Questions 19-20 are based on the following.
Surveys show that every year only 10 percent of cigarette smokers switch brands. Yet the manufacturers have been spending an amount equal to 10 percent of their gross receipts on cigarette promotion in magazines. It follows from these figures that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay（通过作广告让吸烟者换牌子不划算）, and that cigarette companies would have been no worse off economically if they had dropped their advertising.
大全-4-19.Of the following, the best criticism of the conclusion [that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay] is that the conclusion is based on
最能质疑结论"inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay " 的(理由)是因为这个conclusion的得出 是基于:
(A) computing advertising costs as a percentage of gross receipts, not of overall costs
(B) past patterns of smoking and may not carry over to the future
(C) the assumption that each smoker is loyal to a single brand of cigarettes at any one time
(D) the assumption that each manufacturer produces only one brand of cigarettes（E）
(E) figures for the cigarette industry as a whole and may not hold for a particular company
从行业整体获得的数据不能应用于个别企业。调查的结果是整个烟草行业平均汇总的结果,而每个公司的情况是不相同的,不能从一个general case推出 一个 special case。E说明：玉溪烟不做广告，中华烟做广告，10%的烟民从玉溪转向中华，没有烟民从中华转向玉溪。总的比率仍是10%，但对某些企业是有好处的。广告是行业内互相之间的竞争。
首先题干中提到的第二个the conclusion，是指题目中that cigarette companies would have been no worse off economically if they had dropped their advertising.之所以能够得出这样的结论表面上看是源于题目中的第一个that从句 that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay，但是此时我们不要忘了这两个结果都是从开头提出的数据得到的，因此对于题目一开始两个数据正确性与否的论述中是整个结论的基础，从而是对the conclusion that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay is that the conclusion is based on提出的best criticism ，从而选E了。根据这个推理看其他四个答案完全论述的与题干要讨论的问题无关，因此可以毫不犹豫的选E。作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 08:43
大全-4-20. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion that cigarette companies could have dropped advertising without suffering economically?
(A) Cigarette advertisements provide a major proportion of total advertising revenue for numerous magazines.
(B) Cigarette promotion serves to attract first-time smokers to replace those people who have stopped smoking.
(C) There exists no research conclusively demonstrating that increases in cigarette advertising are related to increases in smoking.
(D) Advertising is so firmly established as a major business activity of cigarette manufacturers that they would be unlikely to drop it.（B）
(E) Brand loyalty is typically not very strong among those who smoke inexpensive cigarettes.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 08:43
大全-20-1. In the first half of this year, from January to June, about three million videocassette recorders were sold. This number is only 35 percent of the total number of videocassette recorders sold last year. Therefore, total sales of videocassette recorders will almost certainly be lower for this year than they were for last year.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion above?
(A) The total number of videocassette recorders sold last year was lower than the total number sold in the year before that.
(B) Most people who are interested in owning a videocassette recorder have already purchased one.
(C) Videocassette recorders are less expensive this year than they were last year.
(D) Of the videocassette recorders sold last year, almost 60 percent were sold in January. (E)
去年的销售中，有60%都发生在一月，支持结论。
(E) Typically, over 70 percent of the sales of videocassette recorders made in a year occur in the months of November and December.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 08:43
大全-20-3. Last year in the United States, women who ran for state and national offices were about as likely to win as men. However, only about fifteen percent of the candidates for these offices were women. Therefore, the reason there are so few women who win elections for these offices is not that women have difficulty winning elections but that so few women want to run.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion given?
(A) Last year the proportion of women incumbents who won reelection was smaller than the proportion of men incumbents who won reelection.
(B) Few women who run for state and national offices run against other women.
(C) Most women who have no strong desire to be politicians never run for state and national offices.
原文讲的是run for state and national offices的妇女，never fun for offices的是无关。
(D) The proportion of people holding local offices who are women is smaller than the proportion of people holding state and national offices who are women(E)
(E) Many more women than men (who want to run for state and national offices) do not(省略run) because they cannot get adequate funding for their campaigns.
"do not" 后面省略了 run.因为女性比男性得不到充分的资金，他们比男性少参加竞选，他因削弱作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 08:43
大全-20-7. It is better for the environment if as much of all packaging as possible is made from materials that are biodegradable in landfills. Therefore, it is always a change for the worse to replace packaging made from paper or cardboard with packaging made from plastics that are not biodegradable in landfills.
Which of the following, if true, constitutes the strongest objection to the argument above?
(A) The paper and cardboard used in packaging are usually not biodegradable in landfills.
原文推理中最大的问题在于：不知道paper and cardbord 生物可降解性怎样。不知道这信息就无法下结论。
(B) Some plastic used in packaging is biodegradable in landfills.
无关，原文结论是用不能降解的塑料去替代。跟能降解的塑料无关。
(C) In many landfills, a significant proportion of space is taken up by materials other than discarded packaging materials.
(D) It is impossible to avoid entirely the use of packaging materials that are not biodegradable in landfills.(A)错选E
(E) Sometimes, in packaging an item, plastics that are not biodegradable in landfills are combined with cardboard.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 08:44
大全-20-11. In malaria-infested areas, many children tend to suffer several bouts of malaria before becoming immune to the disease. Clearly, what must be happening is that those children’s immune systems are only weakly stimulated by any single exposure to the malaria parasite and need to be challenged several times to produce an effective immune response.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the explanatory hypothesis?
(A) Immediately after a child has suffered a bout of malaria, the child’s caregivers tend to go to great lengths in taking precautions to prevent another infection, but this level of attention is not sustained.
(B) Malaria is spread from person to person by mosquitoes, and mosquitoes have become increasingly resistant to the pesticides used to control them.
(C) A certain gene, if inherited by children from only one of their parents, can render those children largely immune to infection with malaria.无关. 因为原文针对是那些本身没有免疫能力的小孩
(D) Antimalaria vaccines, of which several are in development, are all designed to work by stimulating the body’s immune system.(E)错选C
(E) There are several distinct strains of malaria, and the body’s immune response to any one of them does not protect it against the others.
malaria 有多种不同的 strain, 要全部都得了之后才会对所有的都有抵抗，原文的结论只是说明对某种malaria感染多次后会产生免疫.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 08:45
大全-19-3. Companies in the country of Kollontay can sell semiconductors in the country of Valdivia at a price that is below the cost to Valdivian companies of producing them. To help those Valdivian companies, the Valdivian legislature plans to set a minimum selling price in Valdivia for semiconductors manufactured in Kollontay that is ten percent greater than the average production costs for companies in Valdivia.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously threatens the success of the plan?
