1－228－9 The first trenches that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but independently of the more celebrated city-states of southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq.
A. that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the
下载链接：http://forum.topway.org/viewthread.php?tid=220443&extra=
Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but
B. that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously with but also
C. having been cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously but
D. cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence of centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arising simultaneously but also
E. cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arose simultaneously with but
2－292－15 Florida will gain another quarter-million jobs this year alone, many of them in high-paying fields like electronics and banking, making the state’s economy far more diversified than ten years ago.
(A) high-paying fields like electronics and banking, making the state’s economy far more diversified than
(B) high-paying fields like electronics and banking, and making the state’s economy far more diversified than its economy
(C) high-paying fields such as electronics and banking, to make the state’s economy far more diversified than
(D) such high-paying fields as electronics and banking, making the state’s economy far more diversified than it was
(E) such high-paying fields as electronics and banking, and make the state’s economy far more diversified than it was
3－298 - 37 As the price of gasoline rises, which makes substituting alcohol distilled from cereal grain attractive, the prices of bread and livestock feed are sure to increase.
(A) which makes substituting alcohol distilled from cereal grain attractive
(B) which makes substituting the distillation of alcohol from cereal grain attractive
(C) which makes distilling alcohol from cereal grain an attractive substitute
(D) making an attractive substitution of alcohol distilled from cereal grain
(E) making alcohol distilled from cereal grain an attractive substitute
4－308 - 74 Some of the tenth-century stave churches of Norway are still standing, demonstrating that with sound design and maintenance, wooden buildings can last indefinitely.
(A) standing, demonstrating that with sound design and maintenance, wooden buildings can last indefinitely
(B) standing, demonstrating how wooden buildings, when they have sound design and maintenance, can last indefinitely
(C) standing; they demonstrate if a wooden building has sound design and maintenance it can last indefinitely
(D) standing, and they demonstrate wooden buildings can last indefinitely when there is sound design and maintenance
(E) standing, and they demonstrate how a wooden building can last indefinitely when it has sound design and maintenance
5－288-186 The physical structure of the human eye enables it to sense light of wavelengths up to 0.0005 millimeters; infrared radiation, however, is invisible because its wavelength--0.1 millimeters--is too long to be registered by the eye.
(A)infrared radiation, however, is invisible because its wavelength--0.1 millimeters--is too long to be registered by the eye
(B)however, the wavelength of infrared radiation--0.1 millimeters--is top long to be registered by the eye making it invisible
(C)infrared radiation, however, is invisible because its wavelength--0.1 millimeters--is too long for the eye to register it
(D)however, because the wavelength of infrared radiation is 0.1 millimeters, it is too long for the eye to register and thus invisible
(E)however, infrared radiation has a wavelength of 0.1 millimeters that is too long for the eye to register, thus making it invisible
a- 2 人本身可以说瞎不瞎，视力不行
6－253－50 As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision, it would be rated about 20/250, or legally blind if it were an adult with such vision.
(A) As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision, it would be rated about 20/250, or legally blind if it were an adult with such vision.
(B) A baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision that would be rated about 20/500, or legally blind as an adult.
(C) As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb, its rudimentary sense of vision would be rated about 20/500; qualifying it to be legally blind if an adult.
(D) A baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision that would be rated about 20/500; an adult with such vision would be deemed legally blind.
(E) As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb, its rudimentary sense of vision, which would deemed legally blind for an adult, would be rated about 20/500.
b- 1 术语指的是人，而本身不是人
7－283－166 Although the term "psychopath" is popularly applied to an especially brutal criminal, in psychology it is someone who is apparently incapable of feeling compassion or the pangs of conscience.
(A) it is someone who is
(B) it is a person
(C) they are people who are
(D) it refers to someone who is
(E) it is in reference to people
b- 2 城市发展区代表原则，而本身不是原则
8－319－121 The proposed urban development zones do not represent a new principle; it was employed in “Operation Bootstrap” in Puerto Rico.
(A) do not represent a new principle; it
(B) represent not a new principle, but one that
(C) are not a new principle; the same one
(D) are not a new principle, but one that
(E) are not new in principle; it
9－322 - 133 Promotions, retirements, deaths, and other actions approved by the board of directors at its May meeting will be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper.
(A) Promotions, retirements, deaths, and other actions approved by the board of directors at its May meeting will be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper.
(B) Promotions, retirements, and other actions which have been approved at the May meeting of the board of directors along with deaths, with be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper.
(C) To be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper are the promotions, retirements, deaths, and other actions which were approved at the board of directors’ May meeting.
(D) Meeting in May, the promotions, retirements, and other actions approved by the board of directors, including obituaries, will be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper.
(E) The July 15 issue of the company paper will report on promotions, retirements, and other actions approved by the board of directors at its May meeting; the paper will also include obituaries.
10－291－11 Los Angeles has a higher number of family dwellings per capita than any large city. (A) a higher number of family dwellings per capita than any large city (B) higher numbers of family dwellings per capita than any other large city (C) a higher number of family dwellings per capita than does any other large city (D) higher numbers of family dwellings per capita than do other large cities (E) a high per capita number of family dwellings, more than does any other large city
11－321－130 It is not likely that the competitive imbalance that now exists between Japan with all major industrial nations will be redressed during the foreseeable future. (A) with all major industrial nations will be redressed during (B) with all other major industrial nations will be redressed within (C) with all other major industrial nations will be redressed during (D) and all major industrial nations will be redressed during (E) and all other major industrial nations will be redressed within
12－323－137 Water and resource management problems will be at the head of the legislature’s list of concerns for the coming session. (A) Water and resource management problems (B) Problems of managing water and resources (C) Problems in the management of water and other resources (D) Problems of water and other resource management (E) Resource management problems, including water
(4) 逻辑主语和谓语动词的搭配问题。
a－分词的省略结构。 分词，主句（主谓一致）
－置换主语。
13－297－35 Upset by the recent downturn in production numbers during the first half of the year, the possibility of adding worker incentives was raised by the board of directors at its quarterly meeting.
(A) the possibility of adding worker incentives was raised by the board of directors at its quarterly meeting
(B) the addition of worker incentives was raised as a possibility by the board of directors at its quarterly meeting
(C) added worker incentives was raised by the board of directors at its quarterly meeting as a possibility
(D) the board of directors raised at its quarterly meeting the possibility of worker incentives being added
(E) the board of directors, at its quarterly meeting, raised the possibility of adding worker incentives
14－308－77 By installing special electric pumps, farmers’ houses could be heated by the warmth from cows’ milk, according to one agricultural engineer.
(A) farmers’ houses could be heated by the warmth from cows’ milk, according to one agricultural engineer
(B) the warmth from cows’ milk could be used by farmers to heat their houses, according to one agricultural engineer
(C) one agricultural engineer reports that farmers could use the warmth from cows’ milk to heat their houses
(D) farmers, according to one agricultural engineer, could use the warmth from cows’ milk to heat their houses
(E) one agricultural engineer reports that farmers’ houses could be heated by the warmth from cows’ milk
－分词结构名词化。作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:19
15－299－42 In assessing the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.
(A) In assessing the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.
(B) The question of whether the rural migrant worker is better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant in assessing the problems that they face.
(C) A question that is irrelevant in assessing the problems that rural migrant workers face is whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor.
(D) In an assessment of the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.
(E) The question of whether the rural migrant worker is better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant in an assessment of the problems that they face.
b－不定式要有明确的动作发出者。（to do结构）
16－276－141 Proponents of artificial intelligence say they will be able to make computers that can understand English and other human languages, recognize objects, and reason as an expert does---computers that will be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan, or other purposes such as these. (A) as an expert does---computers that will be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan, or other purposes such as these. (B) as an expert does, which may be used for purposes such as diagnosing equipment breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize a loan. (C) like an expert---computers that will be used for such purposes as diagnosing equipment breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize loan. (D) like an expert, the use of which would be for purposes like the diagnosis of equipment breakdowns or the decision whether or not a loan should be authorized. (E) like an expert, to be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan or not, or the like.
17－280－156 In recent years cattle breeders have increasingly used crossbreeding, in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics and partly because crossbreeding is said to provide hybrid vigor. A. in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics B. in part for the acquisition of certain characteristics in their steers C. partly because of their steers acquiring certain characteristic D. partly because certain characteristic should be acquired by their steers E. partly to acquire certain characteristic in their steers
c－adj的省略结构。（adj，主句）｜ Very clever, I was accepted by Harvard U.作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:19
18－323－138 Once common throughout the Western plains, black-footed ferrets are thought to have declined in number as a result of the poisoning of prairie dogs, their prey.
(A) black-footed ferrets are thought to have declined in number as
(B) it is thought that the decline in number of black-footed ferrets is
(C) the decline in the number of black-footed ferrets is thought of as
(D) that black-footed ferrets have declined in their numbers is thought to be
(E) the numbers of the black-footed ferret are thought to have declined as
19－74－2 Charles Lindbergh, for his attempt at a solo transatlantic flight, was very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane, he therefore refused to carry even a pound of mail, despite being offered $1,000 to do so.
A. Charles Lindbergh, for his attempt at a solo transatlantic flight, was very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane, he therefore
B. When Charles Lindbergh was attempting his solo transatlantic flight, being very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane, he
C. Since he was very reluctant to carry any extra weight on his plane when he was attempting his solo transatlantic flight, so Charles Lindbergh
D. Being very reluctant to carry any extra weight on his plane when he attempted his solo transatlantic flight was the reason that Charles Lindbergh
E. Very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane when he attempted his solo transatlantic flight, Charles Lindbergh
d－当这个句子的逻辑主语未出现时，可将主语时态改被动。
20－319－124 Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.
(A) fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves
(B) fund, the intention of which is to sustain the state’s economy after they have exhausted their oil reserves
(C) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted
(D) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after exhausting its oil reserves
(E) fund that they intend to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted
(5) 转折关系中，事物的分类标准必须要统一。
21－271－123 Although dozens of New York’s small museums are either devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, there are many one-of-a-kind museums from Manhattan to the Bronx that are open for exploration on summer weekends.
(A) Although dozens of New York’s small museums are either devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, there are
(B) Although dozens of New York’s small museums are devoted to local history or various ethnic groups,
(C) Dozens of New York’s small museums are devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, but there are
(D) Dozens of New York’s small museums are devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, and there are also
(E) Devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, dozens of New York’s small museums and also作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:20
2. 主谓搭配
（1）主语和谓语搭配
－Students each have a computer.
－Each of the students has a computer.
