国际顶尖MBA申请交流平台--TOPWAY MBA

GWD-TN-1
GWD1-Q15:
In parts of South America, vitamin-A deficiency is a serious health problem, especially among children. In one region, agriculturists are attempting to improve nutrition by encouraging farmers to plant a new variety of sweet potato called SPK004 that is rich in beta-carotene, which the body converts into vitamin A. The plan has good chances of success, since sweet potato is a staple of the region’s diet and agriculture, and the varieties currently grown contain little beta-carotene.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction that the plan will succeed?
A. The growing conditions required by the varieties of sweet potato currently cultivated in the region are conditions in which SPK004 can flourish.
B. The flesh of SPK004 differs from that of the currently cultivated sweet potatoes in color and texture, so traditional foods would look somewhat different when prepared from SPK004.
C. There are no other varieties of sweet potato that are significantly richer in beta-carotene than SPK004 is.
D. The varieties of sweet potato currently cultivated in the region contain some important nutrients that are lacking in SPK004.
E. There are other vegetables currently grown in the region that contain more beta-carotene than the currently cultivated varieties of sweet potato do.
SPK400 not only contains more nutrition than normal potato, it also must adapt to the environment in this place. Thus answer A strongly supports the conclusion.
GWD1-Q17:
The spacing of the four holes on a fragment of a bone flute excavated at a Neanderthal campsite is just what is required to play the third through sixth notes of the diatonic scale—the seven-note musical scale used in much of Western music since the Renaissance. Musicologists therefore hypothesize that the diatonic musical scale was developed and used thousands of years before it was adopted by Western musicians.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the hypothesis?

A. Bone flutes were probably the only musical instrument made by Neanderthals.
B. No musical instrument that is known to have used a diatomic scale is of an earlier date than the flute found at the Neanderthal campsite.
C. The flute was made from a cave-bear bone and the campsite at which the flute fragment was excavated was in a cave that also contained skeletal remains of cave bears.
D. Flutes are the simplest wind instrument that can be constructed to allow playing a diatonic scale.
E. The cave-bear leg bone used to make the Neanderthal flute would have been long enough to make a flute capable of playing a complete diatonic scale.
音乐学家假设the diatonic musical scale在数千年前就发展了，前提就是数千年前的提供制作flute的材料必须是可以支持the diatonic musical scale，将E选项取非，文章结论就不成立了

GWD-TN-2
GWD3-Q9:
Studies in restaurants show that the tips left by customers who pay their bill in cash tend to be larger when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a credit-card logo. Consumer psychologists hypothesize that simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit-card holders willing to spend more because it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the psychologists’ interpretation of the studies?
A. The effect noted in the studies is not limited to patrons who have credit cards.
B.

atrons who are under financial pressure from their credit-card obligations tend to tip less when presented with a restaurant bill on a tray with credit-card logo than when the tray has no logo.
C. In virtually all of the cases in the studies, the patrons who paid bills in cash did not possess credit cards.
D. In general, restaurant patrons who pay their bills in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay by credit card.
E. The percentage of restaurant bills paid with given brand of credit card increases when that credit card’s logo is displayed on the tray with which the bill is prepared.
一个研究发现在餐馆中买单的顾客一般给的小费较高当放在托盘里帐单上印有信用卡的logo，研究人员因此假设这些人给的tips多时因为信用卡的logo提醒他们：他们的支付能力超过的现在可使用的现金。-----如果这些人有卡债没还，这就意味着信用卡的logo会提醒他们现在还在负债者，因此他们消费的时候就会给较少的小费。B答案时上述假设的另外一种情况，但是他们都反映了：顾客支付小费的数量取决于他们的经济情况，而信用卡logo则作为提醒他们自己经济情况的工具。
GWD3-Q31:
Although most smoking-related illnesses are caused by inhaling the tar in tobacco smoke, it is addiction to nicotine that prevents most smokers from quitting. In an effort to decrease the incidence of smoking-related illnesses, lawmakers in Sandonia plan to reduce the average quantity of nicotine per cigarette by half over the next five years. Unfortunately, smokers who are already addicted to nicotine tend to react to such reductions by smoking correspondingly more cigarettes.
The information above most strongly supports which of the following predictions about the effects of implementing the Sandonian government’s plan?
A. The average quantity of tar inhaled by Sandonian smokers who are currently addicted to nicotine will probably not decrease during the next five years.
B. Sandonian smokers who are not already addicted to nicotine will probably also begin to smoke more cigarettes during the next five years than they had previously.
C. The annual number of Sandonian smokers developing smoking-related illnesses will probably decrease during the next five years.
D. The proportion of Sandonians attempting to quit smoking who succeed in that attempt will probably decrease during the next five years.
E. The number of Sandonians who quit smoking during the next five years will probably exceed the number who quit during the last five years.
该题是文章支持选项题。文章中说与吸烟相关的疾病是由于吸入了烟草中的tar, 它是nicotine中造成人对香烟成瘾的原因。因此为了减少相关疾病，S市决定推行减少香烟中一半nicotine含量的计划。但是对于已经对nicotine成瘾的人来说，他们会采取增加吸烟量来满足对nicotine的需求。-----因此A 答案：在接下来的五年中，沉溺于nicotine的人数不会减少就成为必然的结果了

GWD-TN-3
GWD5-Q13:
It is true of both men and women that those who marry as young adults live longer than those who never marry. This dose not show that marriage causes people to live longer, since, as compared with other people of the same age, young adults who are about to get married have fewer of the unhealthy habits that can cause a person to have a shorter life, most notably smoking and immoderate drinking of alcohol.

