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标题: GMAT准备过程及资料(GMAT 770分享)-语法总结篇 [打印本页]

作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:10     标题: GMAT准备过程及资料(GMAT 770分享)-语法总结篇

1、        先看前3,后3个词,发现错误后在其他选项中找类似错误
2、        先看主谓一致\代词指代\逻辑主语的一致性——严重错误且易忽略
3、        在找不出问题时,可考虑
1、时态
2、就近修饰原则
3、修饰语修饰对象单一性
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:10

从句
1、        定、同、宾的区别
(1)        定:n+ that + 不完句: G made discovery that illuminate US.
(2)        同:n+ that + 完句: G made discovery that the e rotates the sun.
(3)        宾:v +that + 完句:G discovered that e rotates the sun
2、        必须使用陈述语序,包括what/how引导的主语从句等
3、定语从句
(1)        优先考虑就近修饰,跳跃修饰的情况少
(2)        Ing形式作定语,强调动作的重复性,多次性,客观性,无明确时间概念—政府行为
That的定语从句:一次性及具体时间下的具体行为
(3)        which 和that 的区别:W前可加介词,t前不可(特例:but/except that; in that=because);which 不可紧随n后(不做严重错误),that必须紧接n后,中间不可加入插入语或逗号,使之与修饰n隔开;
(4) 固定搭配:the period when; (at) a time when; the year that/when; an age in which; date at which;the phenomenon in which; the next time+句子
(5) which 前的介词需要将其提前于which前,不可放于定从中。
(6) which 的三种用法:
a 主句,which+不完整句子,which 在句中充当n成分,指代前句宾语
b 主句,prep+which+完整句子,prep作宾语补足语,which指代前句宾语
c 主句, some/10%/n 等+介词 +which +不完整句子,some/10%/n 等+介词 +which作名词成分
eg.  requests for whom have increased sharply.
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:10

4、状语从句
   (1) 状语从句的主语和主句主语可以是同类事物,也可以是不同类事物
   (2) 状语从句在主句之前,若两者的主语表同一个人,任何一个主语都可以用代词表示,若主句在状语从句前,只有状语从句的主语可以用代词表示
(3) 状语从句的省略形式
表转折、时间、条件的连接词 + 形容词短语/分词短语——正确
表转折、时间、条件的连接词 + 介词短语/名词短语——错误
特殊情况:whatever和once可以加名词短语,表示状语从句的省略
逻辑主语:当状语从句的省略形式在句首时,其逻辑主语等于主句主语,但若在句中或句末,其逻辑主语等于其所修饰动词的逻辑主语
(4)        状语从句不能修饰名词定语
eg. the july decrease in employment so that it was the lowest in 2 years suggests…
5、宾语从句
(1)当同一个人表达不同的两种观点 或 相同的两种观点 时(总之就是一人有俩观点),     优选句式:sb + v(agree, discover....)that引导第一个从句 + and/but +that引导第二个从句。(见prep 22)
(2) report, predict, show, predicate后加简单名次,若其后的是动名词,名词所有格+动名词短语或名词后+复杂的现在分词来修饰,都应用that引导宾语从句来替代。
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:12

平行对称
1、        连接词: and, or, yet, but(注therefore, then, also, however是副词) 注: 两个程度不同的词(eg. destroy, damage)只能用or 连接,不可用and;两个谓语动词一致时用or连接,不一致时用nor 连接,此时nor连接的子句应倒装(nor连接的一般是子句,or一般是名词或形容词—此时优用or)
2、        不同类型的语言结构只要属于同一层次并具有相同的句法功能,也可以成为并列项
eg. the students answer the question promptly and without mistakes.
(1)        现在分词可以与过去分词并列,作定语
(2)        名词短语可以与what从句并列
(3)        副词短语可以与介词短语并列,作状语
(4)        than从句可以与介词短语并列
(5)        不定式可以与不定式并列,除了第一个to 不能省略,其后的to可以省略
(6)        for doing A, not B
(7)        be likely to do …and be unable to do
3、        不同类型的从句不能并列,例如:同位语从句与宾语从句,定语从句与宾语从句
4、        不同功能的定语从句也不能并列,因为关系词在定语从句中充当不同的成分,例如n.+where… and in which 不能并列, n.+ where …and who…不能并列,但n.+who…and whose…可以并列
5、        to do is to do; doing is doing; sth is sth
6、(1) 具体名词与抽象名词不能对称
   (2) 名称性名词与动作性名词不能对称
   (3) 整体概念和部分概念不能对称
   (4) 特指和泛指不能对称
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:12