(A) The annual rate of inflation in Kollontay is expected to exceed ten percent within the next year.
(B) Valdivia is not the only country where companies in Kollontay currently sell semiconductors.
(C) Some Valdivian companies that sell semiconductors have announced that they plan to decrease their price for semiconductors.
(D) The government of Kollontay will also set a minimum price for selling semiconductors in that country.(E)
(E) Emerging companies in countries other than Kollontay will still be able to sell semiconductors in Valdivia at a price below the cost to Valdivian companies to manufacture them.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 08:45
大全-19-6. Damaged nerves in the spinal cord do not regenerate themselves naturally, nor even under the spur of nerve-growth stimulants. The reason, recently discovered, is the presence of nerve-growth inhibitors in the spinal cord. Antibodies that deactivate those inhibitors have now been developed. Clearly, then, nerve repair will be a standard medical procedure in the foreseeable future.
Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the accuracy of the prediction above?
(A) Prevention of the regeneration of damaged nerves is merely a by-product of the main function in the human body of the substances inhibiting nerve growth.
抑制毁坏神经再生仅仅是抑制人体神经生长物质对人体作用主要功能的一个附属功能，那么原文的结论神经恢复将成为一个标准的医学手续当然就不能确定了。
A simple example:
Direct sunshine causes skin cancer. Avoid direct sun will prevent skin cancer. Therefore, people will no longer stay in the sun. To counter the argument, we say that causing skin cancer is only a by-product of sunshine (sun is essential to human growth etc.
Let me give you an example: eating make people sick. Therefore, people should stop eating to prevent sickness. Weaken: eating is critical for people to sustain, or, making people sick is just a by-product of eating.
(B) Certain nerve-growth stimulants have similar chemical structures to those of the antibodies against nerve-growth inhibitors.无关对比点
(C) Nerves in the brain are similar to nerves in the spinal cord in their inability to regenerate themselves naturally.
(D) Researchers have been able to stimulate the growth of nerves not located in the spinal cord by using only nerve-growth stimulants.(A)
(E) Deactivating the substances inhibiting nerve growth for an extended period would require a steady supply of antibodies.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 08:46
大全-19-16. Many consumers are concerned about the ecological effects of wasteful packaging. This concern probably explains why stores have been quick to stock new cleaning products that have been produced in a concentrated form. The concentrated form is packaged in smaller containers that use less plastic and require less transportation space.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the explanation offered above?
(A) Few consumers believe that containers of concentrated cleaning products are merely small packages of regular cleaning products.
(B) The containers in which concentrated cleaning products are packaged are no harder to recycle than those in which regular cleaning products are packaged.
(C) Those concentrated cleaning products that are intended to be used diluted have clear instructions for dilution printed on their labels.
(D) The smaller containers of concentrated cleaning products enable supermarkets and drugstores to increase their revenues from a given shelf space.(D)
(E) Consumer pressure has led to the elimination of wasteful cardboard packaging that was used for compact discs.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 08:46
大全-18-3. A 20 percent decline in lobster catches in Maine waters since 1980 can be justifiably blamed on legislation passed in 1972 to protect harbor seals. Maine’s population of harbor seals is now double the level existing before protection was initiated, and these seals are known to eat both fish and lobsters.
保护seals的法令通过以lobster为食的seals增多lobster减少
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above?
(A) Harbor seals usually eat more fish than lobsters, but the seals are natural predators of both.
(B) Although harbor seals are skillful predators of lobsters, they rarely finish eating their catch.
(C) Harbor seals attract tourists to Maine’s coastal areas, thus revitalizing the local economy.
(D) Authors of the 1972 legislation protecting harbor seals were convinced that an increase in that animal’s numbers would not have a measurably negative impact on the lobster catch(E)
(E) The record lobster harvests of the late 1970’s removed large numbers of mature lobsters from the reproductive stock.他因削弱(因捕捉繁殖期的lobster,导致其数量下降)作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 08:46
大全-18-8. Consumers in California seeking personal loans have fewer banks to turn to than do consumers elsewhere in the United States. This shortage of competition among banks explains why interest rates on personal loans in California are higher than in any other region of the United States.
Which of the following, if true, most substantially weakens the conclusion above?
(A) Because of the comparatively high wages they must pay to attract qualified workers, California banks charge depositors more than banks elsewhere do for many of the services they offer.
他因削弱(不是因为缺少竞争,而是支付高工资的需要)
(B) Personal loans are riskier than other types of loans, such as home mortgage loans, that banks make.无关对比点
(C) Since bank deposits in California are covered by the same type of insurance that guarantees bank deposits in other parts of the United States, they are no less secure than deposits elsewhere.
(D) The proportion of consumers who default on their personal loans is lower in California than in any other region of the United States.(A)
(E) Interest rates paid by California banks to depositors are lower than those paid by banks in other parts of the United States because in California there is less competition to attract depositors.
原文讲的是贷款利率,E存款利率是无关的.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 08:47
大全-18-14. Surveys indicate that 52 percent of all women aged eighteen to sixty-five are in the labor force (employed outside the home) in any given month. On the basis of these surveys, a market researcher concluded that 48 percent of all women aged eighteen to sixty-five are full-time homemakers year-round.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the researcher’s conclusion?
(A) More women are in the labor force today than during any other period since the Second World War.
(B) Many workers, both men and women, enter and exit the labor force frequently.
说明不是year-round的.
(C) Although only a small sample of the total population is surveyed each month, these samples have been found to be a reliable indicator of total monthly employment.
(D) Surveys show that more women than ever before consider having a rewarding job an important priority.(B)
(E) Women who are in the labor force have more discretionary income available to them than do women who are not.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 08:48
大全-18-16. After observing the Earth’s weather patterns and the 11-year sunspot cycle of the Sun for 36 years, scientists have found that high levels of sunspot activity precede shifts in wind patterns that affect the Earth’s weather. One can conclude that meteorologists will be able to improve their weather forecasts based on this information.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
(A) Weather forecasts are more detailed today than they were 36 years ago.
(B) Scientists can establish that sunspot activity directly affects the Earth’s weather.
(C) Evidence other than sunspot activity has previously enabled meteorologists to forecast the weather conditions that are predictable on the basis of sunspot activity.
sunspot activities à wind patterns à weather.
So B and E support.
A and D are irrelevant.
