of ＋名词（具有名词性功能的结构）

OG12上关于because和because of 的考题

6. In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the

Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for

cleaning and repair due to moisture exhaled by

tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so

that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus

was growing on the walls.

(A) due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which

raised its humidity to such levels so that salt

from the stone was crystallizing

(B) due to moisture that tourists had exhaled,

thereby raising its humidity to such levels that

salt from the stone would crystallize

(C) because tourists were exhaling moisture, which

had raised the humidity within them to levels

such that salt from the stone would crystallize

(D) because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists

raising the humidity within them to levels so high

as to make the salt from the stone crystallize

(E) because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised

the humidity within them to such levels that salt

from the stone was crystallizing

33. Because an oversupply of computer chips has sent

prices plunging, the manufacturer has announced that

it will cut production by closing its factories for two

days a month.

(A) Because an oversupply of computer chips has

sent prices plunging,

(B) Because of plunging prices for computer chips,

which is due to an oversupply,

(C) Because computer chip prices have been sent

plunging, which resulted from an oversupply,

(D) Due to plunging computer chip prices from an

oversupply,

(E) Due to an oversupply, with the result that

computer chip prices have been sent plunging,

83. In 2000, a mere two dozen products accounted for

half the increase in spending on prescription drugs,

a phenomenon that is explained not just because of

more expensive drugs but by the fact that doctors are

writing many more prescriptions for higher-cost drugs.

(A) a phenomenon that is explained not just because

of more expensive drugs but by the fact that

doctors are writing

(B) a phenomenon that is explained not just by the

fact that drugs are becoming more expensive

but also by the fact that doctors are writing

(C) a phenomenon occurring not just because of

drugs that are becoming more expensive but

because of doctors having also written

(D) which occurred not just because drugs are

becoming more expensive but doctors are also

writing

(E) which occurred not just because of more

expensive drugs but because doctors have also

written

［以上OG12三题答案：E
A
B］大家也可以核实一下啦，怕自己太粗心～

回顾此类语法点：receptive用法

正确用法：receptive to sth. （固定搭配）

例句：Tom is receptive to new developments. Tom对新事物接受的很快。

回顾此类语法点：与nor相关的可能考点

由于nor 这个地方狗主人给的不是很清楚 我只能妄加判断，把我认为跟nor沾边的考点都弄上来，希望大家选择性看：

1当nor跟单复数语法点有关时：

either or, neither nor

1） 就近原则：离谓语动词近的是单数，谓语动词就用单数；复数就用复数

Eg: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.

2.）若仅仅只有either or neither, 没有or 、nor，则谓语动词一定要用单数

2当nor跟平行结构有关时：

作为平行结构的标志词之一的 neither～nor～

顺便复习一下平行的四大原则吧：

“平行”考点四大原则（形式绝对对称，功能性相对对称）

一，形式对称原则

平行结构的标志词－－and ／or／but／yet

平行结构的短语－－rather than / not only...but also... / from...to... / either...or... / neither...nor... / between...and... / both...and... / not...but rather... / not...but... / .......as well as.........

＊重要的平行结构：

介词短语与介词短语 ／ 名词与名词 ／ 动词与动词（不同时态的也可以） ／ 分词与分词 ／ 现在分词与过去分词（做定语）／ 形容词与形容词 ／ 名词短语与what从句 ／ 副词短语与介词短语（做状语）／ than从句与介词短语 ／ 不定式与不定式（后面的to可以省略）

for doing A, not B

be likely to do....and be unable to do..... (be不能省）

宾语从句并列，连词that不能省：主语＋v.＋that..., that...., and that.....

定语从句并列：n.+in which...., in which...., and in which.............

二，概念对等原则

具体名词和抽象名词概念不对等；名称名词和动作性名词不对等；整体概念和部分概念不对等；泛指和特指不对等

三，功能相同原则

1）不同类型的从句不能够并列，因为从句的功能不相同。比如：宾语从句和同位语从句不能并列，定语从句和宾语从句不能并列

2）不同功能的定语从句不能并列，因为关系词在定从中充当不同成分。比如：n.+where....and in which...这是可以的，n.+who......and whose........也是可以的，但是n.+where...and who...错误的。

四，意思单一原则

在平行结构中，并列项之间的连词链接的对象不能引起争议。当引起争议时，修改办法有2种：

1）添加相应的介词，如：call for A and for B; suspect sb. of doing A and of doing B

2）改变并列项的位置：如：the growing demand for housing, traffic congestion, and longer commuting trips 可以改为 traffic congestion, longer commuting trips, and the growing demand for housing

                                                       －－－－－－－－－－摘自《白勇语法全解》

4.题目是真记不住了，但是有考到完成时，和such as, such that 的用法

[by annkatherine]

回顾此类语法点：完成时

我找一道og的题目，如下，然后配上NN的一点点解释，希望大家有个了解。

46.    A proposal has been made to trim the horns from rhinoceroses to discourage poachers; the question is whether tourists will continue to visit game parks and see rhinoceroses after their horns are trimmed.

(A) whether tourists will continue to visit game parks and see rhinoceroses after their horns are

(B) whether tourists will continue to visit game parks to see one once the animals' horns are

(C) whether tourists will continue to visit game parks to see rhinoceroses once the animals' horns have been

(D) if tourists will continue to visit game parks to see rhinoceroses once the animals' horns are

(E) if tourists will continue to visit game parks to see one after the animals' horns have been

答案是C

有人问C中的once the animals' horns have been这个现在完成时的依据是什么呢？又没有特别的时间状语。

NN解答：其实完成时是一个冗余的语法元素。中文就没有完成时。

完成时的作用是强调实践的先后顺序，或者延续（其实这也可以被算在 一致性 里）。其实所有的内容都可以通过副词表达出来（中文就是这样的，如：已经，早就***了，正在，一直等等）。

文章中为了强调visitor是否愿意在动物被trim horn之后看表演，所以使用了完成时。但是就算不强调，其实句义也是完整，因为核心内容是visitor是否愿意看没有horn的动物表演。不影响句子，只不过有了完成时会更完美。   

回顾此类语法点：such as，such that的用法

＊关于such as

17.(25335-!-item-!-188;#058&002335)

The success of the program to eradicate smallpox has stimulated experts to pursue what they had not previously considered possible--better control, if not eradication, of the other infections such as measles and yaws.