22－282－165 The Federalist papers, a strong defense of the United States Constitution and important as a body of work in political science as well, represents the handiwork of three different authors. (A) and important as a body of work in political science as well, represents (B) as well as an important body of work in political science, represent (C) and also a body of work of importance in political science is representing (D) an important body of work in political science and has been representative of (E) and as political science an important body of work too, represent
23－311－87 Although it claims to delve into political isssues, television can be superficial such as when each of the three major networks broadcast exactly the same statement from a political candidate.
A.superficial such as when each of the three major networks
B.superficial, as can sometines occur if all of the three major networks
C.superficial if the three major networks all
D.superficial whenever each of the three major networks
E.superficial, as when the three major networks each
（2）倒装
a－there be + n.
24－263－89 A recent national study of the public schools shows that there are now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many than there were four years ago.
(A) there are now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many than there were
(B) there is now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many than there were
(C) there is now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many as there were
(D) every thirty-two pupils now have one microcomputer, four times as many than there were(C)
(E) every thirty-two pupils now has one microcomputer, four times as many as
b－adj短语或prep.介词短语作表语放句首，主系表完全倒装。
主 系 表（adj／介短）-----> 表 系 主
25－262－85 Out of America’s fascination with all things antique have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing back the chaise lounge, the overstuffed sofa, and the claw-footed bathtub.
A) all things antique have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing
B) things antique has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that is bringing
C) things that are antique has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that bring
D) antique things have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fix tures that are bringing
E) antique things has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixt ures that bring作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:20
26－306－66 Developing nations in various parts of the world have amassed $700 billi on in debts; at stake, should a significant number of these debts be repudia ted, is the solvency of some of the world's largest multinational banks.
A） should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, is B） should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, are C） should they repudiate a significant number of these debts, are D） if there is a repudiation of a significant number of these debts, would be E） if a significant number of these debts will be repudiated, is
（3）定于从句内部的主谓搭配问题
－n. + that + 谓
27－314－102 With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land， Cleveland is but one of a large number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract new businesses.
（A） is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract
（B） is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract
（C） are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract
（D） are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attracting
（E） are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban life and attract
－ n.3 , n.2 , n.1 , which 谓
28－78－10 For the first time in the modern era, non-Hispanic Whites are officially a minority in California, which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly three-quarters only a decade ago.
A. which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly three-quarters only a decade ago
B. which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from a decade ago, when it was nearly three-quarters
C. and that amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from a decade ago, when they were nearly three-quarters
D. amounting to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly three-quarters a decade ago
E. amounting to a little less than half the population of the state, down from what it was a decade ago by nearly three-quarters
（4）n性从句和分词短语（现在分词可做主语）作主语，谓语用单数
29－282－163 The period when the great painted caves at Lascaux and Altamira were occupied by Upper Paleolithic people has been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine are the reason for their decoration, the use to which primitive people put the caves, and the meaning of the magnificently depicted animals.
(A) has been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine are
(B) has been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine is
(C) have been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine is
(D) have been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine are
(E) are established by carbon-14 dating, but that which is much more difficult to determine is
（5）名词A ＋ 介／连 ＋ 名词B + 谓
a－随后一致： not only...but also , not...but , either...or , neither...nor , or , nor
b－整体一致：A and B +谓复 （adj1 and adj2 n）(n1, and n2 n3)
c－随前一致：（除以上两种情况外都随前一致）
30－313－96 Many psychologists and sociologists now contend that the deliberate and even brutal aggression integral to some forms of competitive athletics increase the likelihood of imitative violence that erupts among crowds of spectators dominated by young adult males. (A) increase the likelihood of imitative violence that erupts (B) increase the likelihood that there will be an eruption of imitative violence
(C) increase the likelihood of imitative violence erupting
(D) increases the likelihood for imitative violence to erupt (E) increases the likelihood that imitative violence will erupt
31－307－73 In the most common procedure for harvesting forage crops such as alfalfa, as much as 20 percent of the leaf and small-stem material, which is the most nutritious of all the parts of the plant, shattered and fell to the ground. (A) which is the most nutritious of all the parts of the plant, shattered and fell (B) the most nutritious of all parts of the plant, shatter and fall (C) the parts of the plant which were most nutritious, will shatter and fall (D) the most nutritious parts of the plant, shatters and falls (E) parts of the plant which are the most nutritious, have shattered and fallen作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:20
3. 代词指代
（1）单复数n的指代问题
32－305－64 In England the well-dressed gentleman of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having their wig powdered by poking their head through a device that resembled the stocks. (A) gentleman of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having their wig powdered by poking their head (B) gentleman of the eighteenth century protected his clothing while having his wig powdered by poking his head (C) gentleman of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having their wigs powdered by poking their heads (D) gentlemen of the eighteenth century protected his clothing while having his wig powdered by poking his head (E) gentlemen of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having his wig powdered by poking his head
33－76－6 Analyzing campaign expenditures, the media has had as a focus the high costs and low ethics of campaign finance, but they have generally overlooked the cost of actually administering elections, which includes facilities, transport, printing, staffing, and technology.
A. Analyzing campaign expenditures, the media has had as a focus
B. Analyses of campaign expenditures by the media has been focus on
C. In analyzing campaign expenditures, the media have focused on
D. Media analyses of campaign expenditures have had as a focus
E. In their analysis of campaign expenditures, the media has been focusing on作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:20
（2）人和物的指代错误
人： he, she, who, whom
物： it, that, which
人and物：whose
34－278－146 Presenters at the seminar, one who is blind, will demonstrate adaptive equipment that allows visually impaired people to use computers.
(A) one who
(B) one of them who
(C) and one of them who
(D) one of whom
(E) one of which
（3）同一句话中代词和不定代词（one, once）不能同时出现
35－261－83 Any medical test will sometimes fail to detect a condition when it is present and indicate that there is one when it is not.
(A) a condition when it is present and indicate that there is one
(B) when a condition is present and indicate that there is one
(C) a condition when it is present and indicate that it is present
(D) when a condition is present and indicate its presence
(E) the presence of a condition when it is there and indicate its presence作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:21
（4）同一句话中相同代词必须指代相同的事物 （they, them, their算相同代词）
36－243－12 Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.
(A) Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.
(B) Because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses.
(C) Because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, new small businesses are not subject to the same applicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity as established big businesses.
(D) Because new small businesses are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to them in the same way as to established big businesses.
(E) New small businesses are not subject to the applicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity in the same way as established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.
37－297－36 The rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than they are in national elections because they typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse. (A) The rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than they are in national elections because they typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse. (B) Because they typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse, the rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than the rules are less stringent in local elections than the rules are in national elections. (C) The rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than national elections because they typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse. (D) Because local elections typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse than national elections, the rules that govern local political contributions are less stringent than national contributions. (E) The rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than they are in national elections because local elections typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse.
（5）代词不能指代一句话，只能指代特定的主体
38－313－97 More than five thousand years ago, Chinese scholars accurately described the flow of blood as a continuous circle controlled by the heart, but it went unnoticed in the West.
(A) but it went
(B) but it was
(C) although it was
(D) but the discovery went
(E) although the discovery was
39－315－105 Under Napoleon the French were not able to organize an adequate supply system, and it was a major cause of the failure of their invasion of Russia.
(A) Under Napoleon the French were not able to organize an adequate supply system, and it
(B) The French being unable to organize an adequate supply system under Napoleon
(C) For the French under Napoleon, to be unable to organize an adequate supply system
(D) The inability of the French under Napoleon to organize an adequate supply system
(E) The French inability under Napoleon of organizing an adequate supply system.
（6）虽然代词不能指代一句话，但有例外：it作形式主语或形式宾语时，it可指代to do不定式或that引导的从句。用还原法
40－291－10 It is as difficult to prevent crimes against property as those that are against a person.
(A) those that are against a
(B) those against a
(C) it is against a
(D) preventing those against a
(E) it is to prevent those against a
41－294－21 During the 1980s it became clear that soliciting private funds was far more efficient for environmentalists who sought financial aid than to go to stateorfederal agencies.
(A) that soliciting private funds was far more efficient for environmentalists who sought financial aid
(B) that for environmentalists who sought financial aid， it was far more efficient to solicit private funds
(C) that for environmentalists seeking financial aid， private organizations were far more efficient to go to
(D) for environmentalists seeking financial aid， going to private organizations was far more efficient
(E) for environmentalists who sought financial aid， private organizations were far more efficient
42－319－123 The lack of complete historical records from the mid-to-late 1800's have made some Black inventions difficult to trace to their originators.
(A) have made some Black inventions difficult to trace to their originators
(B) have made for difficulties in tracing some inventions by Blacks to their originators
(C) have made it difficult to trace some inventions by Blacks to their originators
(D) has made it difficult to trace some inventions to their Black originators
(E) has made it difficult in tracing some Black inventions to their originators作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:21
（7）代词只能指代中心词，不能指代修饰语
A’s B , it指代B | A of B 代词都能指代
43－250－38 Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.
(A) Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.
(B) Baltic Sea sediments, where the growth of industrial activity is consistent with these findings.
(C) Baltic Sea sediments, findings consistent with its growth of industrial activity.
(D) Sediments from the Baltic Sea, findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the area.
(E) Sediments from the Baltic Sea, consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.
44－259－73 The British Admiralty and the War Office met in March 1892 to consider a possible Russian attempt to seize Constantinople and how they would have to act militarily to deal with them.
(A) how they would have to act militarily to deal with them
(B) how to deal with them if military action would be necessary
(C) what would be necessary militarily for dealing with such an event
(D) what military action would be necessary in order to deal with such an event
(E) the necessity of what kind of military action in order to take for dealing with it
45－310－84 Even though Bela Bartok’s music has proved less popular than Igor Stravinsky’s and less influential than Arnold Schonberg’s, it is no less important.
(A) Stravinsky’s and less influential than Arnold Schonberg’s, it
(B) Stravinsky's and less influential than Arnold Schonberg's, he
(C) Stravinsky's is and less influential than Arnold Schonberg's is, it
(D) Stravinsky and not as influential as Arnold Schonberg, he
(E) Stravinsky and not as influential as Arnold Schonberg, it
（8）代词优先指代句子主语
46－295－24 As researchers continue to probe the highly expressive vocal and postural language of wolves, their close resemblance to dogs has become ever more striking.
(A) their close resemblance to dogs has become
(B) the closeness of their resemblance to dogs has become
(C) the close resemblance between them and dogs has become
(D) the close resemblance between wolves and dogs becomes
(E) the close resemblance of wolves with dogs becomes
47－300－45 Although the lesser cornstalk borer is widely distributed, control of them is necessary only in the South.