C says Not (sunspot activities) à weather. So weaken
(D) Scientists have not determined why the sunspot activity on the Sun follows an 11-year cycle.(C)
(E) It has been established that predictable wind patterns yield predictable weather patterns.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 08:48
大全-16-6. Demographers doing research for an international economics newsletter claim that the average per capita income in the country of Kuptala is substantially lower than that in the country of Bahlton. They also claim, however, that whereas poverty is relatively rare in Kuptala, over half the population of Bahlton lives in extreme poverty. At least one of the demographers’ claims must, therefore, be wrong.
文章提到了demographer两个看似矛盾的claim，得出结论二者必有一个是错的，题目的意思就是weaken这个结论，也就是看似矛盾的two claims共存这个现象是可以解释的。
The argument above is most vulnerable to which of the following criticisms?
(A) It rejects an empirical claim about the average per capita incomes in the two countries without making any attempt to discredit that claim by offering additional economic evidence.
reject an empirical claim 与文章不符，文章没有提到要拒绝这个claim
(B) It treats the vague term “poverty” as though it had a precise and universally accepted meaning.
(C) It overlooks the possibility that the number of people in the two countries who live in poverty could be the same even though the percentages of the two populations that live in poverty differ markedly.
人数上的相等不能解释矛盾。There are two parts in the question: 1. per capita income 2. rare poverty and 50% poverty. C only explains the second half of the question. It does nothing to connect the two parts. Only E connects the two and explains why the two are compatible.
(D) It fails to show that wealth and poverty have the same social significance in Kuptala as in Bahlton. (E) social significance 无关项
(E) It does not consider the possibility that incomes in Kuptala, unlike those in Bahlton, might all be very close to the country’s average per capita income.
Kuptala收入比较平均，也暗示Bahlton收入差大，这样少数的富人，就可能使平均收入变高。作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 08:48
大全-16-8. The recent decline in land prices has hurt many institutions that had invested heavily in real estate. Last year, before the decline began, a local college added 2,000 acres to its holdings. The college, however, did not purchase the land but received it as a gift. Therefore the price decline will probably not affect the college.
Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt on the conclusion above?
(A) The 2,000 acres that the college was given last year are located within the same community as the college itself.
(B) The college usually receives more contributions of money than of real estate.
(C) Land prices in the region in which the college is located are currently higher than the national average.
(D) Last year, the amount that the college allocated to pay for renovations included money it expected to receive by selling some of its land this year.
(E) Last year, the college paid no property taxes on land occupied by college buildings but instead paid fees to compensate the local government for services provided.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 08:49
大全-16-10. Some species of dolphins find their prey by echolocation; they emit clicking sounds and listen for echoes returning from distant objects in the water. Marine biologists have speculated that those same clicking sounds might have a second function: particularly loud clicks might be used by the dolphins to stun their prey at close range through sensory overload.
close in (on sb/sth)：come nearer and attack from several directions
Which of the following, if discovered to be true, would cast the most serious doubt on the correctness of the speculation described above?
(A) Dolphins that use echolocation to locate distant prey also emit frequent clicks at intermediate distances as they close in on their prey.
(B) The usefulness of echolocation as a means of locating prey depends on the clicking sounds being of a type that the prey is incapable of perceiving, regardless of volume.
perceive：become aware of sb/sth., notice, observe
因为这种echolocation使用的clicking sounds是猎物无法注意到的，所以不可能stun他们
(C) If dolphins stun their prey, the effect is bound to be so temporary that stunning from far away, even if possible, would be ineffective.
(D) Echolocation appears to give dolphins that use it information about the richness of a source of food as well as about its direction.(B)
(E) The more distant a dolphin’s prey, the louder the echolocation clicks must be if they are to reveal the prey’s presence to the hunting dolphin.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 08:49
大全-16-12. The only purpose for which a particular type of tape is needed is to hold certain surgical wounds closed for ten days—the maximum time such wounds need tape. Newtape is a new brand of this type of tape. Newtape’s salespeople claim that Newtape will improve healing because Newtape adheres twice as long as the currently used tape does.
Which of the following statements, if true, would most seriously call into question the claim made by Newtape’s salespeople?
(A) Most surgical wounds take about ten days to heal.
(B) Most surgical tape is purchased by hospitals and clinics rather than by individual surgeons.
(C) The currently used tape’s adhesiveness is more than sufficient to hold wounds closed for ten days.长了也没用，原tapes已经足够使康复了，新tapes没有优势。
(D) Neither Newtape nor the currently used tape adheres well to skin that has not been cleaned(C)
(E) Newtape’s adhesion to skin that has been coated with a special chemical preparation is only half as good as the currently used tape’s adhesion to such coated skin.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 08:50
大全-16-16. The recent upheaval in the office-equipment retail business, in which many small firms have gone out of business, has been attributed to the advent of office equipment “superstores” whose high sales volume keeps their prices low. This analysis is flawed, however, since even today the superstores control a very small share of the retail market.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument that the analysis is flawed?
(A) Most of the larger customers for office equipment purchase under contract directly from manufacturers and thus do not participate in the retail market.
大部分大客户直接从生产商那里购买，不参与零售市场。无关
(B) The superstores’ heavy advertising of their low prices has forced prices down throughout the retail market for office supplies.是宣传低价的广告迫使零售商降价的。
(C) Some of the superstores that only recently opened have themselves gone out of business.
(D) Most of the office equipment superstores are owned by large retailing chains that also own stores selling other types of goods.(B)
(E) The growing importance of computers in most offices has changed the kind of office equipment retailers must stock.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:07
大全-15-4. Some anthropologists study modern-day societies of foragers in an effort to learn about our ancient ancestors who were also foragers. A flaw in this strategy is that forager societies are extremely varied. Indeed, any forager society with which anthropologists are familiar has had considerable contact with modern nonforager societies.
一些人类学家为了解古代游牧祖先而研究现代游牧社会,这个方法有个错误就是游牧社会变化极大.事实上,任何人类学家所熟悉的游牧社会(现代的)都与现代非游牧社会有大量接触.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the criticism made above of the anthropologists’ strategy?
(A) All forager societies throughout history have had a number of important features in common that are absent from other types of societies.
历史上所有的游牧社会都有一些共有的重要特征, 而这些特征是其它社会所没有的.(说明可以研究现代游牧社会以了解古代游牧社会)
(B) Most ancient forager societies either dissolved or made a transition to another way of life.
很多游牧社会要么解散要么转换成了另一种生活方式, 无关.
(C) All anthropologists study one kind or another of modern-day society.
(D) Many anthropologists who study modern-day forager societies do not draw inferences about ancient societies on the basis of their studies.(E) Even those modern-day forager societies [that have not had significant contact with modern societies] are importantly different from ancient forager societies.