7、并列句中的省略:
(1) 可以省略相同的主语、宾语、连系动词、助动词、情态动词等;注实义动词不可
(2) 两个句子并列,第一个句子含有be动词或become,第二个句子中的be动词或 become 也必须省略,同事,一些重复的名词或形容词也必须省略;注be必须是充当相同成分才可省略,若一个是系动词,另一是助动词则不可省。
eg. once the economic and social usefulness of motor car was demonstrated and its superiority to the horse proved( prove前省略was)
8、用逗号将连词隔开,使得逗号前后2个句子变成独立的句子,每个句子都要有自己的主谓宾,注:1、do A,B,and C等并列举型中的最后一个连词除外 2、插入语除外 prep41
eg. Intar has moved away from the Spanish classics and now draws on the work of contemporary Hispanic authors.
Intar has moved away from the Spanish classics , and now it draws on the work of contemporary Hispanic authors.
9、有2个或3个句子并列,第2个或第3个句子中的代词应该优先指代第一句中的主语
10、注:not …but的对称,be not…but v,be动词和实义动词是可以对称的,在此处是把be提前,not习惯放于be 后,故有时为防歧义,会在but后也补出be保持对称prep74。
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:13

主谓一致
1、        只看主谓,同位语、插入成分、举例短语的单复数均不用看
Eg. Students each have a computer
   Each of student has a computer.
2、        定语从句的主谓一致
(1)        内部的主谓一致
(2)        A of B that: that即可修饰A 也可修饰B, 先根据逻辑关系判断修饰的是A还是B,再根据A、B单复数确定动词形式
(3)        (but/only) one of npl that +vpl
(4)        The only one of npl that+v单
3、        主语从句:what/who 引导的主语从句,其谓语动词一般用单数,若其含有复数意义时,动词可用复数;
What 引导主语从句,若在从句中当主语,从句的谓语动词的单复数形式应与主句一致,若作宾语,从句的谓语动词应由主句谓语动词后的名词决定(白勇62Q17)
4、        分词短语作主语,谓语动词用单数
5、        A介词/连词 B:
(1)        随后一致: either or; neither nor; not but; not only, but also; or; nor
(2)        整体一致:A and B +Vpl
注:有可能N1 and N2 N3(N1,N2合起来修饰N3)谓语动词的单复数由N3决定
也有可能N1 and N2 N3(N2修饰N3),谓语动词为复数
(3)        其余随前一致
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:13

6、一些特殊情况:
(1) citrus 是单数;media是medium的复数形式,其谓语动词既可以用单数也可以用复数,根据具体情况定; species单复数同形;fish:鱼肉—不可数名词,鱼的种类—可数,复数形式fishes, 鱼的条数—单复数同形;little 作名词:there is little that is significantly different/The little that I have seen of his work is satisfactory他的工作就我所见的那一部分是满意的
(2) 数词+单位词复数+ 不可数名词/物质名词,谓语动词用复数
Eg. Several millions tons of stone were quarried in france
    (3) part of /most of /all of/ some of/ 分数或百分数 of/ the rest of + n 作主语,谓语动词的数的形式由n的单复数决定
    (4) a collection of /a series of / an array of / a set of / a proportion of/ a group of/ a body of+Npl, 谓语动词用单数
    (5) a total of+Npl,谓语动词用单数
       The number of + Npl, 谓语动词用单数;a number of +Npl,谓语动词用复数
       The average of + Npl, 谓语动词用单数;an average of +Npl,谓语动词用复数
    (6) one in/out of +Npl, 谓语动词用单数
       Two/ three …in/out of + Npl, 谓语动词用复数
    (7) neither作主语,谓语动词用单数
    (8) 学科名词作主语,谓语动词用单数,但统计学(statistics)作统计数据说,经济学economics作经济政策说,谓语动词用复数
    (9) less只能修饰不可数n,amount只能指代不可数n
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:14