(A) what they had not previously considered possible--better control, if not eradication, of the other infections such as

(B) what they had not previously considered a possibility--better control, if not eradication, of such infections like

(C) something they had not previously considered possible-better control, if not eradication, of such infections as

(D) something not considered a previous possibility--better control and perhaps eradication, of other infections such like as

(E) the possibility of what they had not previously considered--better control and possibly eradication of infections

答案是C

不考虑别的错误的情况下，有人问：不明白such as n和such n as 的区别，

NN回答：

such as n.和such n. as 都是可以用的，语法上没问题

such as A,(B,C...) 这里的名词表示举例之一

而such N. as ... 这里的名词表示集合，as后面表示举例

＊关于such that

such + adj +单/复数名词+从句：作“如此…以致”解，连接一个表示结果的状语从句

longman例句：

It's such a tiny kitchen that I don't have to do much to keep it clean.

He came to such a sudden stop that we almost hit him.

网上例句：They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again.

有讨论关于such that是否应该连用

NN回答：so that+从句表达目的，such that强调程度，

例句：Their anxiety was such that they could not sleep.
他们如此焦虑，难以入睡。

二者含义不同，应该是不能互换的

我刚才翻了prep，gwd，发现所有的题里面都没有一个such that连用的，so that用法很多

5..The government enacted new laws to help the loaners 中间忘了because they spend money, to get back premium slightly, on the banks that have gone out of business 大概是这个样子

此题因为没有其它选项，很难说考点是什么。不过我昨天有看一下曼哈顿的预发，提醒大家考试时一个总的思考规律吧，请先考虑1）再考虑2）最后考虑3）

（这个总结肯定不全面，但是就是起个抛砖引玉的效果，如果你们个人有自己独到的方法，就忽略我说得吧～）

1）Grammar
（这个方面我就不多说啦，大家自己心里过一下吧，几大类）

2）Meaning：

         （a）用词／选词，比如：词相似但是意不同

Economic-经济的； economical-节约的；合算的；有效的

Aggravate-加重，恶化； aggravating-令人愤怒的

Known as –被认为是，很著名； known to be-被承认…

Loss of –失去；loss in-贬值

Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权

Native of- （人）来自；native to –物种起源于

Range of –多种的； ranging-变化

Rate of –速度或频率； rates for – 价格…

Rise –上升； raise-（打赌或工资）上涨

Such as –比如； like-好像 （举例只能用such as, 不能用like）

Try to do –努力去完成； try doing –尝试去做

                                       比如： may／must／will／should语气词的选用

（大家自己回忆一下吧，做过什么题是要区别这些语气词的呀。）

            （b） 词的位置，比如：only／all ／the 这些小小词的位置

                                        比如：介词的位置

            （c） 词与词的搭配，注意要逻辑上说得通，还有代词要指代清楚。

3）Concision：

            （a）wordy：主动大于被动；

                                  动词优于形容词优于名词；

                                  凡是能用一两个词语表达清楚的，就不用从句 比如：the way in which＝how那么选择how，而不用the way in which

            （b）重复：
being这个词总是容易引起重复的嫌疑，大家要注意噢。看到being选项，再多看看别的选项，是否有更简洁的说法。

NN们总结的容易“重复”的词 （有点多，大家有选择的看吖 ）

Achieve a gain
／
Pay the payment
／
Possibility & might
／
Both & alike
／
Soar & rise
／  

Amount to & sum
／
Decline, declension & down
／
Manifestation & show
／
Attempt & try
／

Annual & a year
／
Can (表示可能) & potentially
／
Orbit & around
／
By the name of & be known as
／

Likely & maybe
／
Never & again

it is doing and will continue to do/have been and will continue to do => will continue to do

may be ＝ unlikely
／ It seems unlikely that...may...
／
and ＝also
／
attempt to ＝ try

Like A, B also
／
possibility....might/might possibly
／
annual...a year
／
can ＝potentially => are potentially
／
never regain again
／
Payments are not expected to be paid.
／
Although...but... ／ Because... therefore...

despite
<> yet
/
in the past <> previously
/ enable <> be able to
/
now <> currently
/ explained <> because of
/ even though <> but
/ although <> yet
/ reduced <> lowered
/ regain <> again
/ possible <> may
/ today <> now
/ enough <> so that

after ～when
／
substitute ～ in place of
／ once in every [number] [time] ／ both A as well as B
／ soar ～rise ～increase ／
increase/decrease ～up to/down to
～／ opposition～against
／ be able to/ability ～ afford
／ can ～ capability
／
can ～ potentially(can, potentially,…is right)
／
consequence ～ result
／ may ～likely
／ that of his own
／
return back
／although ～ may （我这里写出来的意思是条件或让步壮语从句中不应出现表uncertainty的词否则是redundancy）／
use as ～ borrow against
／ also ～ like/as ／
share the same ／
withhold disclosure
／
no less than/nothing other than(在完全美有比较的情况下赤裸裸的出现在名次前)
／

reason ～because

自己补充一个 due to ～ with the result （OG12－033）

Because an oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging, the manufacturer has announced that it will cut production by closing its factories for two days a month.

(A) Because an oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging,

(B) Because of plunging prices for computer chips, which is due to an oversupply,

(C) Because computer chip prices have been sent plunging, which resulted from an oversupply, 主动大于被动＋which误指代prices 句意改变

(D) Due to plunging computer chip prices from an oversupply, 表达方式太费劲

(E) Due to an oversupply, with the result that computer chip prices have been sent plunging,
”due to“
和
”with the result“
重复＋表达方式太费劲

正确答案：A

再补充一个 To Tom, this book is his ~~~

For Tom, this book is his ~~
(OG12-052)

To Josephine Baker, Paris was her home long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, and she remained in France during the Second World War as a performer and an intelligence agent for the Resistance.