即使那些与非游牧社会没有大量接触的现代游牧社会,也与古代游牧社会有很大差别. 支持.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:08
大全-15-6. Advertisement: For sinus pain, three out of four hospitals give their patients Novex. So when you want the most effective painkiller for sinus pain, Novex is the one to choose.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the advertisement’s argument?
(A) Some competing brands of painkillers are intended to reduce other kinds of pain in addition to sinus pain.
(B) Many hospitals that do not usually use Novex will do so for those patients who cannot tolerate the drug the hospitals usually use.
(C) Many drug manufacturers increase sales of their products to hospitals by selling these products to the hospitals at the lowest price the manufacturers can afford.
(D) Unlike some competing brands of painkillers, Novex is available from pharmacies without a doctor’s prescription.(E) In clinical trials Novex has been found more effective than competing brands of painkillers that have been on the market longer than Novex.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:08
大全-15-8. A new law gives ownership of patents—documents providing exclusive right to make and sell an invention—to universities, not the government, when those patents result from government-sponsored university research. Administrators at Logos University plan to sell any patents they acquire to corporations in order to fund programs to improve undergraduate teaching.
Which of the following, if true, would cast most doubt on the viability of the college administrators’ plan described above?
(A) Profit-making corporations interested in developing products based on patents held by universities are likely to try to serve as exclusive sponsors of ongoing university research projects.
(B) Corporate sponsors of research in university facilities are entitled to tax credits under new federal tax-code guidelines.
(C) Research scientists at Logos University have few or no teaching responsibilities and participate little if at all in the undergraduate programs in their field.
(D) Government-sponsored research conducted at Logos University for the most part duplicates research already completed by several profit-making corporations.
(E) Logos University is unlikely to attract corporate sponsorship of its scientific research.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:09
大全-13-1. Cable-television spokesperson: Subscriptions to cable television are a bargain in comparison to “free” television. Remember that “free” television is not really free. It is consumers, in the end, who pay for the costly advertising that supports “free” television.
Which of the following, if true, is most damaging to the position of the cable-television spokesperson?
(A) Consumers who do not own television sets are less likely to be influenced in their purchasing decisions by television advertising than are consumers who own television sets.
(B) Subscriptions to cable television include access to some public-television channels, which do not accept advertising.
(C) For locations with poor television reception, cable television provides picture quality superior to that provided by free television.
(D) There is as much advertising on many cable-television channels as there is on “free” television channels.
(E) Cable-television subscribers can choose which channels they wish to receive, and the fees vary accordingly.
1. 读问题, 知道是weaken类型. 并且是weaken cable provider (因为有时原文有两种意见,所以要清楚是weaken哪个观点或理论).
读原文. 第一句(A), 读完知道是应该是一个结论. 有时会有两个以上的结论, 分为sub-conclusion和conclusion. sub-cobclusion都应该服务于final conclusion. Premises和assumption可以分别支持sub-conclusion和conclusion. (我说得很啰唆, 在做题是一般不用去区分sub和final, 读懂题自然就知道了)
读完第二句 (B), 知道这也是一个conclusion, 或是sub-conclusion. 意思上明显是支持第一句.
读完第三句 (C), 知道是一个premise, 支持第二句.
这样, 读完原文就知道其逻辑推理过程: consumers pay for advertising (C) --> free TV not cheap (B) --> cable is a bargain (A). 还要知道所牵涉的事物: advertising, TV, cable, COST
weaken题型有很多类型, 可以否定原文的依据, 如:没有或有不多advertising, 或advertising已经不costly, 或者不是consumers pay for advertising. 这种题都是直接针对premises, 否认其真实性或可靠性, 其它的例子还有否定问卷调查的结果 by questioning the objectivity or representativeness of the survey.
还有一种类型是否定原文的assumption. 例如此题. 如果问题是cable provider的assumption是什么, 答案是? 就是D的一部分: cable service没有同类的consumers要pay for的advertising. 如果这个assumption(必要条件)不成立, 原文结论不成立.
同理, 此题答案也可以是cable service的某一特点约等于free TV的advertising. 也是否定assumption.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:12
大全-13-6. Low-income families are often unable to afford as much child care as they need. One government program would award low-income families a refund on the income taxes they pay of as much as $1,000 for each child under age four. This program would make it possible for all low-income families with children under age four to obtain more child care than they otherwise would have been able to afford.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the claim that the program would make it possible for all low-income families to obtain more child care?
(A) The average family with children under age four spends more than $1,000 a year on child care.
(B) Some low-income families in which one of the parents is usually available to care for children under age four may not want to spend their income tax refund on child care.
花不花是另外一回事,但已经有refund即已经受益了.
(C) The reduction in government revenues stemming from the income tax refund will necessitate cuts in other government programs, such as grants for higher education.
(D) Many low-income families with children under age four do not pay any income taxes because their total income is too low to be subject to such taxes.
(E) Income taxes have increased substantially over the past twenty years, reducing the money that low-income families have available to spend on child care.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:13
大全-13-9. Hotco oil burners, designed to be used in asphalt plants, are so efficient that Hotco will sell one to the Clifton Asphalt plant for no payment other than the cost savings between the total amount the asphalt plant actually paid for oil using its former burner during the last two years and the total amount it will pay for oil using the Hotco burner during the next two years. On installation, the plant will make an estimated payment, which will be adjusted after two years to equal the actual cost savings.最后一句的意思是:安装费用,厂家会付预计的费用,到两年后结合实际节省的费用来调整.
Which of the following, if it occurred, would constitute a disadvantage for Hotco of the plan described above?
(A) Another manufacturer’s introduction to the market of a similarly efficient burner
(B) The Clifton Asphalt plant’s need for more than one new burner
(C) Very poor efficiency in the Clifton Asphalt plant’s old burner
(D) A decrease in the demand for asphalt
(E) A steady increase in the price of oil beginning soon after the new burner is installed
如果油价上涨,那么即使burner能节省用测量,总费用(油价*用量)也不一定会下降的..作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:16
大全-13-12. A researcher studying drug addicts found that, on average, they tend to manipulate other people a great deal more than nonaddicts do. The researcher concluded that people who frequently manipulate other people are likely to become addicts.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the researcher’s conclusion?
(A) After becoming addicted to drugs, drug addicts learn to manipulate other people as a way of obtaining drugs.
(B) When they are imprisoned, drug addicts often use their ability to manipulate other people to obtain better living conditions.
(C) Some nonaddicts manipulate other people more than some addicts do.
(D) People who are likely to become addicts exhibit unusual behavior patterns other than frequent manipulation of other people.