(A) the lesser cornstalk borer is widely distributed, control of them is
(B) widely distributed, measures to control the lesser cornstalk borer are
(C) widely distributed, lesser cornstalk borer control is
(D) the lesser cornstalk borer is widely distributed, measures to control it are
(E) it is widely distributed, control of the lesser cornstalk borer is
48－315－104 Although just inside the orbit of Jupiter, amateur astronomers with good telescopes should be able to see the comet within the next few weeks. (A) Although just inside the orbit of (B) Although it is just inside the orbit of (C) Just inside the orbit of (D) Orbiting just inside (E) Having orbited just inside作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:21
（9）特指优于泛指
49－256－61 The Gorton-Dodd bill requires that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from deposited checks.
(A) that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from deposited checks
(B) a bank to disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from a deposited check
(C) that a bank disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from deposited checks
(D) a bank that it should disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from a depos-ited check
(E) that banks disclose to customers how long access to funds from their deposited check is to be delayed
50－262－86 Having the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War. Horace Pippin, a Black American painter, worked by holding the brush in his right hand and guiding its movements with his left
(A) Having the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War
(B) In spite of his right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War
(C) Because there had been a sniper's bullet during the First World War that crippled his right hand and arm
(D) The right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War
(E) His right hand and arm crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War
＊＊代词的宏观解题原则：把代词改为n. 正确答案的标准
51－279－151 Because the Earth’s crust is more solid there and thus better able to transmit shock waves, an earthquake of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern United States than it does in the West. (A) of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern United States than it does in the West (B) of a given magnitude will typically devastate 100 times the area if it occurs in the eastern United States instead of the West (C) will typically devastate 100 times the area in the eastern United States than one of the comparable magnitude occurring in the West (D) in the eastern United States will typically devastate an area 100 times greater than will a quake of comparable magnitude occurring in the West (E) that occurs in the eastern United States will typically devastate 100 times more area than if it occurred with comparable magnitude in the West
52－192－13 When a ton of wheat was being moved from Buffalo to New York City before the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, it took three weeks and cost $100, but when the canal was used, it took less than eight days and cost less than $6.
A. When a ton of wheat was being moved from Buffalo to New York City before the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, it took three weeks and cost $100, but when the canal was used, it
B. Moving a ton of wheat from Buffalo to New York City before the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, it took three weeks and cost $100; using the canal, it
C. Before the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, moving a ton of wheat from Buffalo to New York City took three weeks and cost $100; on the canal the move
D. In 1825, before opening the Erie Canal, to move a ton of wheat took three weeks from Buffalo to New York City, which cost $100; moving it on the canal
E. To move a ton of wheat in 1825 from Buffalo to New York City took three weeks before the opening of the Erie Canal, costing $100, but in using the canal, the move作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:22
4. 固定搭配
(1) require sb. to do
require that + 虚拟语气 （省略should）
require of sb. that + 虚拟语气 （省略should）
(2) help (to) do
help sb. (to) do
helpful in doing
(3) begin, depict, regard, perceive, represent, be acclaimed, be prized, think of, see, view 后要加as
-consider AB
(4) in that = because aid in doing
(5) at pole, at equate, at point, aim at doing
(6) try to do 对， try doing 对， try and do 错, try that 错
(7) distinguish A from B / distinguish between A and B
(8) compare A with B 比较－同类事物
compare A to B 比喻 － 不同类事物 ， 但也可作比较来讲
(9) believe sth to be / believe that + 宾从
(10) something some one
anything any one adj后置
nothing no one
things ones
(11) besides 包括在内
同类 except 排除在外
不同类 except for
(12) encourage sb to do sth / encourage sth
-encourage sth to be done错 －encourage doing错
(13) 食物过敏 food allergies 泛指
an allergy to some food 特指
(14) according to 根据什么
in accordance with 与...一致／与...吻合
(15) be estimated to be
it is estimated that 据估计，两个一样的，可以互换
(16) control keep sth. under control
be in control of
(17) prohibit sb. from doing prohibit sth prohibit that 错
forbid sb. to do forbid sth forbid that 错
(18) make sth. sth / make sth adj 对
make sth done 错
(19) sb to do
order sth to be done 对 order sth 错
that + 虚拟语气
(20) credit sb. with doing
be credited with doing作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:22
5. 对称性
（1）形式上的对称 n对n，v对v
现在分词和过去分词可以对称。doing表主动，done表被动
53－247－25 The end of the eighteenth century saw the emergence of prize-stock breeding, with individual bulls and cows receiving awards, fetching unprecedented prices, and excited enormous interest whenever they were put on show.
(A) excited (B) it excited (C) exciting (D) would excite (E) it had excited
54－282－162 Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,000 years ago and extending for more than 30 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest.
(A) extending
(B) extends
(C) extended
(D) it extended
(E) is extending
a－省略：前后两分句都时不定式时，后半个分句的to可以省略
to do A rather than do B
前后两分句都有be时，后半个分句的be可以省略
（一般把to，be省略的都时正确答案）
55－255－55 A recent study has found that within the past few years, many doctors had elected early retirement rather than face the threats of lawsuits and the rising costs of malpractice insurance.
(A) had elected early retirement rather than face
(B) had elected early retirement instead of facing
(C) have elected retiring early instead of facing
(D) have elected to retire early rather than facing
(E) have elected to retire early rather than face
56－275－138 Judge Bonham denied a motion to allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day instead of to confine them to a hotel.
(A) to allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day instead of to confine them to
(B) that would have allowed members of the jury to go home at the end of each day instead of confined to
(C) under which members of the jury are allowed to go home at the end of each day instead of confining them in
(D) that would allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day rather than confinement in
(E) to allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day rather than be confined to
57－284－170 Despite protests from some waste-disposal companies, state health officials have ordered the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be published. the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be (A) the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be
(B) that seawater at popular beaches should be measured for their levels of bacteria, with the results being
(C) the measure of levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches and the results to be
(D) seawater measured at popular beaches for levels of bacteria, with their results
(E) that the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches be measured and the results作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:22
b－平行对称，分句1，分句2，分句3，and分句4。
－肯定句用and，选择或否定（有且只有no，not）用or
58－303－55 The commission has directed advertisers to restrict the use of the word “natural” to foods that do not contain color or flavor additives, chemical preservatives, or nothing that has been synthesized.
(A) or nothing that has been
(B) or that has been
(C) and nothing that is
(D) or anything that has been
(E) and anything
两个程度不同的词只能用or连接。
59－249－32 Some buildings that were destroyed and heavily damaged in the earthquake last year were constructed in violation of the city’s building code.
(A) Some buildings that were destroyed and heavily damaged in the earthquake last year were
(B) Some buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged in the earthquake last year had been
(C) Some buildings that the earthquake destroyed and heavily damaged last year have been
(D) Last year the earthquake destroyed or heavily damaged some buildings that have been
(E) Last year some of the buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged in the earth quake had been
－ 省略结构
to do A, to do B, and to do C. -----> to do A, do B, and do C.
can do A, can do B and can do C. -----> can do A, do B, and do C
60－277－143 Lawmakers are examining measures that would require banks to disclose all fees and account requirements in writing, provide free cashing of government checks, and to create basic savings accounts to carry minimal fees and require minimal initial deposits.
(A) provide free cashing of government checks, and to create basic savings accounts to carry
(B) provide free cashing of government checks, and creating basic savings accounts carrying
(C) to provide free cashing of government checks, and creating basic savings accounts that carry
(D) to provide free cashing of government checks, creating basic savings accounts to carry
(E) to provide free cashing of government checks, and to create basic savings accounts that carry
61－112－18 It is an oversimplified view of cattle raising to say that all one has to do with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves, corral them, and to drive them to market when the time is ripe.
(A) all one has to do with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves, corral them, and to
(B) all one has to do with cattle is to leave them alone to feed themselves, to corral them, and
(C) all one has to do with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves and then corral them and
(D) the only thing that has to be done with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves, corral them, and (E) the only thing that has to be done with cattle is to leave them alone while they feed themselves, to corral them, and
－反着考，句1，句2，and句3 错 句1，and句2，and句3 对
62－290－5 Margaret Courtney-Clarke has traveled to remote dwellings in the Transvaal to photograph the art of Ndebele women, whose murals are brilliantly colored, their geometrical symmetries embellished with old and new iconography and in a style that varies from woman to woman and house to house.
(A) whose murals are brilliantly colored, their geometrical symmetries embellished with old and new iconography and in a style that varies from woman to woman and house to house
(B) whose murals are brilliantly colored, their geometrical symmetries are embellished with old and new iconography, and their style is varying among women and houses
(C) whose murals are brilliantly colored, their geometrical symmetries are embellished with old and new iconography, and they are in styles that vary from woman to woman and house to house
(D) with murals brilliantly colored, their geometrical symmetries embellished with old and new iconography, and their style varies among women and houses
(E) with murals that are brilliantly colored, their geometrical symmetries embellished with old and new iconography, and their styles vary among women and houses作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:22
（2）含义上的对称
动作性的n，对应动作性的n
63－221－20 The economic forces which may affect the new public offering of stock include sudden downturns in the market ,hedging and other investor strategies for preventing losses,loosening the interest rates in Washington,and fearing that the company may still be undercapitalized.
A loosening the interest rates in Washington,and fearing that the company may still be undercapitalized.
B loosening the interest rates in Washington,and a fear of the company still being undercapitalized
C a loosening of the interest rates in Washington ,and fearing that the company may still be undercapitalized
D a loosening of the interest rates in Washton ,and a fear of the still undercapitalized company
E a loosening of the interest rates in Washington ,and a fear that the company may still be undercaplized
64－265－99 New theories propose that catastrophic impacts of asteroids and comets may have caused reversals in the Earth’s magnetic field, the onset of ice ages, splitting apart continents 80 million years ago, and great volcanic eruptions.
A splitting apart continents B the splitting apart of continents C split apart continents D continents split apart E continents that were split apart
65－280－153 One view of the economy contends that a large drop in oil prices should eventually lead to lowering interest rates, as well as lowering fears about inflation, a rally in stocks and bonds, and a weakening of the dollar.
(A) lowering interest rates, as well as lowering fears about inflation,
(B) a lowering of interest rates and of fears about inflation,
(C) a lowering of interest rates, along with fears about inflation,
(D) interest rates being lowered, along with fears about inflation,
(E) interest rates and fears about inflation being lowered, with
66－312－95 Studies of the human “sleep-wake cycle” have practical relevance for matters ranging from duty assignments in nuclear submarines and air-traffic control towers to the staff of shifts in 24-hour factories.
(A) to the staff of
(B) to those who staff
(C) to the staffing of
(D) and staffing
(E) and the staff of作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:23
6. 虽然违反了effectiveness，但gmat会把它当作correctness理解
（1）严重违反原文的意思
a－极端性修饰词位置发生改变，only, first, last
b－强烈语气表达的添加或丢失
any, not unlike, however = no matter how
whenever= no matter when
whatever = no matter what
c－句子强调重心发生彻底改变，把主干变从属，把从属变主干
67－252－44 Using a Doppler ultrasound device, fetal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy.