代词
1、代词指代不清时的修改方法:
(1) 重复代词指代的对象
(2) such+n,或用指示代词this, that, those,these+n(这个词必须是原文中出现过的
(3) 用一个名词概括代词指代的对象
2、人和物的指代问题:
(1) 指人:who, whom, he, she
(2) 指物:which, that, it(GMAT中that 不可指人)
(3) 既指人又指物:whose
3、同一句话中相同代词必须指代相同事物
4、代词不能指代一句话,只能指代一个特定的主体
5、代词不能指代一句话,但it作形式主语/宾语,但可指代to do不定式/that
6、代词不可指代修饰语,即Mike’s bike,只可指代 bike,不可指代Mike
   但A of B,则A、B均可指代
7、代词优先指代句子的主语
8、one/ones 只可指代前面出现过的单数/复数名词
9、当一个代词可以指代多个对象时,优先指代离它较近的对象,如果就近指代会导致逻辑意思错误,该选项则犯有指代不清的错误
10、this/that/these/those单独出现常错,但也有these和those作主语,指代最近n
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:14

时态
1、时态的前后排序:过去完成时,一般过去时,过去进行时,现在完成时,一般现在时,现在进行时,一般将来时
2、在有充分的逻辑理由和时间线索的情况下,不同时态的动词才能并列,时态才能发生变化
3、一般现在时:a 客观真理 b政府的行为和决定 c科研成果和统计资料d短语提示:common
4、现在完成时:a since
               b 大段时间:within/during/over/in + the past/last/recent +时间短语
               c 短语提示:the world has ever seen; than ever before possible
6、        一般过去时:标志短语:after the civil war, 2 years ago, last year, from 1985 to 1989, in 1933,originally
7、        一般将来时:(1) 时间标志词:in the future, during the next 50 years
                (2) 时间状语,条件状语,方式从句,让步从句不能用一般将来时/过去将来时,一般用一般现在时/一般过去时代替
8、continue不用于进行时,也不用于复合时态
9、条件状语从句使用一般现在时,主句必须使用一般现在时/一般将来时
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:14

语态
1、主动优于被动
2、使用被动语态时,动作的执行者用by,不用according to
3、不可用于被动的动词或动词词组:be able to, so as to, lead
4、主动表被动含义:read like, read well, prove helpful, sell well(注 sth be sold for + 价格),be difficult to do, too+adj+ to do, be worth doing, require doing
5、既可以用主动也可以用被动的动词
aim: sb aim to do sth; sth is aimed at doing sth
intend: sb intend to do sth; sth is intended to do sth
target: sb target sth; sth is targeted at sth
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:15

语气
1、if从句
(1) 表示与现在事实相反:从句用过去时(be一律用were),主句用would, should, could, might+ 动词原形
(2) 表示与过去事实相反:从句用had+过去分词,主句用should/would/could/might+have+过去分词
(3) 表示与将来事实相反:从句用should+动词原形,主句用would, should, could, might+ 动词原形
2、不用虚拟语气的词:allow that, rule that, sth propose that, sth suggest that
3、从句中的虚拟语气必须去掉should
4、on condition that 可以用动词原形表示虚拟,也可根据需要用一般现在时或一般过去时
5、语气的强弱不可随意改变:if / only if; how much/ however much; should/if; be not unlike/like; if/on condition that;
6、一些语气词不可随意添加或丢失:any, just,情态动词
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:15