(E) The addicts that the researcher studied were often unsuccessful in obtaining what they wanted when they manipulated other people.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:16
大全-12-1. The country of Maravia has severe air pollution, 80 percent of which is caused by the exhaust fumes of cars. In order to reduce the number of cars on the road, the government is raising taxes on the cost of buying and running a car by 20 percent. This tax increase, therefore, will significantly reduce air pollution in Maravia.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
(A) The government of Maravia is in the process of building a significant number of roadways.
(B) Maravia is an oil-producing country and is able to refine an amount of gasoline sufficient for the needs of its population.
(C) Maravia has had an excellent public transportation system for many years.
(D) Ninety percent of the population of Maravia is very prosperous and has a substantial amount of disposable income.
(E) In Maravia, cars that emit relatively low levels of pollutants cost 10 percent less to operate, on average, than do cars that emit high levels of pollutants.支持作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:16
大全-12-13. Houses built during the last ten years have been found to contain indoor air pollution at levels that are, on average, much higher than the levels found in older houses. The reason air-pollution levels are higher in the newer houses is that many such houses are built near the sites of old waste dumps or where automobile emissions are heavy.
Which of the following, if true, calls into question the explanation above?
(A) Many new houses are built with air-filtration systems that remove from the house pollutants that are generated indoors.
(B) The easing of standards for smokestack emissions has led to an increase in air-pollution levels in homes.
(C) New houses built in secluded rural areas are relatively free of air pollutants.
(D) Warm-weather conditions tend to slow down the movement of air, thus keeping pollution trapped near its source.
(E) Pressboard, an inexpensive new plywood substitute now often used in the construction of houses, emits the pollutant formaldehyde into the house.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:17
大全-12-16. In a study of the effect of color on productivity, 50 of 100 factory workers were moved from their drab workroom to a brightly colored workroom. Both these workers and the 50 who remained in the drab workroom increased their productivity, probably as a result of the interest taken by researchers in the work of both groups during the study.increased their productivity可能是由researcher带来的兴趣（利益）所导致的结果/也许是因为他们都注意到了：研究人员在关注他们，（而不是因为照明的关系）/也许是因为由于工人们对实验的兴趣导致他们工作效率增加。
Which of the following, if true, would cast most doubt upon the author’s interpretation of the study results given above?
(A) The 50 workers moved to the brightly colored room performed precisely the same manufacturing task as the workers who remained in the drab workroom.排除他因支持
(B) The drab workroom was designed to provide adequate space for at most 65 workers.
(C) The 50 workers who moved to the brightly colored workroom were matched as closely as possible in age and level of training to the 50 workers who remained in the drab work-room.
排除他因支持
(D) Nearly all the workers in both groups had volunteered to move to the brightly colored workroom.无关
(E) Many of the workers who moved to the brightly colored workroom reported that they liked the drab workroom as well as or better than they liked the brightly colored workroom.无关作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:17
大全-11-3. The First Banking Group’s decision to invest in an electronic network for transferring funds was based on a cost advantage over a nonelectronic system of about ten dollars per transaction in using an electronic system. Executives reasoned further that the system would give them an advantage over competitors.
Which of the following, if it is a realistic possibility, most seriously weakens the executives’ projection of an advantage over competitors?
(A) The cost advantage of using the electronic system will not increase sufficiently to match the pace of inflation.
(B) Competitors will for the same reasons install electronic systems, and the resulting overcapacity will lead to mutually damaging price wars.
(C) The electronic system will provide a means for faster transfer of funds, if the First Banking Group wishes to provide faster transfer to its customers.
(D) Large banks from outside the area served by the First Banking Group have recently established branches in that area as competitors to the First Banking Group.
(E) Equipment used in the electronic network for transferring funds will be compatible with equipment used in other such networks.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:19
大全-11-5. In 1985 the city’s Fine Arts Museum sold 30,000 single-entry tickets. In 1986 the city’s Folk Arts and Interior Design museums opened, and these three museums together sold over 80,000 such tickets that year. These museums were worth the cost, since more than twice as many citizens are now enjoying the arts.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the author’s assertion that more than twice as many citizens are now enjoying the arts?
(A) Most visitors to one museum also visit the other two. 人数并没有增多
(B) The cost of building the museums will not be covered by revenues generated by the sale of museum tickets.
(C) As the two new museums become better known, even more citizens will visit them.
(D) The city’s Fine Arts Museum did not experience a decrease in single-entry tickets sold in 1986.
(E) Fewer museum entry tickets were sold in 1986 than the museum planners had hoped to sell.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:25
大全-11-8. To reduce costs, a company is considering a drastic reduction in the number of middle-level managers. This reduction would be accomplished by first offering early retirement to those 50 years of age or older with 15 years of service, and then by firing enough of the others to bring the overall reduction to 50 percent.
Each of the following, assuming that it is a realistic possibility, is a possible disadvantage to the company of the plan EXCEPT:
(A) Loyalty to the company will be reduced among those surviving the reduction, because they will perceive the status of even good managers as uncertain.
(B) The restructuring of managerial jobs will allow business units to be adapted to fit a changing business environment.
(C) The company will have a smaller pool of managers from which to choose in selecting future senior managers.
(D) Some of the best managers, unsure of their security against being fired, will choose early retirement.
(E) The increased workload of managers remaining with the company will subject them to stress that will eventually affect their performance.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:25
大全-11-19. It is widely assumed that a museum is helped financially when a generous patron donates a potential exhibit. In truth, however, donated objects require storage space, which is not free, and routine conservation, which is rather expensive. Therefore, such gifts exacerbate rather than lighten the demands made on a museum’s financial resources.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
(A) To keep patrons well disposed, a museum will find it advisable to put at least some donated objects on exhibit rather than merely in storage.
(B) The people who are most likely to donate valuable objects to a museum are also the people who are most likely to make cash gifts to it.
(C) A museum cannot save money by resorting to cheap storage under less than adequate conditions, because so doing would drive up the cost of conservation.
(D) Patrons expect a museum to keep donated objects in its possession rather than to raise cash by selling them.
(E) Objects donated by a patron to a museum are often of such importance that the museum would be obliged to add them to its collection through purchase if necessary.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:26
大全-10-2. A manufacturer of men’s dress socks sought to increase profits by increasing sales. The size of its customer pool was remaining steady, with the average customer buying twelve pairs of dress socks per year. The company’s plan was to increase the number of promotional discount-sale periods to one every six months.
Which of the following, if it is a realistic possibility, casts the most serious doubt on the viability of the company’s plan?