(A) To Josephine Baker, Paris was her home long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate,
重复＋Paris做主语和后一句不符合

(B) For Josephine Baker, long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Paris was her home,
重复＋两句的主语不一致

(C) Josephine Baker made Paris her home long before to be an expatriate was fashionable,
表达方式笨拙，可以有更简洁的

(D) Long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Josephine Baker made Paris her home,

(E) Long before it was fashionable being an expatriate, Paris was home to Josephine Baker,
笨拙＋两句主语不一致

正确答案：D

9.（在此特别感谢一下lestatwm，那脑子太好使啦）

1) 果不出我所料, 考到了以 unlike 开头的句子, 先说了一种树, Unlike...(tree)...选项中有以 evergreen 做主语的, 有以 animals 做主语的, 大家自己判断

2) 一个神马东东 recommend that..., 考虚拟

ABC选项均由 be tied to proof that 开头,

D. is tied to proof that

E. ties to proof that

3) 还有一个, 也是ETS几乎必出的题目类型: 比较. 我遇到的这个原理有点像如下原题:

Only seven people this century have been killed by the great white shark, the man-eater of the movies—less than those killed by bee stings.

A. movies—less than those

B. movies—fewer than have been

C. movies, which is less than those

D. movies, a number lower than the people

E. movies, fewer than the ones

回忆此语法点：unlike开头的比较

以一道og的题目为例，越简单的题目越是精华啊～

20. As contrasted with the honeybee, the yellow jacket

can sting repeatedly without dying and carries a

potent venom that can cause intense pain.

(A) As contrasted with the honeybee,

(B) In contrast to the honeybee’s,

(C) Unlike the sting of the honeybee,

(D) Unlike that of the honeybee,

(E) Unlike the honeybee,

正确答案：E

这个题目很容易选出来，大家复习到这个阶段了，肯定都知道unlike A，B～。名词与名词之间的比较。这个与用as（后面要加完整的主谓结构）的比较，大家都能分清的吧。

借这个题目，重点说下，为什么其它的选项不对？

A －固定搭配错

B －比较事物不平等

C －同上

D －同上

总结下正确的“有对比比较”性质的固定搭配：

1） in contrast with X, Y~~~

2） in contrast to X, Y~~~

3） unlike X，Y～～

4）contrary to X，Y～～

要注意 3／4都有很坚决的表示：与X不同，Y怎么怎么样

但是1／2都只是在比较：与X比较起来，Y怎么样 说明XY不一定完全不同 只是比较哪个更怎么样

回忆此语法点：recommend的虚拟

来一道og上的题目

54.The report recommended that the hospital should

eliminate unneeded beds, expensive services

should be consolidated, and use space in other

hospitals.

(A)should eliminate unneeded beds, expensive

services should be consolidated, and use space

in other hospitals

(B)should eliminate unneeded beds, expensive

services should be consolidated, and other

hospitals' space be used

(C)should eliminate unneeded beds, expensive

services should be consolidated, and to use

space in other hospitals

(D)eliminate unneeded beds, consolidate expensive

services, and other hospitals' space used

(E)eliminate unneeded beds, consolidate expensive

services, and use space in other hospitals

正确答案E

总结下宾语从句中的虚拟语气：看到哪些词，后面的动词用原型呢？

1）表建议：advocate / advise / move / recommend that..... do...; sb. suggest / propose that.....do..

2)
表命令：order / decree / mandate / command / demand that.....do.....

3)
表要求：request / require / insist that.....do...; sth. require of sb. that....do....

切记以下动词后的宾从不用虚拟啊～

allow that～ ／ rule that～ ／ sth propose that～ ／ sth suggest that～

回忆此语法点：究竟什么东西在比较？？

借助og上第18题

Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than are fungi,
in the form of carbon dioxide, and converting it to energy-rich sugars.

(A) Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon

than are fungi,
不符合后面要修饰的东西

(B) Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon

than fungi,
同上＋than前后比较对象变成acquiring carbon vs fungi

(C) Plants are more efficient than fungi at acquiring

carbon,

(D) Plants, more efficient than fungi at acquiring

carbon,
缺少v

(E) Plants acquire carbon more efficiently than fungi, 同B than前后比较对象变成acquire carbon vs acquire fungi （仔细体会）

正确答案C

这里给大家放个大知识点，也是摘录的，总结比较详细，就是有点多，大家选择着看。

比较总结

总结一下关于比较的结构考点

对主谓宾全的句型

主语比较：
A do sth
than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）

介宾比较 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2对等名词）

宾语比较 A do C1 than C2.(C1C2为对等名词）

状语比较A do sth than usual/everbefore/people expected(直接加状语）

按照这个原理，对下一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：

I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别

I eat apple faster than you do

如果写成 I eat apple faster than you 按ETS的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。

补充NN总结的more/ less/ adj+er than语法点：

（1）主语比较

1.1
than前若有宾语，则其后的助词需补出，时态要据后定。主语相同可省

eg：The pay of senior executives increased in 1990 by a larger percentage than did the wages of other salaried workers.

eg：As a result of the continuing decline in the birth rate, fewer people will enter the labor force in the 1980’s than did in the 1960’s and 1970’s, a twenty-year period during which people born after the war swelled the ranks of workers. (主语people相同且无定语成分则省之，但did不能省)

eg：Several studies have found that the coronary patients who exercise most actively are at least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack.（主语相同且有定语成分，必须要that/those来指代）

1.2
than前只有BE + ADJ，则其后的主语无须补助词。

eg：Even though Bela Bartok’s music has proved less popular than Igor Stravinsky’s and less influential than Arnold Schonberg’s, it is no less important.

eg：In 1982 the median income for married-couple families with a wage-earning wife was $9,000 more than that for families in which only the husband was employed.

1.3 than前有两个动词，比较主语无须补助词。

eg：A study commissioned by the Department of Agriculture showed that if calves exercise and associate with other calves, they have require less medication and gain weight more quickly than those raised in confinement.

（2）than后名词前的介词要补出

eg： Aging is a property of all animals that reach a fixed size at maturity, and the variations in life spans among different species are far greater than those among individuals of the same species: a fruit fly is ancient at 40 days, a mouse at 3 years, a horse at 30, a man at 100, and some tortoises at 150. 介宾的比较。

eg：The investor who is uncertain about the future is more likely to put money into blue-chip stocks or treasury bills than into gold.

eg：Nowhere in Prakta is the influence of modern European architecture more apparent than in its government buildings.（倒装句）

（3）宾语比较，一般加that/those

eg：In addition to having more protein than wheat does, rice has protein of higher quality than that in wheat, with more of the amino acids essential to the human diet. (B-p106-19)

（4）宾语补语，比较结构修饰宾语，无须补出助词；

eg：In his eagerness to find a city worthy of Priam, the German archaeologist Schliemann cut through Troy and uncovered a civilization a thousand years more ancient than the city known to Homer’s heroes.

