1.continue这个词，对于时态方面有一点特殊性：1）不用进行时态；2）不用两种以上的时态
2.so …that V.S. so … as to be/do的用法：
so … that可以用作多个主语时，so前面的主语和that后面的主语可以不一样；
so … as to be/do一般用于单一主语，但是不能相隔太远，否则可以视为错误
原理：so … as to事实上是三个结构的结合，so引出的是状语，as指代句子前面的核心含义，to是不定式引导状语结构(adverbial structure)，此不定式修饰的正是前面的核心动词以及该动词的逻辑主语，所以只有当前面只有一个核心动词而且很明确的时候才能够用so…as to，也正因为修饰成分离被修饰词过远会造成修饰不清，所以to be/do结构不能与前面动词不能太远。作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:31
关于so as to连写。
So as to跟to并不是完全对等的！so as to里面有so这个连词，隔开前后，前面的统统是过程，后面统统是目的，而to没有连词，如果to do做状语，修饰的是最近谓语动词。
参考例题2:
The Emperor Augustus, it appears, commissioned an idealized sculptured portrait, the features of which are so unrealistic as to constitute what one scholar calls an “artificial face.”
A. so unrealistic as to constitute
B. so unrealistic they constituted
C. so unrealistic that they have constituted
D. unrealistic enough so that they constitute
E. unrealistic enough so as to constitute
Key: A
解析：constitute的动作发出者是features很明确，所以可以用so…as to…
constitute可以做linking verb，也可以做transitive verb，在本题是linking verb.
[linking verb, not in progressive]
to be considered to be something
Failing to complete the work constitutes a breach of the employment contract.
The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society.
[linking verb, not in progressive]
if several people or things constitute something, they are the parts that form it
We must redefine what constitutes a family.
[T usually in passive] formal
to officially form a group or organization
The Federation was constituted in 1949.
OG的解释：
The verbs are and calls indicate that the sculpture is being viewed and judged in the present. Thus, neither the past tense verb constituted (in B) nor the present perfect verb have constituted (in C) is correct; both suggest that the statue’s features once constituted an artificial face but no longer do so. Also, B would be better if that were inserted after so unrealistic, although the omission of that is not ungrammatical. Choices D and E use unidiomatic constructions with enough: unrealistic enough to constitute would be idiomatic, but the use of enough is imprecise and awkward in this context. Choice A, which uses the clear, concise, and idiomatic construction so unrealistic as to constitute, is best.
enough：作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:31
enough的固定搭配：
enough for sb. 对某人来说足够了
enough to do something 足够做某事
错误搭配：(X) enough + ”that / so as to / so to / so that”。
enough to, so/such…that…, so/such…as to三者都表示结果,区别在于:enough to表示主观满足,在标准书面语中很少使用; so/such...that不用考虑逻辑主语问题; so/such...as to逻辑主语等于句子主语,即句子主语可以执行as to后面动词所表达的作用作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:31
关于so…that…与such…that…
(1) such…that表达的是强调含义，与so…that的含义不同(prep 1-131)。
(2) so…that后面不加情态动词表示结果，后面加情态动词表目的。
(3) so…that不能修饰介词短语与名词，只能修饰动作。
(4) so…that用来说明做某事的目的，所以其前面应该是“做某事”，而不能是介词短语。(GWD-30-170)
(5) such + adj. + that错误，such必须修饰名词，可以是such+adj.+noun.+that。这里such表示of a kind。
such that连用时的用法：
(1) A rule of correspondence between two sets such that there is a unique element in the second set assigned to each element in the first set. (such向前指代a rule of … sets )
函数两组元素一一对应的规则，第一组中的每个元素在第二组中只有唯一的对应量
(2) Her interest with him is such that she governs him absolutely. (such指代her interest)
她对他的影响非常大，以至于完全控制了他。
(3) The format of the meeting was such that everyone could ask a question. (such指代the format of the meeting) 会议安排好可让每个人都能提一个问题。
(4) choose x and y such that x + y = 10 (such向前指代x and y)作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:31
3. die为瞬间动词
4.By+ doing(by imitating and practicing)和by+noun(by imitation and practice)的区别还是在于doing和noun之间:doing为动名词形式描述的是动作的发生，noun则是对动作的单纯描述。
5. "twice Y" / "X times Y" can definitely be used as an appositive。
注意doubling the increase of 和 double as much as the increase of是两个完全不同的结构。
关于twice as many/much as结构：
If you say "twice as many", then this construction should be paired with acountable noun.