(A) New manufacturing capacity would not be required if the company were to increase the number of pairs of socks sold.
(B) Inventory stocks of merchandise ready for sale would be high preceding the increase in the number of discount-sale periods.
(C) The manufacturer’s competitors would match its discounts during sale periods, and its customers would learn to wait for those times to make their purchases.
(D) New styles and colors would increase customers’ consciousness of fashion in dress socks, but the customers’ requirements for older styles and colors would not be reduced.
(E) The cost of the manufacturer’s raw materials would remain steady, and its customers would have more disposable income.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:26
大全-10-9. In the suburbs surrounding Middletown, there is an average of 2.4 automobiles per family, and thus very few suburban residents use public buses. The suburban communities, therefore, would derive little benefit from continuing to subsidize the portion of Middletown’s public bus system that serves the suburbs.
Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the conclusion drawn above?
(A) The real-estate tax rate in Middletown is higher than it is in the suburbs.
(B) Last year voters in the suburban communities defeated by a narrow margin a bill designed to increase subsidies for public bus routes.
(C) Many suburban shops can attract enough employees to remain in business only because subsidized public transportation from Middletown is available.
(D) Public buses operated with less than a 35 percent occupancy rate produce more pollution per passenger mile than would the operation of private automobiles for each passenger.
(E) Most voters in Middletown’s suburban communities are unwilling to continue subsidies for public buses next year if ridership on those buses drops below current levels.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:27
大全-10-11. Less than 50 percent of a certain tropical country’s wildlands remains intact. Efforts are under way to restore biological diversity in that country by restoring some destroyed wild habitats and extending some relatively intact portions of forests. However, opponents argue that these efforts are not needed because there is still plenty of wildland left.
Which of the following, if true, most significantly weakens the argument of the opponents of conservation efforts?
(A) As much, if not more, effort is required to restore a wild habitat as to preserve an intact habitat.
(B) The opponents of restoration efforts are, for the most part, members of the wealthier classes in their own villages and cities.
(C) Existing conservation laws have been very effective in preserving biological diversity within the wildlands that remain intact.
(D) For many tropical species native to that country, the tropical wildlands that are still relatively intact do not provide appropriate habitats for reproduction.
(E) If a suitable population of plants and animals is introduced and is permitted to disperse and grow, tropical habitats can most certainly be restored.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:27
大全-10-12. A study comparing a group of chronically depressed individuals with an otherwise matched group of individuals free from depression found significantly more disorders of the immune system among the depressed group. According to the researchers, these results strongly support the hypothesis that mental states influence the body’s vulnerability to infection.
Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the researchers’ interpretation of their findings?
(A) The researchers’ view does little more than echo a familiar theme in folklore and literature.
(B) Chronically depressed individuals are no less careful than others to avoid exposure to infections.
(C) Disorders of the immune system cause many of those individuals who have them to become chronically depressed.因果倒置
(D) Individuals who have previously been free from depression can become depressed quite suddenly.
(E) A high frequency of infections can stem from an unusually high level of exposure rather than from any disorder of the immune system.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:27
大全-10-20. In the United States, injuries to passengers involved in automobile accidents are typically more severe than in Europe, where laws require a different kind of safety belt. It is clear from this that the United States needs to adopt more stringent standards for safety belt design to protect automobile passengers better.
Each of the following, if true, weakens the argument above EXCEPT:
(A) Europeans are more likely to wear safety belts than are people in the United States.
(B) Unlike United States drivers, European drivers receive training in how best to react in the event of an accident to minimize injuries to themselves and to their passengers.
(C) Cars built for the European market tend to have more sturdy construction than do cars built for the United States market.
(D) Automobile passengers in the United States have a greater statistical chance of being involved in an accident than do passengers in Europe.原文谈的是事故的严重程度，与事故的数目多少无关。
(E) States that have recently begun requiring the European safety belt have experienced no reduction in the average severity of injuries suffered by passengers in automobile accidents.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:28
大全-10-19. Industrialists from the country Distopia were accused of promoting the Distopian intervention in the Arcadian civil war merely to insure that the industrialists’ facilities in Arcadia made substantial profits during the war. Yet this cannot be the motive since, as the Distopians foresaw, Distopia’s federal expenses for the intervention were eight billion dollars, whereas, during the war, profits from the Distopian industrialists’ facilities in Arcadia totaled only four billion dollars.
Which of the following, if true, exposes a serious flaw in the argument made in the second sentence above?（没读得很明白，虽然选对了答案）
industrialist: capitalist资本家，商业巨头
D国的资本家被指控，因为他们为了发战争财而促使D政府干涉内战。然而这（发战争财）不是其动机，因为政府花费是8亿而战争期间资本家的利润才4亿。
文中指出国家的花费超过商人们的收入,因此,利润不是商人们的动机,政府也就更不可能被商人们鼓动因此干涉他国的内战.B说明商人的利润和国家的收入是不相关的,国家花费巨大而商人得利,因此,这个对动机的否定是站不住脚的.而C的不足在于,即使商人的动机在于此后的获利,它还是没有解释原文中用国家支出和企业获利来衡量得失的缺陷.
(A) During the Arcadian war, many Distopian industrialists with facilities located in Arcadia experienced a significant rise in productivity in their facilities located in Distopia.
(B) The largest proportion of Distopia’s federal expenses is borne by those who receive no significant industrial profits.
政府用掉的8亿中大多数是那些没有工业利润的人赚的（即付出代价和获得利益的是两帮人）。
(C) Most Distopian industrialists’ facilities located in Arcadia are expected to maintain the level of profits they achieved during the war.
(D) Distopian industrialists’ facilities in Arcadia made substantial profits before the events that triggered the civil war.(E) Many Distopians expressed concern over the suffering that Arcadians underwent during the civil war.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:28
大全-3-6. Banning cigarette advertisements in the mass media will not reduce the number of young people who smoke. They know that cigarettes exist and they know how to get them. They do not need the advertisements to supply that information.
The above argument would be most weakened if which of the following were true?
(A) Seeing or hearing an advertisement for a product tends to increase people’s desire for that product.
(B) Banning cigarette advertisements in the mass media will cause an increase in advertisements in places where cigarettes are sold.
(C) Advertisements in the mass media have been an exceedingly large part of the expenditures of the tobacco companies.
(D) Those who oppose cigarette use have advertised against it in the mass media ever since cigarettes were found to be harmful.
(E) Older people tend to be less influenced by mass-media advertisements than younger people tend to be.
Questions 12-13 are based on the following.