(A) Using a Doppler ultrasound device, fetal heart-beats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy.
(B) Fetal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy, using a Doppler ultrasound device.
(C) Detecting fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy, a physician can use a Doppler ultrasound device.
(D) By the twelfth week of pregnancy, fetal heartbeats can be detected using a Doppler ultrasound device by a physician.
(E) Using a Doppler ultrasound device, a physician can detect fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy.
68－231－15 Seldom more that 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep, but it ran 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, the Erie Canal connected the Hudson River at Albany to the Great Lakes at Buffalo, providing the port of New York City with a direct water link to the heartland of the North American continent.
(A) Seldom more than 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep, but it ran 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, the Erie Canal connected
(B) Seldom more than 40 feet wide or 12 feet deep but running 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, the Erie Canal connected
(C) It was seldom more than 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep, and ran 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, but the Erie Canal, connecting
(D) The Erie Canal was seldom more than 40 feet wide or 12 feet deep and it ran 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, which connected
(E) The Erie Canal, seldom more than 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep, but running 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, connecting
d－把倒装句改为正常语序
（2）简洁原则：语义重复 永远错
from...to 不能加 up / down X
double <> increase X
opposition <> againest X
orbit <> around X
gain <> achieve X
superiority <> over X
with <> include X
with, by, use X
rise, raise, increase, soar, grow X作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:23
二，EFFECTIVENESS 有效性错误
（1）轻微违反原文意思
a－弱语气词表达的添加或丢失，just, even
eg. As he is , I am a student.
Like him, I am a student.
Just as he is, I am a student.
b－句子的强调重心发生轻微的改变
－主动改被动
－状语的位置发生变化
69－251－41 Under a provision of the Constitution that was never applied. Congress has been required to call a convention for considering possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do it by the legislatures of two-thirds of the states.
(A) was never applied, Congress has been required to call a convention for considering possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do it
(B) was never applied, there has been a requirement that Congress call a convention for consideration of possible amendments to the document when asked to do it formally
(C) was never applied, whereby Congress is required to call a convention for considering possible amendments to the document when asked to do it formally
(D) has never been applied, whereby Congress is required to call a convention to consider possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do so
(E) has never been applied. Congress is required to call a convention to consider possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do so
70－297－33 In a period of time when women typically have had a narrow range of choices, Mary Baker Eddy became a distinguished writer and the founder, architect, and builder of a growing church.
(A) In a period of time when women typically have
(B) During a time in which typically women have typically
a－V > adj, 做谓语用v词
71－273－130 In the last few years, the number of convicted criminals given community service sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have risen dramatically.
(A) sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have
(B) sentences, performing specific jobs that benefit the public while being allowed to remain unconfined, have
(C) sentences, performing specific jobs beneficial to the public while they are allowed to remain unconfined, have
(D) sentences which allow them to remain unconfined in their performing of specific jobs beneficial to the public has
(E) sentences allowing them to remain unconfined while performing specific jobs that benefit the public has
72－279－152 Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place: one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.
(A) Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place; one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.
(B) If used repeatedly in the same place, one reason that certain pesticides can become ineffective is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.
(C) If used repeatedly in the same place, one reason certain pesticides can become ineffective is suggested by the finding that much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes are found in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than those that are free of such chemicals.
(D) The finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals is suggestive of one reason, if used repeatedly in the same place, certain pesticides can become ineffective.
(E) The finding of much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in those that are free of such chemicals suggests one reason certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place.
73－283－165 The Federalist papers，a strong defense of the United States Constitution and important as a body of work in political science as well, represents the handiwork of three different authors．
(A)and important as a body of work in political science as well，represents
(B)as well as an important body of work in political science，represent
(C)and also a body of work of importance in political science is representing
(D)an important body of work in political science and has been representative of
(E)and as political science an important body of work too, represent
b－adj > 抽n. so + adj > such + 抽n
74－245－20 An array of tax incentives has led to a boom in the construction of new office buildings; so abundant has capital been for commercial real estate that investors regularly scour the country for areas in which to build. (A) so abundant has capital been for commercial real estate that (B) capital has been so abundant for commercial real estate, so that (C) the abundance of capital for commercial real estate has been such, (D) such has the abundance of capital been for commercial real estate that (E) such has been an abundance of capital for commercial real estate,
75－302－51 Roy Wilkins was among the last of a generation of civil rights activists who let the nation through decades of change so profound that many young Americans can not imagine , much less remember, what segregation was like.
A . so profound that many young Americans can not imagine , much less remember
B. so profound that many young Americans can not imangine, let alone remember
C. so profound that many young Americans can not imangine, even less can they remember D. so profound that many young Americans can not imangine , nor can they remember
E. of such profundity that many young Americans are not able to imagine, much less to remember
c－V>抽n. aim, base, lost, force, rise, result 既是动词也是名词，用动词形式
76－270－119 Executives and federal officials say that the use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly among workers, significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of more than $100 billion a year.
A. significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of
B. significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already cost business
C. significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, already with business costs of
D. significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costing business
E. significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costs business
77－273－131 During the early years of European settlement on a continent that was viewed as “wilderness” by the newcomers, Native Americans, intimately knowing the ecology of the land, were a help in the rescuing of many Pilgrims and pioneers from hardship, or even death. (A) Native Americans, intimately knowing the ecology of the land, were a help in the rescuing of (B) Native Americans knew the ecology and the land intimately and this enabled them to help in the rescue of (C) Native Americans, with their intimate knowledge of the ecology of the land, helped to rescue (D) having intimate knowledge of the ecology of the land, Native Americans helped the rescue of (E) knowing intimately the ecology of the land, Native Americans helped to rescue
78－302－53 Slips of the tongue do not necessarily reveal concealed beliefs or intentions but rather are the result from the competition between various processing mechanisms in the brain.
（A） but rather are the result from
（B） and instead are the result from
（C） being rather the result of
（D） and rather result from
（E） but rather result from作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:24
d－抽n.>动名词
79－254－52 The rising of costs of data-processing operations at many financial institutions has created a growing opportunity for independent companies to provide these services more efficiently and at lower cost.
(A) The rising of costs
(B) Rising costs
(C) The rising cost
(D) Because the rising cost
(E) Because of rising costs
80－296－32 In ancient times, Nubia was the principal corridor where there were cultural influences transmitted between Black Africa and the Mediterranean basin.
(A) where there were cultural influences transmitted
(B) through which cultural influences were transmitted
(C) where there was a transmission of cultural influences
(D) for the transmitting of cultural influences
(E) which was transmitting cultural influences
f－过去分词 > 定从
现在分词表重复性（政府行为）
定从表一次性
81－270－121 Seismologists studying the earthquake that struck northern California in October 1989 are still investigating some of its mysteries: the unexpected power of the seismic waves, the upward thrust that threw one man straight into the air, and the strange electromagnetic signals detected hours before the temblor. (A) the upward thrust that threw one man straight into the air, and the strange electromagnetic signals detected hours before the temblor (B) the upward thrust that threw one man straight into the air, and strange electromagnetic signals were detected hours before the temblor (C) the upward thrust threw one man straight into the air, and hours before the temblor strange electromagnetic signals were detected (D) one man was thrown straight into the air by the upward thrust, and hours before the temblor strange electromagnetic signals were detected (E) one man who was thrown straight into the air by the upward thrust, and strange electromagnetic signals that were detected hours before the temblor
82－295－25 The utility company has announced that it will permanently close its Unit I nuclear power plant, the first plant that had been built by private industry and the model for a generation of modern nuclear reactors.
(A) that had been built by private industry and
(B) built by private industry and which was
(C) to be built by private industry and which was
(D) built by private industry and
(E) to have been built by private industry and was作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:24
三，XDF 规律总结
1. 错误的表达方式
（1）口语化的表达方式 X
hopefully X -----> it is hoped when you X
maybe X -----> probably if you X
（2）主观色彩 X
be to do X -----> should
be doing to
avoid X -----> keep sb. from doing
have to X -----> must
（3）being反在adj，n前都 X
例外，being done，被动语态进行时
（4）there be done X
（5）similar to 放在句首永远 X
（6） concerning X -----> about / over
（7） be able to be done X
（8） base, compare 只能用被动
prove, double, triple, quadruple 只能用主动，被动永远 X
（9） whether..or not 永远 X
（10）if + n从句 X -----> whether + n从句
（11）把like改为seem 永远 X， 把as改为if 永远 X
（12）this, that, these, those单独出现 永远 X like this 永远 X -----> such + n
（13）every one 永远 X -----> 整体概念 all， 个体概念each
（14）in comparison with 永远 X -----> compared with
in isolation from 永远 X -----> isolated from
in contrast with 永远 X -----> contrary to
（15）like举例 永远 X ----->such as
（16）do it 永远 X -----> do so
（17）seeming 永远 X -----> seemingly
（18）’s 的省略结构， 单独出现 永远 X
（19） 双重所有格 A of B’s 永远 X
（20） all...not 永远 X -----> not all
83－69－8 Although all the proceedings of the Communist party conference held in Moscow were not carried live, Soviet audiences have seen a great deal of coverage.
(A) all the proceedings of the Communist party conference held in Moscow were not carried live
(B) all the Communist party conference’s Moscow proceedings were not carried live
(C) all the Communist party conference Moscow proceedings have not been carried alive
(D) not all the Communist party conference Moscow proceedings have been carried alive
(E) not all the proceedings of the Communist party conference held in Moscow were carried live
（21） n1, doing, n2 永远 X 修饰语不能放中间，意思含糊，可修饰前面也可修饰后面
84－94－12 Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives, capitalized on
her keen observation and love of the natural world.
(A) Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives,
(B) In her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives, Beatrix Potter
(C) In her book illustrations, which she carefully coordinated with her narratives, Beatrix Potter
(D) Carefully coordinated with her narratives, Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations
(E) Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinated them with her narratives and作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:24
2. 优先结构
（1）not...but > rather... that > instead of
2) because/ since > due to / because of / owing to / as a result of / on account of
even though / although / even if > despite / in spite of
(3) B 介 A > AB. sediments from Bsea > Bsea sediments
(4) 介＋which > where
(5) unlike > differ from
(6) adj + n > n + that + be + adj
(7) n more adj > more + adj + n
n+ that + be + adj > more + adj + n
(8) 其他完全相同的情况下 n > 代词
同位语 > 定从
85－281－160 Teratomas are unusual forms of cancer because they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone not normally found in the organ in which the tumor appears.
(A) because they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone
(B) because they are composed of tissues like tooth and bone that are
(C) because they are composed of tissues, like tooth and bone, tissues
(D) in that their composition, tissues such as tooth and bone, is
(E) in that they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone, tissues
86－78－9 Floating in the waters of the equatorial Pacific, an array of buoys collects and transmits data on long-term interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere, interactions that affect global climate.