e.g., twice as many dogs --> "dogs" is a countable noun
If you said "twice as much", then this construction should be paired with anuncountable noun.
e.g., twice as much water --> "water" is an uncountable noun
If the noun in question is already an explicitly numerical quantity, then you should use neither "much" nor "many". instead, you should just use "twice" or "double" by itself.
e.g., twice the increase --> "increase" is an explicitly numerical quantity
These rules are followed pretty closely.
so, for instance:
twice as much water --> correct, since "water" is an uncountable noun (but is not an explicitly numerical quantity)
twice the water... --> incorrect, since water is not a numerical quantity
twice as much as the increase... --> incorrect; redundant
twice the increase... --> correct
6.不能看到the increase就认定它是不可数的，要用much来修饰，而应该看the increase所指向的东西。作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:32
7. 关于not only...but also...----从GWD8-20总结出的
Not only…..but (also)表示的关系是递进, 其中also可以省略
But/but also表示的是转折. not only ...but also表示并列，不能表示转折，不要有先入为主的感觉认为not only...but also必须一起出现。单独出现but also是可能的，参见大全74
All-terrain vehicles have allowed vacationers to reach many previously inaccessible areas, but they have also been blamed for causing hundreds of deaths, injury to thousands, and seriously damaging the nation’s recreational areas.
(A) deaths, injury to thousands, and seriously damaging
(B) deaths and injuring thousands, and serious damage to
(C) deaths, thousands who are injured, as well as seriously damaging
(D) deaths and thousands of injuries, as well as doing serious damage to （D）
(E) deaths, thousands are injured, and they do serious damage to
关于not only…but also.. 的用法,我根据前人的发言并结合GMAT的思路挑出了这几条:
1)在正常语序中: not only … but also 应连接两个相对称的并列成分。例如：
Not only Mr Lin but also his son joined the Party two years ago. （连接两个主语）
I not only play tennis but also practise shooting. （连接两个谓语动词）
He plays not only the piano but also the violin. （连接两个宾语）
在正常语序中: 短语本身不可以加入其它成份，比如变成：not only...but it also...是错误的（因为破坏了平衡）。
如大全中：
125.The winds that howl across the Great Plains not only blow away valuable topsoil, thereby reducing the potential crop yield of a tract of land, and also damage or destroy young plants.
(A) and also damage or destroy
(B) as well as damaging or destroying
(C) but they also cause damage or destroy
(D) but also damage or destroy（D）
(E) but also causing damage or destroying
Choice D, the best answer, correctly employs the correlative construction not only x but also y, where x and y are grammatically parallel and where both x and y (damage and destroy) apply to young plants. Choices A, (not only... and also), B (not only... as well as), and C (not only... but they also) violate the not only... but also paradigm. Moreover, B contains terms (blow... damaging) that are not parallel. In C and E, damage is used not as a verb with young plants as its direct object but as a noun receiving the action of cause; consequently, these choices fail to state explicitly that the damage is done to young plants. E also violates parallelism (not only blow... but also causing)作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:32
2)not only … but also 连接两个主语时，谓语动词要和与其最近的主语保持人称和数的一致。例如：
Not only the students but also the teacher was against the plan. / Not only the teacher but also the students were against the plan.
3)not only … but also 不能用在否定句中。例如：
误： They don't fear not only hardship but also death.
正： They fear neither hardship nor death.
正： They don't fear either hardship or death.
4) not only … but also 连接两个分句，并且 not only 位于句首时，第一个分句中的主语和谓语要部分倒装。例如：
Not only does the sun give us light, but also it gives us heat.
Not only did he speak English correctly, but he also speaks it fluently.
《新编英语语法》薄冰P633：Not only does he compose music, but he also play./ Not only does he have to type out the answer on a computer, but he also gets the computer to translate it into sounds.
《新编英语语法》章振邦1005：She was not only compelled to stay at home, but she was also forbidden to see her friends
英语语法大全上的例句是: Not only did they break into his office and steal his books, but they also tore up his manuscripts. 所以我个人认为在倒装的情况下,but also是可以被主语拆开的.
这里附上ring_cheng的观点:倒装时可以在短语中插入某类成分，如：not only did sb do sth, but sb also did sth （之所以前后都加入主语，不是为了连接主语，而是为了句子的对仗工整而补足主语，连接的其实是主语的两个不同的谓语动作。又因为not only在句首已经倒装过了，所以but also用正常语序即可。依然满足句子平衡的要求）.如大全:
354.In 1978 a national study found that not only had many contractors licensed by a self-policing private guild failed to pass qualifying exams, they in addition falsified their references.