分词和不定式
1、分词在句首起状语作用,逻辑主语等于句子主语
当与逻辑主语不一致时的修改方法: (1)置换主语 (2)分词结构名词化
(形容词放与句首,修饰主句主语)
2、ing短语在句尾
(1) 表伴随动作、状态、功能,与句子谓语动作同时发生,逻辑主语等于句子主语
(2) 表伴随结果,整个句子是原因,可在其前加thus, thereby, in effect等,也可不加
(3) 紧随名词后,优先作定语修饰名词
(4) 也可能就近修饰动词,逻辑主语等于所修饰动词的逻辑主语
3、ed分词短语在句尾,优先就近作定语,修饰名词
4、介词/介词短语 + ing 分词eg. in addition to, in, by , without, besides + doing +句子
(1) 在句首,逻辑主语等于句子主语
(2) 在句尾,可能等于句子主语,也可能不是
5、ing短语的完成时态不能充当名词的定语,必须转换为定语从句,即n.+ having done/ having been done 必须改为n+that
6、当心分词修饰引起的歧义(A,ing, B +v)
eg. Unlike human being, wasting away when going without food, hibernating bears exist……
会引起歧义,将分词改为定语从句
7、必须加ing的动词: acknowledge, admit, assure, advocate
8、名词前有last、next、序数词、形容词最高级作定语,名词后的定语必须用不定式
9、主语是all、what引导的从句,或主语受only, one, first, least及adj最高级修饰时,且从句/短语中含有实义动词do,作表语的不定式不用加to
eg. the least thing you can do is help up a little.
   what he did the matter was keep silent
10、ed 表被动,结果/状态,ing表主动,进行;单个修饰语应放名词前面
11、表动作的目的性必须用to do, 不可用for/of doing
12、不定式要有动作的发出者 XDF 276 Q141 280Q156
13、动作性名词强调动作的结果/状态,动词ing形式强调动作本身
14、伴随状语:(1) 一个独立成份,跟主句存在一定的逻辑关系
              (2) 与主句动作同时发生
              (3) 与主句中谓语动词的主语相同
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:15

比较结构
1、与比较对象重复的名词尽量用that, those替代,不用they, them, it;注those与that的单复数指代
2、比较从句使用倒装语序和陈述语序均可
3、当一个事物与其所属的类比较时,必须用any other把其自身排除在外
4、as/than引导的比较从句中的省略原则
(1) 比较从句的谓语与主句的谓语动词一致,可用do,did, does替代
(2) 比较从句的连系动词be与主句的连系动词be一致,可以省略
(3) 主句谓语动词使用“助动词/情态动词+v”的形式,比较从句往往省略v,保留助动词/情态动词
(4) 比较从句的主语和谓语与主句的主语和谓语相同时可以全部省去,常保留作状语的介词短语或状语从句
注:1、典型错误形式 n+v+n比较级+n,此时必须补出助动词或保留实义动词,否则无法明确是与何者比较
2、若比较的二者在时间上不一致,必须保留动词或助动词,通过时态上的不同体现(可搜CD GWD17-38看讨论帖)
5、twice/*times/double… as many/much as/the+n./what从句
6、语义上具有比较或对比(eg.compare with, below, above, superior to等词),也要求比较对象具有可比性,在形式上尽量对称
7、比较结构中的习惯搭配
(1) as + adj +a/an +n as: Exercise is as good a way as any to lose weight.
(2) the more…the more…, be 动词常常省略,the more之前不能再加修饰语
(3) v+ more of/less of + n结构中,more of(在更大程度上),less of(在较少程度上)修饰之前的动词:I’ll see less of you in the future.
(4) no more…than 与…同样不, no more than 最多,不超过
   no less …than 与…一样, no less than多达
8、        介词的尽量补出
9、        less可作副词,修饰动词eg. Employment costs rose 2.8 percent in 12 months that ended in September, slightly less than they did in the year that ended in the previous quarter.
10、以下均属比较结构:compared with, contrasted with, like


小结:从逻辑上确定比较对象的对等,再看形式上的对称
可帮助理解的题:GWD15 Q1 Q2
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:16

倒装结构
1、there be + n (be 的单复数根据n 定)
2、so/such …that中so/such位于句首,主句部分需要部分倒装
3、否定性词/短语位于句首,句子需部分倒装:never, no longer, few, rarely, hardly, little ,not until
4、全倒装:ed/ing/介词短语/形容词短语 + v/be +主语
备注:谓语动词的数根据谓语动词后的主语单复数确定

        同位结构
1、名词性同位结构
n. n; n. a/an n 或 a/an n., n; the n.+n
2、内容具体化同位结构
抽象n+that从句,注:与n+of的区别,importance, need, necessity必须加of
3、        概括性同位结构
用一个概括性的n去概括前边的解释对象:短语/句子,注:概括性名词必须能够概括,逻辑意思需符合生活常识
4、        名词重复性同位结构: n. n+that从句
5、        n. + one/ones + that从句
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:16