(A) atmosphere, interactions that affect
(B) atmosphere, with interactions affecting
(C) atmosphere that affects
(D) atmosphere that is affecting
(E) atmosphere as affects
87－225－3 The state has proposed new rules that would set minimum staffing levels for nurses, rules intended to ensure that at least one nurse is assigned for every four patients put through triage in a hospital emergency room.
(A) rules intended to ensure that at least one nurse is assigned for every four patients put through triage in a hospital emergency room
(B) rules with the intent of ensuring one nurse at least to be assigned for every four patients to be put through triage in a hospital emergency room
(C) rules intending to ensure at least one nurse is assigned for every four patients in a hospital emergency room put through triage
(D) with the intent of ensuring that at least one nurse should be assigned for every four patients in a hospital emergency room that are put through triage
(E) and this is intended to ensure one nurse at least to be assigned for every four patients put through triage in a hospital emergency room
(9) 比...少， 用less， 修饰人用few 所以 less > few
(10) be able to / can > ability of sb to do > capable of doing > capability
(11) to do > of doing / for doing
(12) 尽量使用书面语
obituary > death
ancient > older than
once > one time
increasing sth. > more sth
at a low cost > cost less
88－95－14 The development of a new jumbo rocket that is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle and at a lower cost. (A) The development of a new jumbo rocket that is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle and at a lower cost. (B) The development of a new jumbo rocket is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration and be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit at a lower cost than the space shuttle. (C) The new development of a jumbo rocket, which is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration, will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit at a lower cost than the space shuttle. (D) A newly developed jumbo rocket, which is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration, will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle can, and at a lower cost. (E) A newly developed jumbo rocket, which is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration, will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit than the space shuttle and to cost less.作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:25
3. 有效性（错误级别由高到底）
（1）there be 抽n X
（2）情态动词 添加／丢失 X may ／can
（3）come / become / go / remain 要保持 去掉 X 改为be X
（4）介词或助动词的尽量补出原则 ：补出不一定对，不补出不一定错
89－189－6 Researchers are using computer images to help surgeons plan difficult operations and to develop programs that will work for doctors and nurses in the same way that flight simulators do for pilots, letting medical personnel practice their techniques and test their reflexes before they ever see a patient.
1. plan difficult operations and to develop programs that will work for doctors and nurses in the same way that flight simulators do
2. plan difficult operations and develop programs to work for doctors and nurses the same way as with flight simulators
3. to plan difficult operations and to develop programs that will work for doctors and nurses like flight simulators
4. plan difficult operations and in developing programs to work for doctors and nurses the same way as flight simulators
5. to plan difficult operations and developing programs that will work for doctors and nurses like flight simulators do
90－285－176 Inuits of the Bering Sea were in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.
A. in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than
B. isolated from contact with Europeans longer than
C. in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than were
D. isolated from contact with Europeans longer than were
E. in isolation and without contacts with Europeans longer than
91－301－47 The lawyer for the defense charged that she suspected the police of having illegally taped her confidential conversations with her client and then used the information obtained to find evidence supporting their murder charges.
(A) used the information obtained to find evidence supporting
(B) used such information as they obtained to find evidence supporting
(C) used the information they had obtained to find evidence that would support
(D) of using the information they had obtained to find evidence that would support
(E) of using such information as they obtained to find evidence that would be supportive of
92－310－83 At the time of the Mexican agrarian revolution, the most radical faction, that of Zapata and his followers, proposed a return to communal ownership of land, to what had been a pre-Columbian form of ownership respected by the Spaniards.
(A) land, to what had been a pre-Columbian form of ownership respected by the Spaniards
(B) land, a form of ownership of the pre-Columbians and respected by the Spaniards
(C) land, respected by the Spaniards and a pre-Columbian form of ownership
(D) land in which a pre-Columbian form of ownership was respected by the Spaniards
(E) land that had been a pre-Columbian form of ownership respected by the Spaniards
（5）定从和分词省落结构的就近修饰原则 （全划线题）
93－81－16 Imported into Massachusetts form Europe in 1869, the gypsy moth was used by a French scientist in an attempt at developing a strong strain of silk-producing insects, crossing gypsy moths with adult silkworms.
A. Imported into Massachusetts from Europe in 1869, the gypsy moth was used by a French scientist in an attempt at developing a strong strain of silk-producing insects, crossing gypsy moths with adult silkworms.
B. Imported into Massachusetts form Europe in 1869, a French scientist was attempting to develop a strong strain of silk-producing insects by crossing gypsy moths with adult silkworms.
C. To cross gypsy moths with adult silkworms, in attempting the development of a strong strain of silk-producing insects, a French scientist in 1869 imported the gypsy moth into Massachusetts from Europe.
D. The gypsy moth was imported into Massachusetts from Europe in 1869 by a French scientist attempting to develop a strong strain of silk-producing insects by crossing gypsy moths with adult silkworms.
E. In an attempt at the development of a strong strain of silk-producing insects, a French scientist, importing the gypsy moth from Europe into Massachusetts in 1869 in order to cross gypsy moths and adult silkworms.
94－98－2 Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology.
(A)Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,
(B)Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, having the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission
(0A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,
(D)A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying it,
(E)A technique that was originally developed for detecting air pollutants and has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying the substance, called proton-induced X-ray emission,
95－102－13 Selling several hundred thousand copies in six months, the publication of “Maple Leaf Rag” in 1899 was an instant hit, helping to establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer.
(A) Selling several hundred thousand copies in six months, the publication of “Maple Leaf Rag” in 1899 was an instant hit, helping to establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer.
(B) The publication in 1899 of “Maple Leaf Rag” was an instant hit: in six months they sold several hundred thousand copies and it helped establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer.
(C) Helping to establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer was the publication of “Maple Leaf Rag” in 1899, which was an instant hit: it sold several hundred thousand copies in six months.
(D) “Maple Leaf Rag” was an instant hit: it helped establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer, published in 1899 and selling several hundred thousand copies in six months.
(E) Published in 1899, “Maple Leaf Rag” was an instant hit, selling several hundred thousand copies in six months: it helped establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer.
96－305－65 Reared apart from each other, a recent united states study showed striking similarities in identical twins including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.
A Reared apart from each other, a recent united states study showed striking similarities in identical twins including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.
B Reared apart from each other , striking similarities between identical twins that include many idiosyncrasies of behavior were shown in a recent United states study.
C A recent United states study showed striking similarities in identical twins reared apart from each other that include many idiosyncrasies of behavior
D According to a recent United states study , identical twins reared apart from each other showed striking similarities , including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.
E According to a recent united states study, identical twins showed striking similarities reared apart from each other, including many idiosyncrasies behavior.作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:25
（6）定从的 that做宾语尽量省略
97－83－18 In 1713, Alexander Pope began his translation of the Iliad, a work that, taking him seven years until completion, and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope’s contemporary, pronounced the greatest translation in any language.
(A) his translation of the Iliad, a work that, taking him seven years until completion, and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope’s contemporary, pronounced
(B) his translation of the Iliad, a work that took him seven years to complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope’s contemporary, pronounced
(C) his translation of the Iliad, a work that had taken seven years to complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope’s contemporary, pronounced it as
(D) translating the Iliad, a work that took seven years until completion and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope’s contemporary, pronounced it as
(E) translating the Iliad, a work that had taken seven years to complete and literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope’s contemporary, pronounced it
98－296－30 During the nineteenth century Emily Eden and Fanny Parks journeyed throughout India, sketching and keeing journals forming the basisi of news report about the princely states where they had visited.
A. forming the basis of news reports about the princely states where they had
B. that were forming the basis of news reports about the princely states
C. to form the basis of news reports about the princely states which they have
D. which had formed the basis of news reports about the princely states where they had
E. that formed the basis of news reports about the princely states they
99－298－38 Japan received huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War, using it to help build a modern industrial system.
(A) Japan received huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War, using it to help build
(B) Japan received huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War and used it to help in building
(C) Japan used the huge sums of capital it received from the United States after the Second World War to help build
(D) Japan’s huge sums of capital received from the United States after the Second World War were used to help it in building
(E) Receiving huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War, Japan used it to help build
100－92－5 A recent study of ancient clay deposits has provided new evidence supporting the theory of global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact that contributed to the extinction of the dinosaurs and many other creatures some 65 million years ago.
(A) supporting the theory of global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact that
(B) supporting the theory that global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact
(C) that supports the theory of global forest fires that were ignited by a meteorite impact and that
(D) in support of the theory that global forest fires were ignited by a meteorite impact and that
(E) of support for the theory of a meteorite impact that ignited global forest fires and作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:25
（7）逻辑关系的改变，加强或丢失： if条件，when时间，because因果，although转折
101－194－16 Elk now live almost solely in the Rocky Mountains, which would make it seem that elk are mountain dwellers, while they once ranged over virtually all of the continental United States except for a small strip in the extreme Southwest.
1. Elk now live almost solely in the Rocky Mountains, which would make it seem that elk are mountain dwellers, while
2. The fact that elk now live almost solely in the Rocky Mountains would make it seem that they are mountain dwellers, but
3. It would seem that elk would be mountain dwellers because of their living now solely almost in the Rocky Mountains, but still
4. Now living almost solely in the Rocky Mountains, it would seem that elk were mountain dwellers, although
5. It seems that elk would be mountain dwellers from the fact that they now live solely almost in the Rocky Mountains, since
102－311－87 Although it claims to delve into political isssues, television can be superficial such as when each of the three major networks broadcast exactly the same statement from a political candidate.
A.superficial such as when each of the three major networks
B.superficial, as can sometines occur if all of the three major networks
C.superficial if the three major networks all
D.superficial whenever each of the three major networks
E.superficial, as when the three major networks each
（8）代词指代要清晰明朗，不能ambiguous
103－274－134 Consumers may not think of household cleaning products to be hazardous substances, but many of them can be harmful to health, especially if they are used improperly.
A. Consumers may not think of household cleaning products to be
B. Consumers may not think of household cleaning products being
C. A consumer may not think of their household cleaning products being
D. A consumer may not think of household cleaning products as
E. Household cleaning products may not be thought of, by consumers, as
（9）A of B用于无生命事物， B’s A用于有生命的
104－317－114 Poor management, outdated technology, competition from overseas, and steel’s replacement to materials like aluminum and fiber-reinforced plastics have all been cited as causes for the decline of the United States steel industry.