A. they in addition falsified their references
B. they had their references falsified in addition
C. but they had also falsified their references
D. they had also falsified their references（C）
E. but their references were falsified as well作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:32
8.Number的用法小结
几种用法之间区别：非核心词与核心词；number的意义；number与相关成分的单复数一致关系。
1) a number of / numbers of + 可数名词复数 + 动词复数
可以理解为量词结构，a number of表示一些，numbers of表示大量
of后面的复数名词才是核心词，谓语动词因此总是复数
Many students arrived early, but only a number of them worked on their exercises.
The lake produces a good number of (=a lot of) salmon each season.
Numbers of birds fly across the lake.
另外：any number of 用于非正式场合，表示大量
There could be any number of (=many) reasons why she's late.
OG237. It seems likely that a number of astronomical phenomena, such as the formation of planetary nebulas, are caused by the interaction of two stars orbiting each other at close range.
OG152. When the technique known as gene-splicing was invented in the early 1970’s, it was feared that scientists might inadvertently create an “Andromeda strain,” a microbe never before seen on Earth that might escape from the laboratory and kill vast numbers of humans who would have no natural defenses against it.
709. The Coast Guard recently redesigned channel markers in the Chesapeake Bay to
accommodate large numbers of ospreys, whose huge nests formerly obstructed the lights.
829. The speculative fever of the Roaring Twenties infected rich and poor alike; great numbers of people were dangerously overextended, credit was absurdly easy to obtain, and most brokerage houses required only ten percent cash for stocks bought on “margin.”作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:32
2) the number of + 可数名词复数 + 动词单数: number是核心词，可以被具体的一个数字表示 可数物品累积起来的数量, 可数名词需用复数形式
这时number是核心词，可以被具体化为一个数字，如50或者100，谓语动词因此总是单数
The number of students who participated the interview was 100.
Today’s case brings the number of successful prosecutions in the region to thirty-four.
[这里有个疑问有待考证：是否可以从例子派生出The numbers of girl and boy students are respectively 30 and 70? 如果可以，则规则为：the number(s) of + n.(总是复数) + v.(单数或者复数-取决于number的形式)]。
OG-verbal-5. A Labor Department study states that the number of women employed outside the home increased by more than thirty-five percent in the past decade and accounted for more than sixty-two percent of the total growth in the civilian work force.
492. Los Angeles has a higher number of family dwellings per capita than does any other large city.
有人问为什么不选(D) higher numbers of family dwellings per capita than do other large cities. ETS：the plural numbers is incorrect in that there is only a single number of such dwellings.
这题是什么时候用单数，什么时候用复数number的好例证：ETS的意思是，因为人均住房面积只用一个数值就可以表示了，例如20平方米/人，即number 就是这个数，所以number 和对应谓语动词都用单数。另外，比较级higher表示将LA的number 和其他城市相应的number相比：one number is larger/greater/higher than the other number.作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:32
3) numbers作为核心词，表示可以被具体化的几个数
530. New Jersey has one of the five highest numbers of reported cases of Lyme disease in the United States.
908. Upset by the recent downturn in production numbers during the first half of the year, the board of directors, at its quarterly meeting, raised the possibility of
adding worker incentives.
因为每个公司的生产指标有很多，所以用复数形式的production numbers。比较题No.492，在那里family dwellings per capita只可以被具体化为一个数。
这些情况下，如果明确知道有多个数字，就用numbers。再例如Don't judge a team by its numbers.不能仅仅从数字（指标）上判断一个队（的好坏）。如NBA队伍中每个球员都有rebound, assist, turnover, score等指标，球队有胜率，排名等指标。这些指标就是由多个数字表达的，所以即使team是单数，但是its + numbers是最合理的。上面的句子也可以改写为：Don’t judge a team by those numbers listed on its website.
4) numbers作为核心词，但可以被具体化的几个数倾向不明显
OG-verbal-72. The gyrfalcon,
an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with (A) extinction; its numbers are now five-times greater than when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in the early 1970’s. 因为动词是复数，所以可推知numbers是number的复数形式，而不是什么固定用法。
TTGWD9-Q7: In Scotland, the (E) wild salmon’s numbers have been reduced by uncontrolled deep-sea and coastal netting, by pollution, and by various other threats to the fish’s habitat.