Meteorologists say that if only（if only等于if，充分条件；only if是必要条件） they could design an accurate mathematical model of the atmosphere with all its complexities, they could forecast the weather with real precision. But this is an idle boast, immune to any evaluation, for any inadequate weather forecast would obviously be blamed on imperfections in the model.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:36
大全-3-12. Which of the following, if true, could best be used as a basis for arguing against the author’s position that the meteorologists’ claim cannot be evaluated?
(A) Certain unusual configurations of data can serve as the basis for precise weather forecasts even though the exact causal mechanisms are not understood.
(B) Most significant gains in the accuracy of the relevant mathematical models are accompanied by clear gains in the precision of weather forecasts.
(C) Mathematical models of the meteorological aftermath of such catastrophic events as volcanic eruptions are beginning to be constructed.
(D) Modern weather forecasts for as much as a full day ahead are broadly correct about 80 percent of the time.
(E) Meteorologists readily concede that the accurate mathematical model they are talking about is not now in their power to construct.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:36
大全-3-13. Which of the following, if true, would cast the most serious doubt on the meteorologists’ boast, aside from the doubt expressed in the passage above?
(A) The amount of energy that the Earth receives from the Sun is monitored closely and is known not to be constant.
(B) Volcanic eruptions, the combustion of fossil fuels, and several other processes that also cannot be quantified with any accuracy are known to have a significant and continuing impact on the constitution of the atmosphere.
(C) As current models of the atmosphere are improved, even small increments in complexity will mean large increases in the number of computers required for the representation of the models.
(D) Frequent and accurate data about the atmosphere collected at a large number of points both on and above the ground are a prerequisite for the construction of a good model of the atmosphere.
(E) With existing models of the atmosphere, large scale weather patterns can be predicted with greater accuracy than can relatively local weather patterns.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:37
大全-3-14. Of the countries that were the world’s twenty largest exporters in 1953, four had the same share of total world exports in 1984 as in 1953. Theses countries can therefore serve as models for those countries that wish to keep their share of the global export trade stable over the years.
Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the suitability of those four countries as models in the sense described?
(A) Many countries wish to increase their share of world export trade, not just keep it stable.
(B) Many countries are less concerned with exports alone than with he balance between exports and imports.
(C) With respect to the mix of products each exports, the four countries are very different from each other.
(D) Of the four countries, two had a much larger, and two had a much smaller, share of total world exports in 1970 than in 1984.
(E) The exports of the four countries range from 15 percent to 75 percent of the total national output.
条件是：4个国家的总份额保持不变。结论是：4个国家可以作为稳定份额的例子＝4个国家份额分别都很稳定。要使条件和结论保持一致，搭桥：4个国家的总份额不变是因为分别的份额都没有变。
削弱就是断桥，D说两个国家份额加大两个国家份额减小（总份额仍然保持不变），打破了分别不变的桥，削弱。作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:38
大全-3-17. Lists of hospitals have been compiled showing which hospitals have patient death rates exceeding the national average. The data have been adjusted to allow for differences in the ages of patients.
Each of the following, if true, provides a good logical ground for hospitals to object to interpreting rank on these lists as one of the indices of the quality of hospital care EXCEPT:
(A) Rank order might indicate insignificant differences, rather than large differences, in numbers of patient deaths.
排名只能体现死忘病人数的细微差别，而不是明显差别（所以排名没意义）。
(B) Hospitals that keep patients longer are likely to have higher death rates than those that discharge patients earlier but do not record deaths of patients at home after discharge.
(C) Patients who are very old on admission to a hospital are less likely than younger patients to survive the same types of illnesses or surgical procedures.
ABDE都是描述医院之间的差别，正因为医院之间有差别，所以死亡人数不足以说明医院的服务质量；而C是说病人之间的差别，这种差别在每家医院都有，无法用来对比。
(D) Some hospitals serve a larger proportion of low-income patients, who tend to be more seriously ill when admitted to a hospital.
(E) For-profit hospitals sometimes do not provide intensive-care units and other expensive services for very sick patients but refer or transfer such patients to other hospitals.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:39
大全-2-6. To entice customers away from competitors, Red Label supermarkets have begun offering discounts on home appliances to customers who spend $50 or more on any shopping trip to Red Label. Red Label executives claim that the discount program has been a huge success, since cash register receipts of $50 or more are up thirty percent since the beginning of the program.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the claim of the Red Label executives?
(A) Most people who switched to Red Label after the program began spend more than $50 each time they shop at Red Label.加强
(B) Most people whose average grocery bill is less than $50 would not be persuaded to spend more by any discount program.无关
(C) Most people who received discounts on home appliances through Red Label’s program will shop at Red Label after the program ends.无关
(D) Since the beginning of the discount program, most of the people who spend $50 or more at Red Label are people who have never before shopped there and whose average grocery bill has always been higher than $50.加强
(E) Almost all of the people who have begun spending $50 or more at Red Label since the discount program began are longtime customers who have increased the average amount of their shopping bills by making fewer trips.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:40
大全-2-7. Throughout the 1950’s, there were increases in the numbers of dead birds found in agricultural areas after pesticide sprayings. Pesticide manufacturers claimed that the publicity given to bird deaths stimulated volunteers to look for dead birds, and that the increase in numbers reported was attributable to the increase in the number of people looking.
Which of the following statements, if true, would help to refute the claim of the pesticide manufacturers?
(A) The publicity given to bird deaths was largely regional and never reached national proportions.
(B) Pesticide sprayings were timed to coincide with various phases of the life cycles of the insects they destroyed.
(C) No provision was made to ensure that a dead bird would not be reported by more than one observer.加强
(D) Initial increases in bird deaths had been noticed by agricultural workers long before any publicity had been given to the matter.
(E) Dead birds of the same species as those found in agricultural areas had been found along coastal areas where no farming took place.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:40
大全-2-8. Teenagers are often priced out of the labor market(因索价过高而无人问津) by the government-mandated minimum-wage level because employers cannot afford to pay that much for extra help. Therefore, if Congress institutes a subminimum wage, a new lower legal wage for teenagers, the teenage unemployment rate, which has been rising since 1960, will no longer increase.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?
(A) Since 1960 the teenage unemployment rate has risen when the minimum wage has risen.
(B) Since 1960 the teenage unemployment rate has risen even when the minimum wage remained constant. 无因有果削弱
(C) Employers often hire extra help during holiday and warm weather seasons.
(D) The teenage unemployment rate rose more quickly in the 1970’s than it did in the 1960’s.