（5）likely引导的表语比较

eg：St. John’s , Newfoundland, lies on the same latitude as Paris, France, but in spring St. John’s residents are less likely to be sitting at outdoor cafes than to be bracing themselves against arctic chills, shovelling snow, or seeking shelter from a raging northeast storm.

11.语法感觉不难，语法点都很清晰。但有几道题还是有小圈套，不是按语法排除的。

1）比如有一题，是As an activist before becoming a lawyer, 某某人做了什么。这个表达是错的。

2）有一题考了分号和and连用。我认为正确答案形式是a, b and c; d, e and f; and g, h and i. manhattan有个例句。

3）还有一题，may和possible

4）还有一题很简单 seeking------, ________. 划线部分的主语只有一个是市政府官员，其它都是文件啊，措施啊之类的，立刻能选出答案。

5）还有一个类似的，_______ , 某某建筑物怎样怎样。有三个很明显是错的。另外两个是situated in some place和positioned in some place. 不知道这两个哪个对，或者都对。

回忆此语法点：As an activist before becoming a lawyer, 某某人做了什么。这个表达是错的。

让As结构成为正确答案

在这样的情况下，as是作为连词出现的。既然是连词就只能带一个句子。但是由于as所带的句子与主句有很多相同的地方，所以可以使用加助动词省略的形式成为正确答案。比如：

A do ***, as B do

A can *** as B can

A is *** as B and C are

补出助动词的原则是必须和主句的类型一致，而且要时态一致。

但是如果某个as结构自己就带了时间状语，那么该as结构的时态和自己带的状语保持一致，而类型和主句保持一致。

A do *** as B did ten years ago.

回忆此预发点：有一题考了分号和and连用。我认为正确答案形式是a, b and c; d, e and f; and g, h and i. manhattan有个例句。

1、一个正确的句子至少有一个主句：有完整的主谓结构，且不以because or if结尾；

逗号不足以连接两个句子。

2、and 是GMAT 考试总最重要的连词，它可以连接多个名词，或多个结构相同成

分或者句子，注意and连接的前后成分一定要是并列的。

3、一次只能用一个连词，如since, so不能同时用， although, yet不能同时用。

4、并列连词：and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so；从属连词，although, because, before, after, since,

when, if , unless, that, though, while

（二）标点符号:逗号，分号，破折号，冒号

1、一个主语发出的两个动作间，不用逗号。

2、分号后经常跟一些链接副词（注意这些词不是真正的连词，不能用逗号替代分号），

如however, therefore, in addition.

3、冒号，对前面提出的信息起补充说明作用，冒号前的句子一定要能独立成句；需

要解释说明的成分一定要离解释成分近一点。

4、破折号，用的比较广泛，破折号有双的，也有单的

             －－－－原版来自曼哈顿语法pp187－195

回忆此预发点： may和possible

两者同时出现会产生重复

og例题：但是讨论的是perhaps和maybe，大家凑合看

4. Of all the vast tides of migration that have swept

through history, maybe none is more concentrated as

the wave that brought 12 million immigrants onto

American shores in little more than three decades.

(A) maybe none is more concentrated as

(B) it may be that none is more concentrated as

(C) perhaps it is none that is more concentrated

than

(D) maybe it is none that was more concentrated

than

(E) perhaps none was more concentrated than

正确答案E

回忆此语法点：_______ , 某某建筑物怎样怎样。有三个很明显是错的。另外两个是situated in some place和positioned in some place. 不知道这两个哪个对，或者都对。

区别一下situated和positioned （v-ed形式分词）

摘自《牛津高阶》

situate尤其用于被动语态，表示“使(建筑物或者城镇）建于或者坐落于某处”

例句：The company wants to situate its headquarters in the north.

position 当动词讲时，表示 （1）“将（某物）放在（某一）位置上； （2）找出或者标出某物的位置

例句：position the aerial for the best reception 把天线安装在接收器上

They were able to position the yacht by means of radar 他们能够用雷达测定快艇的位置。

从上面的解释来看，我个人认为，选择situated更合适，因为有坐落在～的意思。

12.SC 我靠我觉得我做得水的一腿，基本全是短划线的额，

1）有一题是选“，which。。。”或者“including。。。”；

2）还有one ,they,这些代词使用的选择，反正题目都超级奇

回忆此预发点：代词

代词 是GMAT中最常见的考点，每次见到介词的时候都应检查指代是否清晰。

（一）先行词必须存在

注意有些名词是作为形容词，所有格在用，这样的名词不能做为先行词；名词作

为先行词的条件是该名词一定要具备名词功能。

Eg: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be

devastating to it. It无指代对象，因为park 在此处是形容词。

（二）先行词和代词并同时有意义

将代词换为先行词，该句子必须还是有意义，说的通

Eg: Although the term”super”may sound wonderful, it is simply and machine that can

produce many products at one. 此处,it指代就有问题，因为super怎么能是机器呢？

（三）代词的指代必须清晰

每一个代词都只能有一个清晰的先行词，如有多个的话，指代是模糊的。

（四）代词和先行词的单复数必须一致

（六）几个要点

1.this, that, these, those 在句子中不能裸奔，必须用作this/that/those/these+n 的结

构才能做代词使用，而这个名词则是能体现先行词性质的词。(this, those, that and

these are never used as a stand-alone pronoun wihout a noun following)

EG：New”nano-papers”incoporate fibers that give these materials strength.

2.that 或those 可以表明一个新的copy 关于先行词的,避免重复。

Eg: The money spent by her parents is more than that spent by her children.

3.tha或those 表明新copy 的时候一定前后完全一致（包括单复数），否则需要重

复先行词。

Eg：Her company is outperforming those of her competitors. 错，those与company不一

致，应将those替换为companies.