另外，一些讨论中说：numbers是复数做“人数，鸟群”讲。Longman字典：Visitor numbers increase in the summer. 游客人数在夏季增加。现代英汉词典：Birds gather in large numbers beside the river.鸟儿一群群地聚在河边。但是显然后面一个例子中in large numbers是做副词用，参见5)。
这一类用法是最难的，还没有找到最有说服力的解释。但是作题的时候，我们可以借用其他方面的线索，排除错误项(e.g.OG-verbal-72)。作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:33
5) in number(s) 惯用法: 如downturn/decline in number(s)，表示在数量指标方面
In number adv., prep., n.总共，在数目上
They were printed in limited numbers.
Young people have been leaving the countryside in large numbers for urban
areas. [leave … for …]
The condors have dwindled to an estimated sixty in number.
48(non-OG). The golden crab of the Gulf of Mexico has not been fished commercially in great numbers, primarily because it lives at great depths – 2,500 to 3,000 feet down.
550. Once common throughout the Western plains, black-footed ferrets are thought to have declined in number as a result of the poisoning of prairie dogs, their prey. 这题主要是考察逻辑关系：black-footed ferrets (is) common throughout …, 只有A正确。
看来in number 或者in numbers在某些情况下，并不需要严格区分，毕竟GMAT时要求找最佳答案。或许550中用numbers也没错。
6) the number (s) of + 名词单数或者复数 + 动词单数或者复数，表示标号，数字标识
这时number是核心词，number、物品、谓语动词三者的单/复数形式要一致
The numbers of the machine parts A and B are respectively 201 and 203.
机器零件A和B的标号分别是201和203。
派生出The number of machine part A is 201.
这时number与numbers互为单复数的关系。注意，这里。
The numbers of the machine parts are not available. 这些机器零件的号码找不到了。作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:33
9.Nor的相关用法：
1) nor用在否定句中表示“也不”的意思
2) neither A nor B后面跟的谓语动词由B决定:
Neither we nor they want it. (来自AHD的例子)，说明由B决定的。
再看两个来自jukuu的例子：
Neither menus nor dialog boxes have this immediate property. Each one requires an intermediate step, sometimes more than one.
Neither the salesman nor the supervisor has been notified of the sale.
另外单个neither的用法：
They were not in Shanghai at that time. Neither (nor) were we.
They are not from England. Neither (nor) is she.作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:33
10. just as
1)just as A do, so B do平行比较结构的习惯搭配：意思是：就如同A…B…
*: 这里的as是不能用like,whereas的。而且like…so…不符合搭配习惯，应该去掉so…
*: just as with和just like都是很wordy的
2)下面三种形式无区别（后两种强烈语气，不可以随意删掉so）前后都要用句子，不能只用短语。
Just as … , so … Just as you sow, so you will reap 主从句要尽量形式对称
Just as … , as … Just as you sow, as you will reap 主从句要尽量形式对称
Just as … , so too … 主句要部分倒装(so too后是主句) Just as you sow, so too will you reap
so with是错误结构。(prep 1-15)
as with的结构是对的：As with other forward contracts, the cash settlement amount is the amount necessary to compensate the party who would be disadvantaged by the actual change in market rates as of the settlement date.
黄晓平：As with most diseases and disasters, the young suffer the most.
就像大部分的疾病和灾难一样，最遭罪的是年轻人。
as with “正如……的情况一样” （看作是as it’s the same as的省略式，with 后面常跟名词、动名词或what从句。
As with drawing a picture, you should be patient and careful in doing this job.
正如画画一样，你应该耐心并且认真做这项工作。
As with what I said, he failed again.
正如我所说的，他又一次失败了。
in the same way that…, as/so…也是错误结构
like…, so/as…也是错误结构：like的比较必须是严格对称的
一个类似just as的结构
what = just as,意为“恰像，犹如，好比”用作连词,引导比较状语从句
⑴ 惯用句式是：A is to B what C is to D. 意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如：
Air is to us What water is to fish. 空气对于我们犹如水对于鱼。(介词to表示两者的关系)
⑵ 也有“A is for B what C is for D.”句式。例如：
Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the paint. 厨师离不了家禽正如画家离不开画布一样。（介词for表示“供…使用”）
⑶ what 引导的从句也可以放在句首,其句式是: What C is to D, that A is to B.(= A is to B what C is to D.)