独立主格
独立主格是由一个名词或代词(作为该短语结构的逻辑主语),加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语构成。独立主格放于句首或句尾,起状语作用,表原因、条件、状态等。
(1) 一般独立主格,与主句形成松散的逻辑关系
n. +n; n. + ing/ed; n. + adj; n. + 介词短语
(2) with 型独立主格,与主句形成紧密的逻辑联系,形式为
with + n + ed/ing(注本身修饰的对象即是ed/ing的宾语,不用再加宾语例如it之类)n +介词短语; with + n + to do; with + n + that
(3) each 型独立主格,强调句尾名词,形式为
句子 + 复数名词词尾, each + 介词短语/ed/ing/adj
注:each不单只能修饰句尾名词 GWD 14 Q3
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:16

逻辑一致
1、        在转折关系中,事物的分类标准必须统一
2、        When 与if 从句不可随意互换
3、        词与词之间的逻辑搭配
        优选结构
1、not but优于rather than 优于instead of
2、adj>抽n;
   v>抽n;
   作主语、作宾语、作介词结构、所有格结构的宾语,优先使用名词;
   抽n>动词ing形式的名词
   过去分词〉定语从句
3、on account of, because of, as a result of, despite之后只加简单名词,若其后加的是动名词、 名词所有格+动名词短语,或名词短语+复杂的现在分词修饰,或抽象名词,应改为although、because 引导的从句形式
4、B 介词 A优于 A B
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:17

词的用法
1、        as
(1)        作介词:作为;+ n
(2)        v……as: regard, view, see, think of, perceive, conceive, depict, define, begin, be acclaimed, be prized, present
(3)        作连词:a. 表原因
                                                                                                    b. 表时间: 当…时
        c. 像……一样(like+n, 注此形式置于句中常会引起歧义,多用as替代
          (just) as A do, (so) B do;
          (just) as A do, so too + 句子(倒装)
        注:as从句中的v若与主句的v相同,可用do 替代,以免重复
    (4) 作副词:as when/ as where 均可
2、doubt的肯定形式,可以由whether/that 引导宾语从句,但其否定形式,只可由that引  导宾语从句
3、where, while, whereas可引导状语从句,表转折意,“虽然,尽管”,但where只可放于句首
4、现在分词的完成时态having been不可作定语修饰名词
5、His: (1)他的,作定语,可加ving。Eg. Do you mind his speaking.
    (2)他的(东西)—物主代词,可作主语,表语,宾语
Own: (1)形容词:自己的I saw it with my own view
     (2)作代词(作表语,宾语):自己的东西His view is similar to my own
6、directive 的同位语从句不可用虚拟语气
7、be grounds for doing sth——正确; be grounds that/to do——错误
   on grounds of + 简单名词, on grounds that
8、like不用于举例,such as+n/doing,such as不加代词
9、aid 作名词:aid in/to doing sth; aid 作动词:aid in doing sth
10、because of/on account of/despite 后应加名词
11、increased/increasing不能放在名词后,只能放在名词前;
12、so/such…that不用考虑逻辑主语的问题, such后不加抽象名词, 不加to do
so as to用于单一主谓结构中,逻辑主语等于句子主语,so as to不可用于倒装句,不加被动语态
13、doing so——正确;doing it/them/this/that/these/those
14、副词使用的正确语序v+n+adv或adv+v+n
15、all not必须改成not all
16、after + n——作介词; after+主谓结构——作连词
17、there be句型的使用:there be+具体名词,表示自然存在
错误形式:there be + 抽象名词; there be sth done; there being +名次词组;there could be done sth
18、since可作连词、副词、介词
19、advise: (1) 建议:advise sb to do; advise sb on sth; advise sb that +虚拟语气
          (2) 要求:advise sb against (doing) sth
          (3) 告诉/通知:advise sb of sth; advise sb that(不用虚拟语气)
20、contrary to(违反)必须跟抽象的名词修饰主语,不可加人名或科学家之类的实义名词
21、provide: provide sth; provide sb with sth; provide sth for sb.
sb/sth provide sth for sth/doing sth  or  sb/sth provide sth to do
多数情况下选用for
to do的选择:1、to do 的逻辑主语是否与provide一致 2、是否表目的性
22、being的用法1、介词后表被动 2、被动语态进行时
                3、名词和adj前常错,也须看去掉是否合理
23、倍数的表达方法:
(1) twice as many/much…as; twice the n; twice + what从句
(2)** times as + adj + as; ** times the + n
(3)double, triple, quadruple可用主动语态,也可被动,但不可与as搭配
24、extent/degree of sth, to…extent/degree
25、but instead 较少用,多but rather,但也有此用法,不可根据此排除选项prep73
26、base和compare必须用被动
27、一些形容词与副词意义不同的
significant 重要的—significantly 极大的; fair公平的—fairly相当地
simple 简单的—simply 仅仅,只不过;special 特殊的— especially 尤其地
28、rate: (1) 在比较结构中只可与rate比,不可与其他相比 (2)adj应用low, high,不可用prevalent之类搭
29、without (1)without n/doing中间不可加任何修饰: eg. without any water应改为 without water (2) 强烈语气表达,一般原文中无 (3) 较为简洁,优先使用
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:17