14.改错挺难的，我一道平衡题都没做到，但修饰语的题目有很多

回忆此语法点：修饰语

六、修饰语

（一）形容词和副词

1．形容词修饰名词或者代词，副词修饰除了名词和代词外，其余词均可修饰。

2. GMAT 考试中最长出现的修饰结构：

形容词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，两个形容词均修饰名词

副词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，副词修饰形容词，形容词修饰名词

Eg: James is Max’s supposed Irish ancestor. supposed修饰ancessor，表明j可能是，

也可能不是MAX的ancesstor.

Max’s grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancesstor.此处supposedly一定要用副词

形式，因为M 的奶奶肯定是M 的祖先，只是不知道是不是他的irish 祖先而已，因

此副词再次修饰形容词了。

常见的形容词+ly 变副词的词语: corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, recent,

seeming, aeperate, significant, supposed, usual.

（二）名词修饰语：形容词、介词短语，过去分词，不加逗号的现在分词，从

句，同位语

前置修饰是GMAT 中最常见的名词性修饰

Eg : Tired from chasing mice, the cat took a nap.

1.名词和其修饰语必须互相靠近，就近修饰；如果修饰语靠近另外一个名词，则

会产生误解。

Eg: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. 错

To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods. 对

2.每一个名词修饰必须对应一个修饰对象，不能缺乏修饰对象

Resigned to the bad news, thare was no commotion in the office. Wrong

Resigned to the bad news , the office workers made no commotion. Right

3.避免一些列的修饰语修饰一个名词，让两个很长的修饰语修饰一个名词不好

最常见的模式就是：修饰语，修饰语， 主谓宾 必错

而一种常见容易弄错的情形是：修饰语，主语+定语从句，谓宾，这种是对的

另外一种：修饰语，定语从句，主语，修饰语，谓语宾语，这种也对，但少见

注意=：动词修饰语不像名词修饰语，不需要贴近其修饰的主语。

另外，要注意所有格形式，这种形式经常会出现修饰错误,特别注意抽象名词

Eg: Only in the past century has origami’s development, a ceremonial activity

invented millennia ago, into a true art form taken place.此句中，后句不是句子而是一个修

饰结构，由于靠近development，通常会被我们误认为是修饰development.

（三）名词修饰与从句

Which（修饰物），that（不能修饰人）， who /whom(修饰人)、whoese, where, when

Who: 一般修饰主语； whom: 一般修饰宾语

That/whom：修饰的成分是宾语的时候，是可以省略的

Where: 只能修饰具体的地点， 对于一些虚拟的， 如condition,

situation,case,circumstance, arrangement，要用in which 修饰好点

When: 可以修饰一个名词时间或时间，如period, age, 1987, decade, 也可以用in

which修饰

限制性名词修饰：无逗号隔开的，用that;

非限制性名词修饰：有逗号隔开的，用which

（四）动词修饰：副词，介词短语，从属结构

从属结构，通过because, although, if, while, so that, while 修饰，有两个重要考点：

1. 主谓语宾要全，因为毕竟是一个句子

2. 不能单独形成一个完整的句子，必须依附于一个主句。

（五）which 和现在分词

1.Which 必须紧跟其修饰的名词，which不能修饰一个句子

2.ing 形式做修饰语

（1）做形容词，直接修饰名词

（2）可以修饰主语和动词

（3）可以修饰一个从句（此时主句若转化为同意名词，这个名词可作为ing

的主语），这种形式就是常见的ing 表示结果的结构。

（4）ing 形式在主系表结构中，可以修饰其前面紧跟的名词

（5）ing 形式在主谓宾结构之后，可以表示与谓语动词同时发生，表伴随，此

时其逻辑主语就是主句的主语。

－－－－－－原版来自曼哈顿语法pp83－93

15.语法遇到了一些破折号用法，there be句型的，重点很模糊，插入语从句考的比较多，颠覆了我对语法的一些看法。。。大家再好好看看这些吧

符号的内容，前面已提到。

there be句型，通常在GMAT中被认为时啰嗦不简洁的方式噢。当然也有例外，有人把所有正确的there be句型给大家总结。但是我在此就不给大家贴出来那些例外啦，免得混淆大家。

17.预发似乎考到了prep的原题~~~但是具体有什么真是没印象了

有两个小心得就是，如果一道题里考了很多语法点，比如引导词啊，介词短语或连词啊，动词形式什么的，那么对的选项肯定在每一个部分上都是最优的表达，所以抓住你最确定的语法点去把握~~~

还有就是进了考场就不要去想那些条条框框的语法规则了，相信自己的积累和语感，最后只留一条原则，就是在没有歧义的情况下选择最漂亮简洁表达方式。

这个预发狗主人给的建议很中肯啊～两条建议：（1）选择每部都是最优得表达，抓最确定得预发点去把握。（2）选择最漂亮简洁得表达方式

我借此机会跟大家聊下个人复习的一点体会。NN们就忽略我吧～

让我们来探讨一下吧。对于很多预发题目，排除错误选项的方法有很多，比如在og12上很多时候发现自己排除选项的原因并不是og官方给出的解释，对吧？并不是说我们的方法不对，只是因为我们找到的点可能不是最重要的错误。什么是最重要的错误呢？

我在前面的预发点中曾经摘录了曼哈顿书中的解题思路：预发—>意思—>简洁。

给个og12－111例题，这个是我个人的预发总结

Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, was completed a decade later, during the reign of Titus, who opened the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious pageants, gladiatorial games, and spectacles.