在这一结构中，喻体在前，主体在后，相当于“just as...,so...”结构,意思也是“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如:
What blood vessel is to a man's body, that railway is to transportation.（=Just as blood vessel is to a man's body, so Railway is to transportation.）铁路对于运输,好比血管对于人体一样。作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:33
11．Compare with
1) compared with直接跟在逗号后面可以修饰逗号前面的名词：
Example：
In the United States, while the number of foreign-born residents and their children is higher than ever, the percentage of the population they represent is not; in 1910 this group made up 35 percent of the population, compared with 20 percent in 2000.
2)Compared with也可以修饰前面整个分句：
Example:
Today, more than 43 percent of Californians under the age of eighteen are Hispanic, compared with about 35 percent a decade ago.
In the United States, Fifty-two percent of high school graduates go on to college, compared with thirty-five percent in Canada and fifteen percent in Great Britain, Japan, and West Germany.
One baby in four is now born to a mother aged thirty or older, compared with just one in six in 1975.
3)as compared to/with：
A recent review of pay scales indicates that, on average, CEO's now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio in 1980.
4)由此可见，as compared to和compared with在用法上没有什么区别。作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:33
11．Compare with
1) compared with直接跟在逗号后面可以修饰逗号前面的名词：
Example：
In the United States, while the number of foreign-born residents and their children is higher than ever, the percentage of the population they represent is not; in 1910 this group made up 35 percent of the population, compared with 20 percent in 2000.
2)Compared with也可以修饰前面整个分句：
Example:
Today, more than 43 percent of Californians under the age of eighteen are Hispanic, compared with about 35 percent a decade ago.
In the United States, Fifty-two percent of high school graduates go on to college, compared with thirty-five percent in Canada and fifteen percent in Great Britain, Japan, and West Germany.
One baby in four is now born to a mother aged thirty or older, compared with just one in six in 1975.
3)as compared to/with：
A recent review of pay scales indicates that, on average, CEO's now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio in 1980.
4)由此可见，as compared to和compared with在用法上没有什么区别。作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:33
12. that , one , it 的区别
1) it/one /that三者均可用作代词, 指代前面提到的名词。一般说来, it指代同名同物; one与that则指代同名异物。
I have lost my umbrella; I'm looking for it. （该句中it就是指前面的my umbrella）
I have lost my umbrella; I think I must buy one. （one在该句中表泛指, 因为my umbrella已经丢了）
The umbrella you bought is cheaper than that I bought. （替代词that在该句中特指“the umbrella I bought”, 以区别“the umbrella you bought”）
2) one与that虽可用来指代同名异物, 但one为泛指, 相当于a/an＋名词; that为特指, 相当于the ＋名词。所以one所指代的名词的修饰语一般为 a/an /some /any; that所指代的名词的修饰语往往是the /this/that。
A chair made of steel is stronger than one made of wood. （该句中one可以换成a chair）
The water in the cup is hotter than that in the pot. （该句中that可以换成 the water）
3) one只能代替可数名词单数, 代替可数名词复数时用ones; that既可以代替不可数名词也可以代替可数名词单数, 代替可数名词复数时用 those。
I like this pen more than that one. （one代替可数名词单数pen）
There were a few young people and some older ones in the house. （ones代替可数名词复数people）
Mary's handwriting is far better than that of Peter. （that代替不可数名词 handwriting）
These pictures are more beautiful than those. （those代替可数名词复数 pictures）
4) one既可代替事物, 也可代替人, that只能代替事物而不能代替人。有时可以用the one或the ones代替that或those。
The one /That on the table is mine. （该句中The one代替事物, 并且也可以用That）
He is the teacher, the one who is loved by the students. （该句中the one代替人, 不能用that）
He advised the farmers to choose the best seed-heads, the ones /those that had the best color. （该句中the ones代替事物, 并且也可以用those）
5) one一般有前置修饰语, 有时也可有后置修饰语或不用修饰语。而 that不能有前置修饰语, 但可有后置修饰语。
Cook was a strict but good captain, one who took good care of his sailors.
The water in the well is cleaner than that in the river.
6)it可以替代句中的不定式或从句等, 充当形式主语或形式宾语。one与that均无此用法。
It is known to everybody that the moon travels around the earth once every month.
I found it hard to get on with her.