固定搭配
1、        be responsible for sth/doing sth; be responsible to sb—— 正确
be responsible to do sth——错误
have a responsiblility to do; take responsibility for sth/doing sth
2、        consider sth sth
3、        than (sb) (had) expected/anticipated/estimated, 后不加宾语
4、        one another; each the other; each other; some others
5、        permit n/doing/sb to do/介词+n ——正确
permit that/sb doing/sth to be done; sb be permitted sth——错误
6、        make sth sth/ make sth adj (to do)——正确
make sth done——错误
7、        estimated to be,it is estimated that——正确;estimated at+表示价格等数量词
8、        the way in which/+句子/to do
9、        几分之一:多用one in four/one out of four,少用one of four
10、be necessary to do——正确;be necessary for/in doing——错误
11、土生土长于某地:be native to
12、be liable to do; be liable to/for sth——正确; be liable that——错误
13、can强调可能性,be able to 强调能力(不可be able to be done)
14、prohibit/prevent/stop/keep sb/sth from doing; sb/sth be prohibited from doing; prohibit sth——正确
prohibit that; prohibit sth from being done——错误
forbit sb to do sth; forbit doing sth; forbit sth——正确
forbit that, forbit sb from doing ——错误
15、require sb to do; require that; require of sb that; sth be required of sb;require doing
16、have difficulty/trouble in doing
17、find/deem/make it + adj + to do;find sth to be/as —错误
18、substitute A for B 用A 代替B
19、with the intention/aim of,注of 不可用to 替代
20、attribute A to B, A is attribute to B,注to是介词,只能加n,不可加be/do
21、be credited with/to, with/to 是介词
22、动作性名词强调结果,ing形式强调动作、行为
23、persuade sb to do——正确; persuade that——错误
24、sth be expected to do; it is expected that——正确
25、claim to do, claim that——正确
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:17

26、allow doing; allow sb to do; allow sb/sth to be done; allow that表示承认
27、call for+ 名词/名词短语——正确; call for sth to do——错误
28、model after 仿照、模仿
29、if only because算是正确搭配
30、the possibility of doing sth/that——正确;the possibility to do ——错误
31、pay some money for sth花钱买东西, pay some money for doing sth 表示因做某事而赔偿多少钱
32、believe sth; believe sth to be; believe that
33、decide to do/decide on 决定做
34、rule on对…作出裁决
35、merge A with B ——正确;merge A and B——错误
36、mistake A for B
37、use sth as sth; use sth to do sth
38、likelihood + of, be likely to do
39、help to do/sb to do; helpful in doing
40、compare A with B 比较,同类事物;compare A to B比喻,不同类事物
41、at point, at equator, at pole, aim at doing
42、try to do/doing——正确;try and do/ try that——错误
43、distinguish A from B/ distinguish between A and B
44、something/ anything/nothing/things/someone/anyone/no one/ones 定语后置
45、encourage sth/sb to do sth——正确; encourage doing/ sth to be done——错误
46、food allergies泛指食物过敏; an allergy to some food 特指食物过敏
47、besides除了还有,包括——同类
except除了,不包括——同类
except for 除了,不包括——不同类
48、according to 根据, in accordance with与……一致
49、keep sth under control; in control of
50、order sb to do sth/ that+虚拟/sth to be done——正确;order sth——错误
51、propose sht/doing/sb to do/that+虚拟——正确;propose sth to be done——错误
52、credit sb with sth/doing;be credited with doing
53、at speed
54、as be the case(with……) 表明后者是前面概述的一个情况
55、effort to do
56、immune to不受影响, immune from 受保护,豁免
eg. You will eventually become immune to criticism.你终究会变得不在乎批评
   Not even the president was immune from criticism by the press.        甚至总统也未能免遭新闻界的批评
57、risk of sth,  risk of doing sth, risk doing
58、jump:若jump表示数量/水平的进步到一定程度,+介词to
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:17