(E) The teenage unemployment rate has occasionally declined in the years since 1960.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:41
大全-2-15. Six months or so after getting a video recorder, many early buyers apparently lost interest in obtaining videos to watch on it. The trade of businesses selling and renting videos is still buoyant(繁荣的,看涨的), because the number of homes with video recorders is still growing. But clearly, once the market for video recorders is saturated(饱和), businesses distributing videos face hard times.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion above?
(A) The market for video recorders would not be considered saturated until there was one in 80 percent of homes.
(B) Among the items handled by video distributors are many films specifically produced as video features.
(C) Few of the early buyers of video recorders raised any complaints about performance aspects of the new product.
(D) The early buyers of a novel product are always people who are quick to acquire novelties, but also often as quick to tire of(厌倦) them.文章的立论就在于认为拥有了产品六个月后人们都烦了不再租录影带，那么一旦大家都买了，超过六个月后，就没人租了，进而提供录影带租赁的行业就危险了，D是说，文章所依据的关于现在那些6个月就烦了的，都是喜新厌旧的人，并不能说明所有人都是这样的，因此，文章的支点就没有了。(E) In a shrinking market, competition always intensifies and marginal businesses fail.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:41
大全-2-18. Lark Manufacturing Company initiated a voluntary Quality Circles program for machine operators. Independent surveys of employee attitudes indicated that the machine operators participating in the program were less satisfied with their work situations after two years of the program’s existence than they were at the program’s start. Obviously, any workers who participate in a Quality Circles program will, as a result, become less satisfied with their jobs.
Each of the following, if true, would weaken the conclusion drawn above EXCEPT:
(A) The second survey occurred during a period of recession when rumors of cutbacks and layoffs at Lark Manufacturing were plentiful.
第二次survey是在行业衰退期谣言满天气的时候做的，自然没有可比性。在原文基础上提供更多相关信息，weaken. 显示因果关系的资料不准确。
(B) The surveys also showed that those Lark machine operators who neither participated in Quality Circles nor knew anyone who did so reported the same degree of lessened satisfaction with their work situations as did the Lark machine operators who participated in Quality Circles.
没有参加这个QC计划的人同样认为自己的工作处境变差。有果无因，weaken.
(C) While participating in Quality Circles at Lark Manufacturing, machine operators exhibited two of the primary indicators of improved job satisfaction: increased productivity and decreased absenteeism.
在参加QC计划的期间，operator们表现出两种对工作满意的主要表现：产量提高和旷工率降低。在原文基础上提供更多相关信息，weaken. 这一点我感觉明白了，这是直接weaken结论吧，显示job satisfaction是improved了的，而不是less satisfied。 我一开始没有注意exhibite一词的意思，以为这个选项是在说明员工对于improved job satisfaction的界定。以为只是提供背景信息呢。
(D) Several workers at Lark Manufacturing who had participated in Quality Circles while employed at other companies reported that, while participating in Quality Circles in their previous companies, their work satisfaction had increased(E) The machine operators who participated in Quality Circles reported that, when the program started, they felt that participation might improve their work situations.
operator们说当QC计划开始的时候，他们认为这个计划能改善他们的工作处境。偶们无法判断到底现在operator的处境是好了还是坏了，所以是无关选项。作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:41
大全-1-12. Using computer techniques, researchers analyze layers of paint that lie buried beneath the surface layers of old paintings. They claim, for example, that additional mountainous scenery once appeared in Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, which was later painted over. Skeptics reply to these claims, however, that X-ray examinations of the Mona Lisa do not show hidden mountains.
Which of the following, if true, would tend most to weaken the force of the skeptics’ objections?
(A) There is no written or anecdotal record that Leonardo da Vinci ever painted over major areas of his Mona Lisa.
(B) Painters of da Vinci’s time commonly created images of mountainous scenery in the backgrounds of portraits like the Mona Lisa.
(C) No one knows for certain what parts of the Mona Lisa may have been painted by da Vinci’s assistants rather than by da Vinci himself.
(D) Infrared photography of the Mona Lisa has revealed no trace of hidden mountainous scenery.
(E) Analysis relying on X-rays only has the capacity to detect lead-based white pigments in layers of paint beneath a painting’s surface layers.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:42
大全-1-13. While Governor Verdant has been in office, the state’s budget has increased by an average of 6 percent each year. While the previous governor was in office, the state’s budget increased by an average of 11.5 percent each year. Obviously, the austere budgets during Governor Verdant’s term have caused the slowdown in the growth（增长的减缓） in state spending.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion drawn above?
(A) The rate of inflation in the state averaged 10 percent each year during the previous governor’s term in office and 3 percent each year during Verdant’s term.
高通胀导致高物价.所以,尽管上一政府的预算较高,但是同时由于其物价水平也高于现在,所以预算所产生的实际效果(govt. spending)还不如现在(同样的钱买不到同样的东西了)
(B) Both federal and state income tax rates have been lowered considerably during Verdant’s term in office.
(C) In each year of Verdant’s term in office, the state’s budget has shown some increase in spending over the previous year.
V与它自己对比，且“有一些增长”与文中slowdown in the growth“缓慢增长”吻合，不冲突
(D) During Verdant’s term in office, the state has either discontinued or begun to charge private citizens for numerous services that the state offered free to citizens during the previous governor’s term.只说了收入可以得到增加，但与开销（spending）的关系不知道（收入多开销不一定也多）。因此不具有明确的因果关系
(E) During the previous governor’s term in office, the state introduced several so-called “austerity” budgets intended to reduce the growth in state spending.作者: 大豆 时间: 2010-10-13 09:42
Questions 19-20 are based on the following.
Archaeologists [seeking the location of a legendary siege and destruction of a city] are excavating in several possible places, including a middle and a lower layer of a large mound. The bottom of the middle layer contains some pieces of pottery of type 3, known to be from a later period than the time of the destruction of the city, but the lower layer does not.寻找传说中的对一个城市进行围攻和摧毁的地点的考古学家在几个可能的地点挖掘，其中包括在一个大土包的中低层。（对土包，越上层，离现在越近）
大全-1-20. The force of the evidence cited above is most seriously weakened if which of the following is true?
(A) Gerbils, small animals long native to the area, dig large burrows into which objects can fall when the burrows collapse.
(B) Pottery of types 1 and 2, found in the lower level, was used in the cities from which, according to the legend, the besieging forces came.
(C) Several pieces of stone from a lower-layer wall have been found incorporated into the remains of a building in the middle layer.
(D) Both the middle and the lower layer show evidence of large-scale destruction of habitations by fire.
(E) Bronze ax heads of a type used at the time of the siege were found in the lower level of excavation.
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