7)it与that均可以替代上文全句的内容或部分内容, 而one/ones则不可以。
He has saved my life; I'll never forget it. （it代替第一分句）
Tom is painting his house. I am told he does it every four years. （it代替前面分句的部分内容painting his house）
Let's say we meet here at three o'clock. That ought to give you作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:34
13. 替代词one, ones, that, those在比较结构中的用法辨析
在比较结构中，为了避免重复，常用替代词替代名词词组或它的中心词（noun phrase head）。可以这样用的替代词常用的且较难掌握的有one， ones，that和those。
(1)替代词one和ones的用法：
1)one只能替代单数名词，one的复数形式ones只能替代复数名词。例如：
My child doesn't like this book．Show her a more interesting one．
2)替代词one或ones必须带有一个限定或修饰词，它们和所替代的名词中心词所指不一定是同一对象,这是替代词one或 ones在用法上的一个重要特征。例如：
I don't like this book．I'd like a more interesting one．
3)当替代词one或ones带有后置修饰语时，它们前面总有定冠词。例如：
Our new cassette is more expensive than the one we had before．
4)当替代词one或ones在形容词比较级、最高级以及某些限定词如this，that， which和序数词等之后，可以省略。例如：
This book is much better than that（one）．
5)替代词one或ones通常不用在物主代词和名词所有格之后。如不可说my one（s），your one（s）
Peter's one（s）等等。one或 ones也不能用在own之后。
但是，如果有了形容词，one（s）可以和物主代词及名词所有格连用。如：
My cheap camera seems to be just as good as John's expensive one．
6)one作替代词时，在of前面不能用 the one来表示所属关系和类似概念。如不可说：
＊He put down his gun and picked up the one of Henry．
该用一个所有格来表示 He picked up Henry's．
7)当两个形容词表示对照的意思时，不能使用替代词 one。仅在其中一个形容词后加上名词即可。
如：
Don't praise the younger child in the presence of the elder．
8)替代词 one如果不带任何前置修饰语，即它的前面既没有限定词，又没有形容词时，便不是替代名词词组的中心词，而是替代整个名词词组。这时，one＝a＋单数名词。例如：
A cake made of wheat costs less than one made of rice．（one ＝a cake）
one的这种用法是泛指同类事物中的任何一个，相当一个不定冠词，因此它没有复数形式。要泛指复数事物，只能用some。例如：
Here are a few apples．Would you like some（＝some of them）？
(2)替代词that和those的用法
1)that和those通常用作指使代词，也可用作替代词。它们总是伴随着限定性的后置修饰语，分别等于the one和 the ones。例如：
The houses of the rich are generally larger than those of the poor．
2)that也可替代不可数名词，但是 the one则不能。例如：
The resistance of a thicker wire is less than that of a thin one．
以上两例中的that都不能换成the one。
3)that作替代词，只能指物，不能指人。those作替代词，既可指物，也可指人。例如：
4)The blonde girl I saw was older than the one you were dancing with．
该句中的the one不能换成that。
5)that用作替代词和它所替代的名词词组的中心词的“数”可以不一致。替代单数名词时，只替代“the ＋单数名词”，不可替代“a＋单数名词”。例如：
The song by Schubert is more tuneful than that by Britain．（that＝the song。song为可数名词。）
请注意，这里说的that只替代“the ＋单数名词”，不可替代“a ＋ 单数名词，系指that在句子中实际的作用，并非要求它在句子中所代表的前面出现的词组必须是“the ＋单数名词。例如：
In those days they lived a life worse than that of a beast of burden．
在该句中，前面出现的词组为a life，但that替代的却是the life。
that作为替代词，它不能用于零关系分句（即没有关系代词的定语从句）之前。例如：
The problem confronting us today is not dissimilar from that which the nation confronted in the 1930s．作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:34
14. specially 和especially区别
Especially is most often used to emphasize something, or to say that something is more worth mentioning or more important than the other things you are talking about: It can be especially difficult for drivers to see cyclists at night. | The town is especially crowded in the summer (=much more than in winter). I hate interruptions, especially when I'm trying to work (=I do not mind as much at other times).