(A) steel’s replacement to materials like (B) the replacement of steel by such materials as (C) the replacing of steel with materials of (D) the replacing of steel by means of materials like (E) to replace steel by materials such as作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:25
四，题型总结 （从高到低）
1. 宾语从句和定语从句
(1) 宾语从句
a－宾语从句一定要有that引导，that不能省
105－296－29 Sartre believed each individual is responsible to choose one course of action over another one, that it is the choice that gives value to the act, and that nothing that is not acted upon has value.
(A) each individual is responsible to choose one course of action over another one
(B) that each individual is responsible for choosing one course of action over another
(C) that each individual is responsible, choosing one course of action over another
(D) that each individual is responsible to choose one course of action over the other
(E) each individual is responsible for choosing one course of action over other ones
b－v + n + that 宾从 永远 X
106－256－61 The Gorton-Dodd bill requires that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from deposited checks.
(A) that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from deposited checks
(B) a bank to disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from a deposited check
(C) that a bank disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from deposited checks
(D) a bank that it should disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from a deposited check
(E) that banks disclose to customers how long access to funds from their deposited check is to be delayed
c－v + that + and + (that) 宾从 并列中的第2个that能有尽量有，没有也不错。
107－265－98 The financial crash of October 1987 demonstrated that the world's capital markets are integrated more closely than never before and events in one part of the global village may be transmitted to the rest of the village--almost instantaneously.
(A) integrated more closely than never before and
(B) closely integrated more than ever before so
(C) more closely integrated as never before while
(D) more closely integrated than ever before and that
(E) more than ever before closely integrated as 108－284－170 Despite protests from some waste-disposal companies, state health officials have ordered the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be published. (A) the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be
(B) that seawater at popular beaches should be measured for their levels of bacteria, with the results being
(C) the measure of levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches and the results to be
(D) seawater measured at popular beaches for levels of bacteria, with their results
(E) that the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches be measured and the results作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:26
(2) 定语从句
a－that 和 which的区别
that 引导限定性定从 不加介词，除(in that) 紧跟n后 不能跳跃修饰
which 引导非限定性定从 可加介词 不能紧跟n，逗号,或介词隔开 可以跳跃修饰
b－ that 和 which 指代物 who, whom指代人 whose 指代 人 或 物
109－309－81 India is a country with at least fifty major regional languages , of whom fourteen have offical recognition.
(A) of whom fourteen have official recognition
(B)fourteen that have official recognition
(C) fourteen of which are officially recognized
(D) fourteen that are officially recognized.
(E) among whom fourteen have official recognition. c－ time + when 2010 + when age + in which date + at which 110－297－33 In a period of time when women typically have had a narrow range of choices, Mary Baker Eddy became a distinguished writer and the founder, architect, and builder of a growing church. A. In a period of time when women typically have
B. During a time in which typically women have
C.Typically, during a time when women
D.At a time when women typically
E.Typically in a time in which women 111－96－17 His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine home-land， far outside the range of present-day glaciers， led Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the concept of an age in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas.
（A） in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas
（B） in which great ice sheets existed in what are now temperate areas
（C） when great ice sheets existed where there were areas now temperate
（D） when great ice sheets had existed in current temperate areas
（E） when great ice sheets existed in areas now that are temperate d－前面一整段话对后面造成的影响， 用 doing which X 新n概括前面的证据话 to do X
112－250－38 Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.
(A) Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there
(B) Baltic Sea sediments, where the growth of industrial activity is consistent with these findings
(C) Baltic Sea sediments, findings consistent with its growth of industrial activity
(D) Sediments from the Baltic Sea, findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the area
(E) Sediments from the Baltic Sea, consistent with the growth of industrial activity there 113－250－39 For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows and spears.
(A) a method to protect
(B) as a method protecting
(C) protecting
(D) as a protection of
(E) to protect 114－76－7 In the mid-1970’s, since birds were overcome by pollution, and routinely falling from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, this prompted officials in California to devise a plan that reduced automobile emissions.
A since birds were overcome by pollution, and routinely falling from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, this prompted officials in California to devise a plan that reduced
B since birds that had been overcome by pollution were routinely falling from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, it prompted officials in California to devise a plan that reduced
C birds had been overcome by pollution and routinely fell from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, prompting officials in California to devise a plan that reduced
D birds overcome by pollution routinely fell from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, prompting officials in California to devise a plan to reduce
E birds overcome by pollution and routinely falling from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, were prompting officials in California to devise a plan to reduce 115－233－3 In the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the United States acquired 828,000 square miles for about four cents an acre, which more than doubled the country's size and that brought its western border within reach of the Pacific Ocean.
(A) In the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the United States acquired 828,000 square miles for about four cents an acre, which more than doubled the country's size and that brought
(B) For about four cents an acre the United States acquired, in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, 828,000 square miles, more than doubling the country's size and it brought
(C) With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States acquired 828,000 square miles for about four cents an acre, more than doubling its size and bringing
(D) The United States, in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, for about four cents an acre, acquired 828,000 square miles, more than doubling the country's size, bringing
(E) Acquiring 828,000 square miles in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the United States bought it for about four cents an acre, more than doubling the country's size and bringing作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:26
2. 时态
(1) 同一句话中现在时和过去式不能混用 (2) 单一时态
a－一般现在时 @ 客观规律和真理用一般现在时 116－250－36 Bufo marinus toads, fierce predators that will eat frogs, lizards, and even small birds, are native to South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt to control pests in the state's vast sugarcane fields.
A. are native to South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt to control
B. are native in South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's as attempts to control
C. are natives of South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt at controlling
D. had been native to South America but were introduced to Florida during the 1930's as an attempt at controlling
E. had been natives of South America but were introduced to Florida during the 1930's as attempts at controlling 117－307－73 In the most common procedure for harvesting forage crops such as alfalfa, as much as 20 percent of the leaf and small-stem material, which is the most nutritious of all the parts of the plant, shattered and fell to the ground.
(A) which is the most nutritious of all the parts of the plant, shattered and fell
(B) the most nutritious of all parts of the plant, shatter and fall
(C) the parts of the plant which were most nutritious, will shatter and fall
(D) the most nutritious parts of the plant, shatters and falls
(E) parts of the plant which are the most nutritious, have shattered and fallen
@ 政府行为决定，法令，法规 118－294－22 At a recent session, the French government has decided that paris needs a second, larger opera house to complement the famous Paris Opera.
A. has decided that paris needs
B. decided that paris needs
C. has decided that paris will need
D. decided that paris has a need of
E. has decided that paris needed. 119－99－5 A 1972 agreement between Canada and the United States reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump into the Great Lakes.
(A) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump
(B) reduced the phosphate amount that municipalities had been dumping
(C) reduces the phosphate amount municipalities have been allowed to dump
(D) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities are allowed to dump
(E) reduces the amount of phosphates allowed for dumping by municipalities
@ 科研成果和统计资料 120－293－16 One of every two new businesses fail within two years.
(A) fail
(B) fails
(C) should fail
(D) may have failed
(E) has failed作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:26
b－现在完成时 @ since 出现 121－275－136 As measured by the Commerce Department, corporate profits peaked in the fourth quarter of 1988 and have slipped since then, as many companies have been unable to pass on higher costs.
(A) and have slipped since then, as many companies have been unable to pass on higher costs
(B) and have slipped since then, the reason being because many companies have been unable to pass on higher costs
(C) and slipped since then, many companies being unable to pass on higher costs
(D) but, many companies unable to pass on higher costs, they have slipped since then
(E) yet are slipping since then, because many companies were unable to pass on higher costs 122－309－80 Since 1970 the number of Blacks elected to state and federal offices in the United States has multiplied nearly four times. (A) has multiplied nearly four times (B) has almost quadrupled (C) has almost multiplied by four (D) is almost four times as great (E) is nearly fourfold what it was
@ 大段时间 123－119－14 Scientists have dated sharp-edged flakes of stone found in the fine-grained sediments of a dry riverbed in the Afar region of Ethiopia to between 2.52 and 2.60 million years ago, pushing back by more than 150,000 years the earliest date when it is known that humans made stone tools.
A. when it is known that humans made
B. at which it is known that humans had made
C. at which humans are known to have made
D. that humans are known to be making
E. of humans who were known to make 124－215－3 In the last ten years, the dropout rate among Black high school students fell substantially over the past decade, while the number of Blacks who attend college is more than twice what it was.
a. fell substantially over the past decade, while the number of Blacks who attend college is more than twice what it was
b.fell substantially, while the number of Blacks attending college is more than double what it was at that time
c.has fallen substantially, while the number of Blacks attending college has more than doubled
d.has fallen substantially over the past decade,while the number of Blacks attending college is more than twice what it was at that time
e.has fallen substantially over the past decade, while the number of Blacks who are attending college are more than double what they were 125－294－20 Even though its per capita food supply hardly increased during two decades, stringent rationing and planned distribution have allowed the People’s Republic of China to ensure nutritional levels of 2,000 calories per person per day for its population. (A) Even though its per capita food supply hardly increased during (B) Even though its per capita food supply has hardly increased in (C) Despite its per capita food supply hardly increasing over (D) Despite there being hardly any increase in its per capita food supply during (E) Although there is hardly any increase in per capita food supply for 126－303－57 Although the Supreme Court ruled as long ago as 1880 that Blacks could not be excluded outright from jury service, nearly a century of case-by-case adjudication has been necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be drawn from“a fair cross section of the community.” (A) has been necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be (B) was necessary for developing and enforcing the principle of all juries being (C) was to be necessary in developing and enforcing the principle of all juries to be (D) is necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be (E) will be necessary for developing and enforcing the principle of all juries being
@ 短语提示：the world has ever seen. than ever before possible.
(3) continue 不用复合时态，不用进行时。
127－259－75 If the proposed expenditures for gathering information abroad are reduced even further, international news reports have been and will continue to diminish in number and quality. (A) have been and will continue to diminish (B) have and will continue to diminish (C) will continue to diminish, as they already did, (D) will continue to diminish, as they have already, (E) will continue to diminish 128－73－16 The bank acknowledged that they are and will continue to experience difficulties as it attempts to deal with the precipitous fall of the dollar against the yen and the dislocations reflected in the stock market decline.
（A） they are and will continue to experience difficulties as it attempts
（B） they are and will continue to experience difficulties as they attempt
（C） it is and will continue to experience difficulties as it attempts
（D） it is experiencing and will continue to experien
(E) its difficulties are likely to continue as it attempts作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:27
3. adj和adv的区别
(1) 转义
significant 重要的
significantly 极大地
fair 公平的
fairly 相当地
simple 简单的
simply 仅仅地，只不过
special 特殊的
especially 尤其地
(2)
129－270－119 Executives and federal officials say that the use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly among workers, significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of more than $100 billion a year.
A. significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of
B. significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already cost business
C. significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, already with business costs of
D. significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costing business
E. significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costs business 130－75－4 Sulfur dioxide, a major contributor to acid rain, is an especially serious pollutant because it diminishes the respiratory system’s ability to deal with all other pollutants.
A. an especially serious pollutant because it diminishes the respiratory system’s ability to deal
B. an especially serious pollutant because of diminishing the respiratory system’s capability of dealing
C. an especially serious pollutant because it diminishes the capability of the respiratory system in dealing
D. a specially serious pollutant because it diminishes the capability of the respiratory system to deal
E. a specially serious pollutant because of diminishing the respiratory system’s ability to deal
(2) 修饰n用adj，修饰adj用adv 131－267－108 Reporting that one of its many problems had been the recent extended sales slump in women’s apparel, the seven-store retailer said it would start a three-month liquidation sale in all of its stores. (A) its many problems had been the recent (B) its many problems has been the recently (C) its many problems is the recently (D) their many problems is the recent (E) their many problems had been the recent (3) 修饰n用adj，修饰v同adv 132－309－78 In the traditional Japanese household, most clothing could be packed flatly, and so it was not necessary to have elaborate closet facilities. (A) flatly, and so it was not necessary to have elaborate closet facilities (B) flat, and so elaborate closet facilities were unnecessary (C) flatly, and so there was no necessity for elaborate closet facilities (D) flat, there being no necessity for elaborate closet facilities (E) flatly, as no elaborate closet facilities were necessary (4) 其他 2对2
133－311－88 Since the 1930’s aircraft manufacturers have tried to build airplanes with frictionless wings, shaped so smoothly and perfectly that the air passing over them would not become turbulent.
(A) wings, shaped so smoothly and perfectly
(B) wings, wings so smooth and so perfectly shaped
(C) wings that are shaped so smooth and perfect
(D) wings, shaped in such a smooth and perfect manner
(E) wings, wings having been shaped smoothly and perfectly so作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:27
4. 比较结构
A plays tennis better than B plays tennis.
B does. 考点 a. 对称性 b. 倒装 c. 省略 does B. 考的最多
B. 三个都对
(1) 比较对象要对等，对称。句子后半部分用that／those。不能用it，they，them。 134－268－112 Domestic automobile manufacturers have invested millions of dollars into research to develop cars more gasoline-efficient even than presently on the road.
（A） into research to develop cars more gasoline-efficient even than presently on the road
（B） into research for developing even more gasoline-efficient cars on the road than at present
（C） for research for cars to be developed that are more gasoline-efficient even than presently on the road.
（D） in research to develop cars even more gasoline-efficient than those at present on the road
（E） in research for developing cars that are even more gasoline-efficient than presently on the road 135－320－128 Because natural gas is composed mostly of methane, a simple hydrocarbon , vehicles powered by natural gas emit less of certain pollutants than the burning of gasoline or diesel fuel.
A less of certain pollutants than the burning of gasoline or diesel fuel.
B fewer of certain pollutants than burning gasoline or diesel fuel do.
C less of certain pollutants than gasoline or diesel fuel
D fewer of certain pollutants than does burning gasoline or diesel fuel
E less of certain pollutants than those burning gasoline or diesel fuel 136－79－11 For the last five years the Dutch economy has grown faster than Britain, France, or Germany, with the unemployment rate having remained well below that of the other three countries.
A. Britain, France, or Germany, with the unemployment rate having remained
B. have those of Britain, France, or Germany, and the unemployment rate remaining
C. have Britain, France, and Germany, and the unemployment rate has remained
D. the economy of Britain, France, and Germany, with the unemployment rate that has remained
E. the economies of Britain, France, and Germany, and the unemployment rate has remained
(2) 比较结构的后半段要补出助动词，补出的助动词要和主句谓语动词保持一致，且可以倒装。
137－305－62 Inflation has made many Americans reevaluate their assumptions about the future; they still expect to live better than their parents have, but not so well as they once thought they could.
(A) they still expect to live better than their parents have
(B) they still expect to live better than their parents did
(C) they still expect to live better than their parents had
(D) still expecting to live better than their parents had
(E) still expecting to live better than did their parents 138－113－1 According to analysts, an alliance between three major personal computer companies and most of the nation’s largest local telephone companies would enable customers to receive Internet data over regular telephone lines with speeds much higher than is currently possible.
1. with speeds much higher than is
2. with speeds that are much higher than are
3. at much higher speeds as are
4. at much higher speeds than that
5. at speeds much higher than are作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:27
5. rate
(1) rate要和rate比，不能和工资比。 (2) 数字概念跟high／low搭配，不能和prevalent搭配 139－309－79 The unskilled workers at the Allenby plant realized that their hourly rate of $4.11 to $4.75 was better than many nearby factory wages.
(A) many nearby factory wages
(B) many wages in nearby factories
(C) what are offered by many nearby factories
(D) it is in many nearby factories
(E) that offered by many nearby factories-- 140－140－15 Some psychiatric studies indicate that among distinguished artists the rates of manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times as prevalent as in the population at large.
(A) the rates of manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times as prevalent as in
(B) the rates of manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times more prevalent than in
(C) the rates of manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times more prevalent when compared to
(D) manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times as prevalent when compared to
(E) manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times more prevalent than in 6. like A, B do A,B同类事物方可比较 like是介词 as + 句子（补助动词）跟主句谓语动词保持一致。 as是连词 141－113－3 There are no legal limits, as there are for cod and haddock, on the size of monkfish that can be caught, a circumstance that contributes to their depletion through overfishing.
A. There are no legal limits, as there are for cod and haddock, on the size of monkfish that can be caught, a circumstance that contributes to their depletion through overfishing.
B. There are no legal limits on the size of monkfish that can be caught, unlike cod or haddock, a circumstance that contributes to depleting them because they are being overfished.
C. There are legal limits on the size of cod and haddock that can be caught, but not for monkfish, which contributes to its depletion through overfishing.
D. Unlike cod and haddock, there are no legal size limits on catching monkfish, which contributes to its depletion by being overfished.
E. Unlike catching cod and haddock, there are no legal size limits on catching monkfish, contributing to their depletion because they are overfished. 142－256－60 According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, like that of earlier generations.
(A) like that of earlier generations
(B) as that for earlier generations
(C) just as earlier generations did
(D) as have earlier generations
(E) as it was of earlier generations 143－263－91 Like many self-taught artists, Perle Hessing did not begin to paint until she was well into middle age.
(A) Like
(B) As have
(C) Just as with
(D) Just like
(E) As did
144－312－93 Because young children do not organize their attention or perceptions systematically, like adults, they may notice and remember details that their elders ignore.
(A) like adults
(B) unlike an adult
(C) as adults
(D) as adults do
(E) as an adult 145－322－134 Although fruit can no longer grow once it is picked, it continues for some time to respire, taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide, similar to the way human beings breathe.
(A) similar to the way human beings breathe
(B) similarly to human beings who are breathing
(C) just like the breathing of human beings
(D) as human beings when breathing
(E) just as human beings do when they breathe作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:28
7. 如此，以至于
so... as to 简单，逻辑主语要一致 so that， 复杂，逻辑主语可不一致 146－257－67 Congress is debating a bill requiring certain employers provide workers with unpaid leave so as to care for sick or newbom children.
(A) provide workers with unpaid leave so as to
(B) to provide workers with unpaid leave so as to
(C) provide workers with unpaid leave in order that they
(D) to provide workers with unpaid leave so that they can
(E) provide workers with unpaid leave and 147－296－28 Climate shift are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuation in the weather.
(A) so gradual as to be indistinguishable
(B) so gradual they can be indistinguishable
(C) so gradual that they are unable to be distinguished
(D) gradual enough no to be indistinguishable
(E) gradual enough so that one cannot distinguish them enough X such as to X such that X so... as 表示“和...一样”，是as...as的否定形式。 8. 时间上有先后关系的两个v，要用and连接。 把其中一个v改为现在分词作伴随状语是典型的错误。 X do A and do B. 正确 doing A, do B X do A, doing B. X 148－258-71 The original building and loan associations were organized as limited life funds, whose members made monthly payments on their share subscriptions, then taking turns drawing on the funds for home mortgages.
(A) subscriptions, then taking turns drawing
(B) subscriptions, and then taking turns drawing
(C) subscriptions and then took turns drawing
(D) subscriptions and then took turns, they drew
(E) subscriptions and then drew, taking turns 149－270-120 The Parthenon was a church from 1204 until 1456, when Athens was taken by General Mohammed the Conqueror, the Turkish sultan, who established a mosque in the building and used the Acropolis as a fortress.
(A) who established a mosque in the building and used the Acropolis as
(B) who, establishing a mosque in the building, used the Acropolis like (C) who, when he had established a mosque in the building, used the Acropolis like
(D) who had established a mosque in the building, using the Acropolis to be
(E) establishing a mosque in the building and using the Acropolis as 150－230-12 Unlike the original National Museum of Science and Technology in Italy, where the models are encased in glass or operated only by staff members, the Virtual Leonardo Project, an online version of the museum, encourages visitors to “touch” each exhibit, which thereby activates the animated functions of the piece.
1. exhibit, which thereby activates
2. exhibit, in turn an activation of
3. exhibit, and it will activate
4. exhibit and thereby activate
5. exhibit which, as a result, activates作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:28
9. n的修饰 N 名词 + of 表限定 （短） that 表解释 （长） 例外：importance / necessity / need 后面 ＋ of （need后面也可以跟for） 151－259－76 Gall's hypothesis of there being different mental functions localized in different parts of the brain is widely accepted today.
(A) of there being different mental functions localized in different parts of the brain is widely accepted today
(B) of different mental functions that are localized in different parts of the brain is widely accepted today
(C) that different mental functions are localized in different parts of the brain is widely accepted today
(D) which is that there are different mental functions localized in different parts of the brain is widely accepted today
(E) which is widely accepted today is that there are different mental functions localized in different parts of the brain 152－318－118 A “calendar stick” carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the first evidence that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them on systematic astronomical observation.
(A) that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them
(B) of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars and based them
(C) of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians, basing them
(D) of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendars based
(E) that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars based 153－323－140 The brochure notes that in the seminar the importance that communication is a two-way process will be emphasized.
(A) importance that communication is a two-way process will be emphasized
(B) importance of communication as a two-way process will be emphasized
(C) importance of communication being a two-way process will be the emphasis
(D) fact will be emphasized that communication is a two-way process and of importance
(E) emphasis will be that communication being a two-way process is important 154－84－4 As litigation grows more complex, the need that experts explain technical issues becomes more
apparent.
(A) that experts explain technical issues becomes
(B) for experts to explain technical issues became
(C) for experts to explain technical issues becomes
(D) that technical issues be explained by experts became
(E) that there be explanations of technical issues by experts has become 155－92－5 A recent study of ancient clay deposits hasprovided new evidence supporting the theory of global forest fires ignitedby a meteorite impact that contributed to the extinction of the dinosaursand many other creatures some 65 million years ago.