(A) which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian,
缺少连词连接began和be completed

(B) officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, begun in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, and
begun这个是完成时态错误用法

(C) which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, and

(D) officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater and begun in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian it
“it”的出现是多余的＋begun做为v-ed分词形式和known并列，这个begin做被动分词，不合适。

(E)
officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, which was begun in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, and
连词前面的部分是不完全的，缺少v和后面的v并列＋sth be begun这个用法是错的＋begun完成时态错

每个选项后面我都根据官方解释标出了错误原因。但是其实我当初判断时用的方法如下：

A 选项 少连词

B／D／E 选项 中过去分词known直接跟在一个A of B的结构后面容易造成歧义，因为过去分词很有可能被认为去修饰临近的B而非A。 用which引导的定从就会直接指向主语A。而且对于 主语,(分词修饰语，定语从句),谓语～～～ 这种结构想来gmac不喜欢的。

后来我看了og解释，我觉得自己找的这个判断依据不是最重要的，或者说在此题里不算错误级别的。但是当你看到最后正确选项的时候，发现它还是回避了这个不算错误的点。这就证明了，最好的答案，一定是5个选项中各方面都最优的。

（不知道我讲明白没，可能例子不是最好的，但是希望大家能理解我的意思）

18.题目不记得了，就记得预发点，考了好几个比较级，不管是as...as...还是more...than，这个我复习的不太好，大家一定要好好看

回忆此预发点：比较级

1）倍数的表达

主谓＋倍数＋as～～as ＋宾语

主谓＋倍数＋形容词／比较级 than ＋宾语

主谓＋倍数＋形容词对应的表“量”的名词＋of ＋宾语，  比如：the size of/ the length of/ the width of

2)
表倍数的词作v，切记不跟as搭配

double in size / number / value

double the size / number / value

3)
twice的用法

twice as many ... as

twice as much...
as

twice the +名词

twice + what从句

注意as～as的平行，比如经常考到as...as that (those) of ......

注意twice和as many as的固定位置

4）more than的省略考点

给个例题GWD-16-30，（一些简单的more than用法我就不再放上来了，默认大家都是懂的）

According to public health officials, in 1998 Massachusetts became the first state in which more babies were born to women over the age of thirty than under it.

A. than

B. than born

C. than they were

D. than there had been

E. than had been born

答案是A

如果将所有省略补全应该是，即比较的的对象是

more babies were born to women over the age of thirty than

more babies were born to women under the age of thirty.
it指代the age of thirty

20.语法我记得有一个是划线 as if的,就是科学家们说如果消费者shop credit card as if(as if划线) M...(不记得了,单个名词M开头...)

回忆此预发点：as if

as if ：似乎，好像

og上找点相关例题

35. Along with the drop in producer prices announced

yesterday, the strong retail sales figures released

today seem like it is indicative that the economy,

although growing slowly, is not nearing a recession.

(A) like it is indicative that

(B) as if to indicate

(C) to indicate that

(D) indicative of

(E) like an indication of

正确答案：C

117. George Sand (Aurore Lucile Dupin) was one of the first

European writers to consider the rural poor to be

legitimate subjects for literature and portray these

with sympathy and respect in her novels.

(A) to be legitimate subjects for literature and

portray these

(B) should be legitimate subjects for literature and

portray these

(C) as being legitimate subjects for literature and

portraying them

(D) as if they were legitimate subjects for literature

and portray them

(E) legitimate subjects for literature and to portray

them

正确答案E

22.语法：有一道prep里的原题，fossls of *** 人名，作为第一个女人，怎么样。。。好像是被选为什么。。。

有个as fast as 的题

不知道是不是这个原题，有待考古。

226. (GWD-3-Q1)

The four-million-year-old fossilized skeleton known as Lucy is so small compared with many other skeletons presumed to be of the same species, and so some paleontologists have argued that Lucy

represents a different lineage.

A. presumed to be of the same species, and so

B. presumed to be of the same species that

C. presumed that they are of the same species, and so

D. that they have presumed to be of the same species, so that

E. that they have presumed are of the same species, and

答案B

23.只记得有个题是印度人很多，所以呢有比世界上其它国家都能装更多人的火车，选项有考到its trains 和with trains的比较。

回忆此预发点：with的用法

给一道og例题86题

The results of the company’s cost-cutting measures are evident in its profits, which increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after it fell over

the last two years.

(A) which increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after it fell
单复数指代＋increase不要用过去时，否则不能区别跟fell前后发生的顺序，尤其是在这个after出现的情况下。

(B) which had increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after it had fallen
时态＋单复指代

(C) which have increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after falling

(D) with a 5 percent increase during the first 3 months of this year after falling

(E) with a 5 percent increase during the first 3 months of this year after having fallen

正确答案C

别的错误选项咱不谈，就说说with。og官方解释with的错误原因是 It is not clear what connection is being described by “with”.

With在og中的用法总结（仅代表个人观点，摘自预发版总结）:

1）with紧跟在中心词后作定语表限定修饰

2）主语，with短语，谓语+宾语。作为状语修饰主语，如果with结构放在句末则有歧义，不知是修饰主语还是宾语

3）主语与with有逗号隔开，形式有“with短语，主句”和“主句，with”，with短语修饰主句中的主语，with表示“有”的意思

4）主语+谓语+宾语，with短语。with短语修饰宾语，with表示“有”的意思

总结：从1）2）3）4）可以看出，with紧跟修饰语作定语时表限定，with与修饰词用逗号隔开则作为状语表示非限定，

例如
Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott Joplin's ragtime opera Treemonisha was not produced until 1972, sixty-one years after its completion.

(A) Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged（正确答案）

(B) Except for a concert performance with the composer himself staging it（可以推断此句中with希望与that同样表限定，此选项的错误点在staging时态问题。此外，With后可以用doing形式，不过with短语是作为副词作状语，不能修饰名词

(E) With the exception of a concert performance with the staging done by the composer himself（表达的不简洁）

例如
The root systems of most flowering perennials either become too crowded, which results in loss in vigor, and spread too far outward, producing a bare center.

(C) with the result of loss of vigor, or spreading（应用with结构不存在正确性问题，只是相对resulting不简洁。而且可以推断此处with结构与which与resulting均表非限定）

(D) resulting in loss of vigor, or spread。（正确答案）

25.第一题考了in addition to/as well as/besides这几个的用法

有一题是說the potential of conflict in interest--(破折号後面解釋了一下什么是 conflict in interest)然後考單複數 還有時態

最後一题考單複數和時態 挺簡單的

啰嗦两句 個人感覺這次语法挺难的 感覺我最后VERBAL不高跟语法有很大关系 題目乍一看不知道要考的语法点是啥 大家还是好好复习吧！~

回忆此考点：as well as

曾经有人问：

Can we say?

1. "A, B, as well as C".