Specially is usually used when you do something that is different from what you usually do for a particular purpose. It is often used with the passive form of a verb: a specially made/designed/adapted etc car | I bought it specially for you
即：
especially强调严重性，specially强调特殊性！
especially是表示程度
specially表示特殊作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:34
15. capability和ability区别
ability to do和capability to do区别，在强调某人/物天生具有某种能力用ability好，capability可能强调的是能不能做某事（跟天生没什么关系），如government'capability或transport system's capability等。
1) If we don't take great care, SARS could become established in the poorest nations - places like Burundi, Nigera or Malawi - which have neither the high-tech capability of Toronto nor the totalitarian muscle of China to contain it
2) capability of sth. to be done表一种属性, 非一种主动的能力。
3) capability (of sth.）to do/of doing.
sth’s ability可用在无生命主体:
Additional evidence was provided by negative findings: drugs called adrenergic antagonists, which block peripheral adrenaline receptors, disrupted adrenaline’s ability to regulate memory but did not affect memory enhancements produced by glucose that was not stimulated by adrenaline.作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:34
16.注意date to 后面是ago，而date at 后面是old。
date…..to可追溯sth到...几年，强调发生的时间点
P1-
129 The teeth and jawbones found in Tanzania by Dr. Mary Leakey and dating to 3.75 million years ago are the oldest reliably dated human fossils.
G21-
34 Scientists have dated sharp-edged flakes of stone found in the fine-grained sediments of adry riverbed in the Afar region of Ethiopia to between 2.52 and 2.60 million years ago, pushing back by more than 150,000 years the earliest date at which humans are known to have made stone tools.
date….at年代判定、鉴别/ 年份有….年之久，强调发生到现在经过的时间有多长
G31-28 Rock samples taken from the remains of an asteroid about twice the size of the 6-nuke-wide asteroid that eradicated the dinosaurs have been dated at 3.47 billion years old and thus are evidence of the earliest known asteroid impact on Earth.
G13-28 Fossils of the arm of a sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on the Greater Antilles islands.
另外date在OG 之可见用法如下：
date back: have its origin
date from: to reckon from some point in time
紫33 Carbon-14 dating reveals that the megalithic monuments in Brittany are nearly 2, 000 years older than any of their supposed Mediterranean predecessors.
紫3 Native American burial sites dating back 5,000 years indicate that the residents of Maine at that time were part of a widespread culture of Algonquian-speaking people．
一个5000年前的北美遗址指出在那时期的缅因州居民是广大的Algonquian-speaking people文化的一部份
紫90 The concept of the grand jury dates from the twelfth century, when Henry II of England ordered panels of common citizens to prepare lists of suspected criminals in their communities.
Many of the earliest known images of Hindu deities in India date from the time of the Kushan empire and were fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from Gandharan grey schist.
另外附上prep中涉及到此知识点的两句：
Prep 1-232. (TTGWD4-Q1)
The Acoma and Hopi are probably the two oldest surviving Pueblo communities, both dating back at least a thousand years.
Prep 2-215 (GWD31-Q28)
Rock samples taken from the remains of an asteroid about twice the size of the 6-nuke-wide asteroid that eradicated the dinosaurs have been dated at 3.47 billion years old and thus are evidence of the earliest known asteroid impact on Earth.作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:34
17. According to 与 In accordance with的区别
根据XX号文规定，应该怎样怎样，我们一开始都写：According to Circular ***
公司请了两个老外editor，专门帮我们挑报告中不规范的英语用法。然后老外就向我们提出来说，这个地方要用In accordance with，不能用according to。他们的理由是，according to 后面要跟法规的具体内容，而如果单说是根据什么什么法规，就要用in accordance with。
总结：
看 according to 一般要连更为具体的内容，通常放在句首，或者句中作插入语，根据目前的Gmat题，不需要逻辑一致。作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:35
18. 前面应被后面替换小结：
which that, that which, the thing that= what
not any = no
not ever = never
which is that=that
the only thing that=all (the only thing that has to be done all one has to do)
at the time after=after
while being=as (as表过程，随着…)
A is what is the B 中what is可以省略, A is the B
wanting to do=to do
what the effects=the effects
otherpeople/things=others
that of his own=his own (前者双重所有格)
something of whom=whose sth.
but instead=but
with the exception of = except
so as to = to
up until=until (until已经包括了up的含义。
until: conj.(=up to the time when)到...时为止；
prep.（介词）Up to the time of；Before (a specified time):用在否定句)
with none of = without
but still=but
wanting to do=to do
different from that which=different than (不同于different from(用different from正确))
His way of living is different than ours.他的生活方式跟我们的不同。
German cars are different than ours.德国造的汽车和我们的不一样。
You look different than before.你看上去跟从前不同了.
date at which = when
in the event that = if作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:35
19. as和when引导的时间状语含义不同
（1）as表示"当……时""一面……一面"，"随着"。具体用法如下：
表示"当……时"、"和……同时"。常指从句的动作未结束，主句中的动作就已发生。从句中多用表示动作的动词，而不用be动词或表示感觉、理解、知道这类动词。
e.g. As he stood there, he saw two men enter the bar.