(A) supporting the theory of globalforest fires ignited by a meteorite impact that
(B) supporting the theory thatglobal forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact
(C) that supports the theory ofglobal forest fires that were ignited by a meteorite impact and that
(D) in support of the theory thatglobal forest fires were ignited by a meteorite impact and that
(E) of support for the theory of ameteorite impact that ignited global forest fires and作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:28
10. 结果比较重要
closing varying 表动作过程
closed varied 表动作结果 对
156－267－106 The decision by one of the nation’s largest banks to admit to $3 billion in potential losses on foreign loans could mean less lending by commercial banks to developing countries and increasing the pressure on multigovernment lenders to supply the funds.
(A) increasing the pressure
(B) the increasing pressure
(C) increased pressure
(D) the pressure increased
(E) the pressure increasing 157－282－164 The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.
(A) aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving
(B) aimed at the decreasing of operating costs and to improve
(C) aiming at the decreasing of operating costs and improving
(D) the aim of which is the decreasing of operating costs and improving
(E) with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve 11. With
(1) 本身的逻辑宾语就是它的修饰对象。所以后不能加 宾语 it （with it X）
to do后面也不能加 宾语 it （to do it X）
固定搭配除外：eg. associate with it 对 bring A with it 对
(2) 可以跳跃修饰
158－266－102 Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott Joplin’s ragtime opera Treemonisha was not produced until 1972, sixty-one years after its completion.
(A) Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged
(B) Except for a concert performance with the composer himself staging it
(C) Besides a concert performance being staged by the composer himself
(D) Excepting a concert performance that the composer himself staged
(E) With the exception of a concert performance with the staging done by the composer himself 159－266－104 The diet of the ordinary Greek in classical times was largely vegetarian—vegetables, fresh cheese, oatmeal, and meal cakes, and meat rarely. (A) and meat rarely (B) and meat was rare (C) with meat as rare (D) meat a rarity (E) with meat as a rarity 160－269－113 Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and saw monkeys sleeping on the branches. whose arms and legs hang like socks on a clothesline.
(A) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs hang
(B) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs were hanging
(C) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging
(D) seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging
(E) seen monk eys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs have hung 161－277－144 Cajuns speak a dialect brought to southern Louisiana by the four thousand Acadians who migrated there in 1755; their language is basically seventeenth-century French to which has been added English, Spanish, and Italian words.
(A) to which has been added English, Spanish, and Italian words
(B) added to which is English, Spanish, and Italian words
(C) to which English, Spanish, and Italian words have been added
(D) with English, Spanish, and Italian words having been added to it
(E) and, in addition, English, Spanish, and Italian words are added 162－72－15 The filibuster, a parliamentary device that slows the snail’s pace that prevails even in the best of times in congressional sessions and tests the endurance of everyone associated with it, seems more and more an anachronism in the age of telecommunications.
(A) sessions and tests the endurance of everyone associated with it, seems
(B) sessions and tests the endurance of everyone who is associated with it, seeming to be
(C) sessions, tests the endurance of everyone associated with it, seems
(D) sessions, that tests the endurance of everyone associated with it and seems
(E) sessions, testing the endurance of everyone associated with it and seeming作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:29
12. All... each 划线部分前半段用 all， 后半段用each 163－278－147 Dr.Tonegawa won the Noble Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change its genes to fashion a seeming unlimited number of antibodies,each specifically targeted at an invading microbeor foreign substance.
(A) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each specifically targeted at
(B) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically to
(C) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, all specifically targeted at
(D) seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, all of them targeted specifically to
(E) seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically at 164－16－2 Under the restructuring，the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups，each with its own executive.
（A） each with its own executive （B） all having their own executive （C） each having their own executive （D） with its own executive for each （E） every one with an executive of their own 13. 和...一样大／比它大 as great as / greater than
at least as....as
as great as, it not more so... 165－292-13 Few people realize that the chance of accidental injury or death may be as great or greater in the “safety” of their own homes than in a plane or on the road. (A) may be as great or greater in the “safety” of their own homes than (B) is at least as great or greater in the “safety” of their own homes than (C) might be so great or greater in the “safety” of their own home as (D) may be at least as great in the “safety” of their own homes as (E) can be at least so great in the “safety” of their own home
166－310-82 Wind resistance created by opening windows while driving results in a fuel penalty as great or greater than is incurred by using air conditioning.
(A) as great or greater than is incurred by using air conditioning
(B) that is as great or greater than is incurred using air conditioning
(C) as great as or greater than that of using air conditioning
(D) at least as great as air conditioning’s
(E) at least as great as that incurred by using air conditioning
167－87-11 The visiting pharmacologists concluded that the present amalgam of Chinese and Western medicine is probably as good, or better than, any system that might be devised for the patients who are treated at the Nan Kai hospital in Tian-jing.
（A） as good, or better than, any system that might be devised for the patients who are
（B） as good, or better, than any system that might be devised for patients being
（C） as good, or better than, any system that might be devised for patients which are being
（D） good as, or even better than, any other system that may be devised for the patients who are
（E） as good as, or better than, any other system that might be devised for the patients作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:29
14. to do sth. is to do sth doing sth. is doing sth. sth is sth 168－293-18 To compare the lightning-fast genius of playwright Tom Stoppard with the pedestrian efforts of some of his contemporaries is to compare the exquisite bouquet of a fine wine with that of ordinary grape juice.
(A) To compare the lightning-fast genius of playwright Tom Stoppard with the pedestrian efforts of some of his contemporaries is to compare the exquisite bouquet of a fine wine with that of ordinary grape juice.
(B) To compare the lightning-fast genius of playwright Tom Stoppard with the pedestrian efforts of some of his contemporaries is comparing the exquisite bouquet of a fine wine with that of ordinary grape juice.
(C) Comparing the lightning-fast genius of playwright Tom Stoppard with the pedestrian efforts of some of his contemporaries is to compare the exquisite bouquet of a fine wine with ordinary grape juice.
(D) Comparing the lightning-fast genius of playwright Tom Stoppard with the pedestrian efforts of some of his contemporaries is like comparing the exquisite bouquet of a fine wine with ordinary grape juice.
(E) To compare the lightning-fast genius of playwright Tom Stoppard with the pedestrian efforts of some of his contemporaries is to compare a fine wine’s bouquet with ordinary grape juice’s bouquet.
15. as (1) 作连词。像...一样
a－like A, B do
as + 句子
b－Just as A do, so B do. Just as A do, so too. 169－33-6 Just as plant species native to regions with browsing mammals evolved many natural anti-browser defenses (such as sharp spines and toxic chemicals), so humans in malarial regions have evolved dozens of chemical defenses against malaria.
(A) so humans in malarial regions have evolved dozens of chemical defenses against malaria
(B) humans in malarial regions have been evolving dozens of chemical defenses against malaria
(C) there has been, in malarial regions, an evolution of dozens of human chemical defenses against malaria
(D) dozens of chemical defenses against malaria have been evolved by humans in malarial regions
(E) similarly, in malarial regions, humans have evolved dozens of chemical defenses against malaria 170－122-5 Just as a writer trying to understand shtetl life might read Shalom Aleichem or Isaac Bashevis Singer, in the same way writers trying to understand Black life in the American South might well listen to records by the Mississippi Delta bluesman Charlie Patton. (A) in the same way writers trying to understand Black life in the American South might well listen to records (B) in the same way writers who try and understand Black life in the American South might well listen to record (C) so a writer trying to understand black life in the American South might well listen to records (D) so do writers try and understand Black life in the American South and might well listen to a record (E) then writers trying to understand Black life in the American South could well listen to records 171－220-16 Just as the European countries of the early eighteenth century sought to exploit the resources of our continent, so too are we now attempting to extract energy and minerals from the ocean bed.
(A) Just as the European countries of the early eighteenth century sought to exploit the resources of our continent, so too
(B) The European countries of the early eighteenth century sought to exploit the resources of our continent, and in a similar way
(C) Like the case of the European countries of the early eighteenth century who sought to exploit the resources of our continent, so too
(D) As in the exploitation of the resources of our continent by European countries of the early eighteenth century
(E) Similar to the European countries which sought in the early eighteenth century to exploit the resources of our continent (2) 作介词。作为...什么， as a student
172－258－69 Although she had signed a pledge of abstinence while being an adolescent, Frances Willard was 35 years old before she chose to become a temperance activist.
(A) while being an adolescent
(B) while in adolescence
(C) at the time of her being adolescent
(D) as being in adolescence
(E) as an adolescent
(3) 作副词。 as when 对 as where 无实意，只加强语气。
173－311－87 Although it claims to delve into political issues, television can be superficial such as when each of the three major networks broadcast exactly the same statesmen from a political candidate.
A) superficial such as when each of the three major networks
B) superficial, as can sometimes occur if all of the three major networks
C) superficial if the three major networks all
D) superficial whenever each of the three major networks
E) superficial, as when the three major networks each作者: rainstorm 时间: 2010-10-19 15:30
16. without (1) 如果 without + n / doing 中间不能插入任何东西。 eg。 without water 对。 without any water X
(2) without是相对简洁的表达，尽量使用
(3) 是个强烈语气表达（往往原文中没有，通过逻辑判断句子语气，需要加强时，通过without来加强） 174－45－10 The Forbidden City in Beijing，from which the emperors ruled by heavenly mandate，was a site which a commoner or foreigner could not enter without any permission，on pain of death.
（A） which a commoner or foreigner could not enter without any permission （B） which a commoner or foreigner could enter without any permission only （C） which no commoner or foreigner could enter without permission （D） which， without permission， neither commoner or foreigner could only enter （E） which， to enter without permission， neither commoner or foreigner could do
175－69－9 Some analysts point out that because people are becoming accustomed to a steady inflation rate of four to five percent, businesses found that they could raise prices according to this amount without thereby provoking strong public reaction.
(A) found that they could raise prices according to this amount without thereby provoking
(B) found that they were capable of raising prices by this amount and not provoke
(C) find that they are capable of raising prices by this amount and not provoke
(D) are finding that they can raise prices by this amount without provoking
(E) are finding that they can raise prices according to this amount and will not thereby provoke 176－94－11 Affording strategic proximity to the Strait of Gibraltar, Morocco was also of interest to the throughout the first half of the twentieth century because they assumed that if they did not hold it, their grip on Algeria was always insecure.
(A) if they did not hold it, their grip on Algeria was always insecure
(B) without it their grip on Algeria would never be secure
(C) their grip on Algeria was not ever secure they did not hold it
(D) without that, they could never be secure about their grip on Algeria
(E) never would their grip on Algeria be secure they did not hold it.
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