可以v +n to be done的词:order、allow
不可加that的词: permit, persuade, prohibit, forbid


        错误情况
1、        重复:
(1)        the possibility that…might do应改为 the possibility that…do
(2)        now和 currently
(3)        regain和again
(4)        it seems likely that和 may be
(5)        from to 和up、down
(6)        double和increase
(7)        opposition against
(8)        gain/achieve
(9)        annually/every year
(10)        with/include
(11)        by the name of/be known as
(12)        with, by use of
(13)        superiority/over
(14)        increase, rise, raise, grow, soar
(15)        from…to…/then
2、状语:
   (1) 状语从句不可修饰名词或介词短语
   (2) 状语的位置不可随意改变,eg.从从句中移到主句中(白勇96 Q26)
3、differ from, similar to放于句首永远错
4、极端修饰词位置的更改和缺失:first, last, only
5、强烈语气词的缺失:any, not unlike, whatever/whoever/however
6、口语化的表达方式:hopefully—it is hoped; when you, if you; maybe—probably
7、主观色彩:be to do, be going to
8、concerning最好改成above, over
9、把like改成seem, 把as改成as if——错误
10、every one应改为all/each
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:18

特殊使用:
Prep 2
8.        (24773-!-item-!-188;#058&001691) A

Ozone, a special form of oxygen that screens out harmful ultraviolet rays, reaches high concentrations twelve miles above Earth, where it has long appeared that it was immune from human influence; we have now realized, though, that emissions of industrial chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer.

(A) has long appeared that it was immune from
(B) has long appeared to have been immune from
(C) has long appeared as being immune to
(D) had long appeared immune to
(E) had long appeared that it was immune to

9.        (24819-!-item-!-188;#058&001693) B

The Environmental Protection Agency frequently puts mandatory controls on toxic substances that present as little risk as one in a million chances to cause cancer.

(A) as little risk as one in a million chances to cause
(B) as little risk as one chance in a million of causing
(C) as little risk as one chance in a million that it will cause
(D) a risk as little as one chance in a million for causing
(E) a risk as little as one chance in a million for it to cause

如何看题:as little as…用于修饰risk,先不看,根据固定搭配risk of sth/doing sth, risk doing即可选出B,one chance in a million 与little 对应,功能对称
作者: 竹子    时间: 2010-8-11 15:18

20.        (25474-!-item-!-188;#058&002354) (c , D改变原意)

The human nervous system and a telephone system superficially resemble each other, not only because the former carries information in the form of electrical impulses and because all of its neural pathways converge in the brain and spinal cord, which together form a kind of central exchange.

(A) The human nervous system and a telephone system superficially resemble each other, not only because the former carries
(B) The human nervous system and a telephone system bear a superficial resemblance because they both carry
(C) The human nervous system bears a superficial resemblance to a telephone system both because the former carries
(D) Superficially, a telephone system resembles the human nervous system both because they carry
(E) There is a superficial resemblance between a telephone system and the human nervous system, not only because they both carry

21.        (25520-!-item-!-188;#058&002357)(c)

Before scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakingly in small amounts from the pituitary glands of human cadavers.

(A) scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakingly
(B) scientists had learned about making a synthetic growth hormone, they had to remove it painstakingly
(C) scientists learned how to synthesize the growth hormone, it had to be painstakingly removed
(D) learning how to make a synthetic growth hormone, scientists had to remove it painstakingly
(E) learning how to synthesize the growth hormone, it had to be painstakingly removed by scientists
对于 C,it 指代growth hormone,对于D,it指代synthetic growth hormone,D不合逻辑

阅读文注意:
1、qualify 有限定的意思
作者: 小不点儿    时间: 2010-8-11 16:03

good
作者: piggycandys    时间: 2010-8-12 06:26

many thanks !!!




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