She dropped the glass as she stood up.
1)用于平行的动作中，表示"一面……一面……"。常指一个主语同时进行两个动作。
e.g. The students took notes as they listened.
2)用于平行发展的结构中，表示"随着……"。常指一个行为是另一个行为的结果，或一种状态随另一种状态变化。句中的动词多表示状态的发展变化。
e.g. As the wind rose the noise increased.
As it grew darker it became colder.
As he grew older he became more confident.
(2)when表示“当……的时候”。从句中既可用延续性动词，又可用非延续性动词，这些动词既可以表示动作，又可表示状态。从句中的动作既可和主句的动作同时发生，又可在主句的动作之前或之后发生。
When I came into the room, I found him lying there asleep. <表示动作，主从动作同时发生>
Mary was having dinner when I saw her. <表示动作，主从动作同时发生>
When you meet a word you don't know, consult the dictionary. <表示动作，从句动作在前>
She was beautiful when she was a girl. <表示状态>
*：所以，when引导的仅仅是最单纯的时间状语，在要表示伴随含义的时候，用as比用when更为合适。作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:35
20. Opposite做名词时：a person or thing that is as different as possible from someone or something else
opposite of
What's the opposite of 'optimistic'?
She's quite shy, the exact opposite of Becky
The two men were complete opposites - Simon tall and fair, Clive short and dark.
If anything, the opposite was true.
Is it sensible to think of masculine/feminine as polar opposites (=exactly or completely opposite) ?作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:35
21. 关于Except的各种用法
1)except for: 用于非同类事物，它的宾语与前述对象完全是两回事。
例如： The room was very cold and, except for Jack, entirely empty.
这个房间很阴冷，而且除了杰克，完全是空荡荡的。
本句中，前述对象是"房间"，而除去的对象是"Jack"，两者毫无关系。
2)except:指同一类事物的总体中除去一部分，强调的是除去。
例如：He gets up early every day except Sunday.
除星期天外，他每天早起。
有时except与except for可以换用，例如： Except for(=except) John, the whole class passed the test. 全班同学除约翰外，全都通过了考试。
*：1.2.在GMAT中不适用，GMAT中并不讲究except与except for的区别，故删去。
3)except that表达的语意与except近似，只是后面要跟从句。
例： He has always been in good health except that he has had a slight headache in the past few days. 除了在过去几天里有些头痛之外，他身体一直很好。
4)but:常可与 except互换，强调"不在其中"。
例： Everyone attended the meeting but Mary.大家都出席了这次会议，但玛丽不在其列。
5)besides:强调"除此之外，还包括"。
例： She can speak French and Japanese besides English.除英语外，她还会讲法语和日语。
6)apart from:其含义主要依据上下文而定，有时可与except换用，有时可代替besides.
例： Apart from the coat, the hat doesn't suit me.除价钱太贵，这帽子也不适合我戴。作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:36
22. 关于economic和economical
economic 是”经济上的”，economical是”节约的”。
1)economic [only before noun]PE relating to trade, industry, and the management of money
Economic growth is slow.
the government's economic policy
Economic reform is needed.
In the current economic climate (=conditions), we must keep costs down
2) economical =cheap or not wasteful.作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:36
23. influence (with sb) ability to obtain favourable treatment from sb, usu by means of acquaintance, status, wealth, etc. 权力; 势力; 权势:
use one's influence (with sb) 利用（与某人的关系的）影响力 * She has great influence with the manager and could no doubt help you. 她对经理很有影响力, 无疑能帮你忙.
24. through和by的区别
through doing往往是指达成、做到一个结果所做的行为，如本题的depletion就是一个结果。
by doing往往是指为了做某事而行使的行为。作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:36
25. namely是的用法十分灵活：（=that is to say, along with）.它是副词，后面不能直接加句子
（1）补充说明前面离它最近的名词成分；e.g.: The other change, namely the increase in electronic equipment, has slowed down.
（2）补充说明句子主语；e.g.：One group of people seems to be forgotten, namely pensioners.
（3）namely后面跟从句解释前面的名词成分；e.g.: On the next trip, I solved part of the problem, but after discussing the situation with AB on the phone an alternative solution was at hand; namely, that from 1987 onwards I would spend my winters playing for Queensland.作者: Hyozia 时间: 2011-7-4 22:32
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