(I think it should be "A, B, and C" or "A and B, as well as C")

2. "both A and B, as well as C"

NN回答：我认为不允许出现A, B, as well as C的结构，因为as well as不等于AND。as well as的用法是：它后面所接的是前面的若干（包括一个）个东西之后的一个补充，这个补充的东东在地位（性质上）无法与as well as之前的东东构成完美的平行与对称（否则就用AND连接）。如果as well as前面有二个或以上的东东并列，它之前的第一个东东的前面一定要有AND连接。所以A, B, as well as C在逻辑上本身就是有问题的。

的确应该改为"A, B, and C" or "A and B, as well as C"。至于到底是哪一种，要看这三者之间的逻辑关系。还有那"BOTH A AND B, AS WELL AS C"也应是对的

下面是所有阅读与改错中出现的支持上述结论的类似结构。我极为细致地搜遍了40余万字的所有阅读材料，没有找到一个A, B, as well as C的结构。

例题：

25. Europe’s travel industry is suffering as a result of a sluggish economy, a stretch of bad weather, as well as the chilling effects of terrorist activity that is persistent.

(A) as well as the chilling effects of terrorist activity that is persistent

(B) and the chilling effect of terrorist activity that is persistent

(C) but persistent terrorist activity has had a chilling effect too

(D) and the chilling effects of persistent terrorist

(E) as well as the chilling effects of terrorist activity that persists

A中的as well as不如正确答案D中的and好。尽管A可以用其他的办法排除。看来这的确是ETS的考点啊。多加小心！

18.    While all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominating industries and regulatory environment of the states obviously determines the types and amounts of waste produced, as well as the cost of disposal.

(A) all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominating industries and regulatory environment of the states obviously determines

(B) each state faces a similar industrial waste problem, their predominant industries and regulatory environment obviously determine

(C) all states face a similar industrial waste problem, their predominating industries and regulatory environment obviously determines

(D) each state faces similar industrial waste problems, the predominant industries and regulatory environment of each state obviously determines

(E) all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominant industries and the regulatory environment of each state obviously determine

Multicellular plants and animals, as well as many unicellular organisms, are eukaryotic—their large, complex cells have a well-formed nucleus and many organelles.

Maps made by non-Native Americans to depict Native American land tenure, resources and population distributions appeared almost as early as Europeans’ first encounters with Native Americans and took many form: missionaries’ field sketches, explorers’ drawings, and surveyors’ maps, as well as maps rendered in connection with treaties involving land transfers.

Thus our current cartographic record relating to Native American tribes and their migrations and cultural features, as well as territoriality and contemporary trust lands, reflects the origins of the data, the mixed purposes for which the maps have been prepared, and changes both in United States government policy and in non-Native Americans’ attitudes toward an understanding of Native Americans.

He conceived of the camera image as having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by most directors.

In particular, his actos contain the same assortment of semiallegorical characters and the same blend of music, chorus, and dialogue found in some of the agitprop pieces, as well as the same fierce spirit of social and political critique.

Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys’ social behavior.

Among the factors that constrain the competitiveness of integrated producers are excessive labor, energy, and capital costs, as well as manufacturing inflexibility.

NN2补充：再加一例ETS专考and 和as well as的用法：

885/250-81：句型 and和as well as的区别。allows voters to propose and pass laws, as well as to repeal them

NN3补充：

3. 如果as well as 前面是动词不定式，那么其后的动词也是不定式，但to要省略。例如：

You cannot expect her to do the housework as well as look after the children.

4. 由as well as 连接的复合主语并不影响谓语动词的数。例如：

Helen as well as I is eager to see the performance.

海伦和我一样急于要看演出。

I as well as they am ready to help you. 不仅他们愿意帮助你，我也愿意帮助

6. as well as 用于肯定结构和否定结构中，其意义不同。as well as 和not搭配使用，as well as 位于not前时，两者均否定；位于not后时，否定前者，肯定后者。例如：

George, as well as his brother, has gone abroad.

乔治和他兄弟一样都出国了。

George hasn”t gone abroad as well as his brother.

乔治并没有和他兄弟一样出国去。（他兄弟一人出国）

George, as well as his brother, hasn”t gone abroad.

乔治和他兄弟都没有出国。

7. as well as 在意义上通常强调前者，而not only …but also在意义上则强调后者。例如：

He”s got a car as well as a motorbike.

他不但有一辆摩托车，而且有一辆小汽车。

（= He”s got not only a motorbike but also a car. ）

8. 注意as well as 有时会引起歧义句。例如：

He can speak french as well as English.

（1）他会说英语，也会说法语。

（2）他说法语能说得像英语一样好。（…as well as he speaks English）

30. (1) 第一题是学者发现（谓语动词是过去时）……，基于1990年一个规定还不是什么的，然后一个长划线if…谓语一般现在时…，…将来时…下面选项主要是在时态上有出入，还有词序和代词it、 those什么的

(2) 其他题只记得考点了：考到了 so that，

(3)考到了对比，划线部分是最后，记得选项里面有the number of those ……

回忆此预发点：so that以及经常用来比较的so as to

以og12－039为例

In 1527 King Henry VIII sought to have his marriage to Queen Catherine annulled so as to marry Anne Boleyn.

(A) so as to marry
用法不当
详细看右面

(B) and so could be married to
so在此有非常强烈的因果关系，表明结束了去QC的婚姻必然产生和Anne结婚的结果。这个是不正确的。对比D选项看，could一词表达了可能或许的意思，更合适。

(C) to be married to
主动大于被动

(D) so that he could marry
正确

(E) in order that he would marry

＊针对A选项：so as to 一定要是能明确表示主语的时候简洁使用，而主语不确定就不能用 so as to 。在此题中，marry是可能有指代不明的嫌疑，可能是King Henry也可能是Queen Catherine。

其次， so as to 是用于简单的主系表结构！！！其次要求逻辑主语始终一致。所谓简单主系表结构，拿一道题目举例：Climatic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuations in the weather. 这题不用so as to首先它不是简单的主系表结构，逻辑的表达显然不如so that清晰。并且前面有2个人名，不是说逻辑主语不一致，而是会显得confusing

以og12－065

In a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Corps of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, so that it absorbs the energy of crashing waves and protecting the beaches.

(A) act as a buffer, so that it absorbs
平行

(B) act like a buffer so as to absorb
act as是固定搭配＋平行＋so as to～也有表示目的结果的意思，但是表示太笨拙而且与后面不平行

(C) act as a buffer, absorbing

(D) acting as a buffer, absorbing
不平行

(E)
acting like
a buffer, absorb
同上

以prep174为例

Often major economic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary

fluctuations in the financial markets.

A. so gradual as to be indistinguishable

B. so gradual so that they can be indistinguishable

C. so gradual that they are unable to be distinguished

D. gradual enough not to be distinguishable

E.
gradual enough so that one cannot distinguish them

正确答案A

so 之后的gradual的逻辑主语为major economic shifts

as to之后的 be indistinguishable的逻辑主语为major economic shifts

二者一致。所以so as to不仅仅是idiom还是最优的结构，优于so that 句式（c选项)

而且，be able to do 是不能用被动的，can才可以用被动。（白勇语法）

最后来个NN们的总结

＊总结区别so as to和so that的用法

NN1：so as to,和so that的差别, 基本上,so as to动作执行者就是主句中的主词.

NN2：so as to 和so that 的另一重要区别是:so that 中包含了时态,在这种情况下,不能用so as to 代替,在别处也见过这种情况,具体哪里记不清了.反过来,对于so as to ,如果没能表达从句部分正确的动作主体,需要用so that 来代替,表示与主句不同的动作主体进行so that 后面的行为.

找到一些例题来区别：

88.The Emperor Augustus, it appears, commissioned an idealised sculpture portrait, the features of which are （so unrealistic as to constitute ）what one scholar calls an “artificial face.”

(A) so unrealistic as to constitute

(C) so unrealistic that they have constituted

136.Although schistosomiasis is not often fatal, （it is so debilitating that it has become an economic） drain on many developing countries.

(A) it is so debilitating that it has become an economic

(C)
so debilitating is it as to become an economic

NN： so...as to是固定搭配，通常中间不加入主语成分eg. it is or is it,　这儿我觉得如果１３６变成so debilitating as to become an economic肯定是优选选项（在不考虑整个句子的情况下）。

另外：become是瞬间动词，可以用has become可以表示已经完成不再继续, 而constitute是延续动词，用has constitute 也表示完成了的动作不再继续是不是不太好？

NN总结

1. so as to ... = in order to ..., 它后面跟的不是句子, 在它后面部分的逻辑主语本来就在前面. 当然前后一至了.

2. so that ... = so + that 引导的从句, 没有要求过从句和主句的主语一致.

正如你指出, so that 有两重用法:

1) 相当于in order that, 即你所说的表目的. 如: I stopped so that you could catch up.

2) 相当于with the result or consequence that, 即你所说的表结果.

至于是表目的还是表结果,没有助动词,几乎一定表结果. 但有助动词时, 要根据句子意思来决定.助动词或情态动词不是判断的依据.例如:

I was just careless so that you could win this time. (我不过是大意了, 所以这次你才能赢的.)

32.
语法这回超悲剧，前20题时语法都好怪，结果做到后面竟然考起单复数来了,唉，TMD，平时做PREP正确率都到达了80-90%, 这次没上700估计就栽倒语法上了

回忆此预发点：指代一致，即单复数问题
（好多筒子提到，基础中的基础，但是也给大家总结一下吧，临考前强化一下记忆）注意这里的总结适合大众题目，那些歪门邪道的题目暂不考虑。我的态度就是在大众题目上拿分，变态题目就随它便吧。

主谓一致

1.
主语和谓语必须同时存在. 此处请注意：出现connecting words，比如连词and，but，...／比如because，定从中的which，...，要去看看是否句子缺少v；有主句分句出现，是否各自v都齐全。等等

2.
主语谓语要在一起逻辑上有意义。此处注意：看清主语是否是v的发出者，被动还是主动？

3.
主谓必须在单复数上一致。

a)
判断时eliminate the middlemen, skip the warmup.
翻译来说就是把隔在主谓之间的那些碍事儿的东西都忽略掉。那么哪些时所谓的碍事儿的middlemen和warmup呢？

举例：介词结构——A (of B) ／ ~(for ~) / ~(by 1980) / ~ (in ~) / ~ (with her) / ~ (at that level) / ~(to the store) / ~(on their orders) / ~(from the office)

从句结构——
看个句子：When the auditors left, the executive (who ~~) was ~~~.

修饰语——
比如
分词，同位语，插入语。看个句子：(Limping,) the horse (once considered one of the favorites) was taken away.

b)
总结点表示“和～一起”这个意思的结构

首先 A and B 这个结构没有问题，谓语复数

但是对于 along with B/ in addition to B / as well as B / accompanied by B / together with B / including B 这些词组，它们的意思跟A and B这个A，B平行的关系不一样，它们表示”额外捎带上B“，所以它们的出现不影响对于主语单复数的判断。也就是这些结构出现，判断看A。

c)
总结or ／ either。。or ／ neither。。nor／not only 。。。。but also

这个结构符合临近原则，就是谁靠谓语近就是谁

d）总结一些名词，看着像单数，但是实际上全是复数代表

例如：表示人——agency / army / audience / class / committee / crowd / orchestra / team

表示物——baggage / citrus / equipment / fleet / fruit / furniture

这些如果做主语，谓语动词要用单数噢。

e）总结代词

Anyone, anybody, anything， No one, nobody, nothing，each, every (单独做代词)， Someone, somebody, something，Everyone, everybody, everything Whatever, whoever，Either, neither (may require a plural verb if paired with or/nor)

这些谓语动词单数

但是有5个例外，曼哈顿里把这5个例外给大家编了个单词：SANAM

Some / Any / None / All / More(Most)

这5个可以既单数又复数

再注意看一下e中高亮的each ／every它们单独做代词谓语单数，同时当他们做修饰语时，也用单数，比如：each pen is 5 dallors。

f）跟量词有关的。

The number of +复数

A number of ＋单数

Half of ／ part of / most of / all of / some of / % of / the rest of
做主语时，谓语动词看of后面跟的名词噢

g）从句或者v-ing短语做主语，谓语单数

例如：Having good friends is a wonderful thing.

Whatever you want to do is fine with me.

----------------------以上总结摘自Manhattan语法pp35－43