A. Marriage tends to cause people to engage less regularly in sports that involve risk of bodily harm.
B. A married person who has an unhealthy habit is more likely to give up that habit than a person with the same habit who is unmarried.
C. A person who smokes is much more likely than a nonsmoker to marry a person who smokes at the time of marriage, and the same is true for people who drink alcohol immoderately.
D. Among people who marry as young adults, most of those who give up an unhealthy habit after marriage do not resume the habit later in life.
E. Among people who as young adults neither drink alcohol immoderately nor smoke, those who never marry live as long as those who marry.
结了婚了男女一般比没有结婚的男女活得要久，并不是说婚姻使人长寿，而是结了婚的人比同龄不结婚的人的会造成短命的坏习惯要少，最为明显的就是吸烟和酗酒-------E答案：如果一群人没有坏习惯比如吸烟的酗酒，那么他们不管是结婚的还是没有结婚的，活得都一样长。这就排除了婚姻对寿命会起作用，即一般会结婚的人，其本身就比较洁身自好。
GWD5-Q26:
Healthy lungs produce a natural antibiotic that protects them from infection by routinely killing harmful bacteria on airway surfaces. People with cystic fibrosis, however, are unable to fight off such bacteria, even though their lungs produce normal amounts of the antibiotic. The fluid on airway surfaces in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis has an abnormally high salt concentration; accordingly, scientists hypothesize that the high salt concentration is what makes the antibiotic ineffective.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the scientists’ hypothesis?

A. When the salt concentration of the fluid on the airway surfaces of healthy people is raised artificially, the salt concentration soon returns to normal.
B. A sample of the antibiotic was capable of killing bacteria in an environment with an unusually low concentration of salt.
C. When lung tissue from people with cystic fibrosis is maintained in a solution with a normal salt concentration, the tissue can resist bacteria.
D. Many lung infections can be treated by applying synthetic antibiotics to the airway surfaces.
E. High salt concentrations have an antibiotic effect in many circumstances.
健康的肺会产生抗生素以消灭气管表面细菌防止对其感染。当一个人患有cystic fibrosis这个病时，就不能消灭细菌了即使肺产生了同样多的抗生素。当人患有c这种病时，气管内的液体中盐的浓度很高，因此科学家们假设高浓度的盐造成了抗生素的失效。------C答案: 当患有c的病人通过某种方法降低了其气管内液体的盐浓度，肺部就可以抵抗细菌。该选项排除了其它因素，很好的证明了盐浓度产生的作用。
GWD5-Q31:
Studies in restaurants show that the tips left by customers who pay their bill in cash tend to be larger when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a credit-card logo. Consumer psychologists hypothesize that simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit-card holders willing to spend more because it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the psychologists’ interpretation of the studies?

F. The effect noted in the studies is not limited to patrons who have credit cards.
G.

atrons who are under financial pressure from their credit-card obligations tend to tip less when presented with a restaurant bill on a tray with credit-card logo than when the tray has no logo.
H. In virtually all of the cases in the studies, the patrons who paid bills in cash did not possess credit cards.
I. In general, restaurant patrons who pay their bills in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay by credit card.
J. The percentage of restaurant bills paid with given brand of credit card increases when that credit card’s logo is displayed on the tray with which the bill is prepared.
该题的解释同GWD-TN-2的第9题
GWD-TN-4
GWD6-Q14:
Political Advertisement:
Mayor Delmont’s critics complain about the jobs that were lost in the city under Delmont’s leadership. Yet the fact is that not only were more jobs created than were eliminated, but the average pay for these new jobs has been higher than the average pay for jobs citywide every year since Delmont took office. So there can be no question that throughout Delmont’s tenure the average paycheck in this city has been getting steadily bigger.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument in the advertisement?
A. The average pay for jobs created in the city during the past three years was higher than the average pay for jobs created in the city earlier in Mayor Delmont’s tenure.
B. Average pay in the city was at a ten-year low when Mayor Delmont took office.
C. Some of the jobs created in the city during Mayor Delmont’s tenure have in the meantime been eliminated again.
D. The average pay for jobs eliminated in the city during Mayor Delmont’s tenure has been roughly equal every year to the average pay for jobs citywide.
E. The average pay for jobs in the city is currently higher than it is for jobs in the suburbs surrounding the city.
该题文章同第18套31题为削弱。市长D的批评者们抱怨到在D执政期间有失业，但是事实上新增工作岗位的数量多余减少的，且这些新增工作岗位的平均工资高于所有岗位的平均工资。所以没有理由怀疑在D执政期间这个城市的平均工资会逐渐上涨。------支持D答案：每年那些消失的工作岗位的平均工资等于每年全市的平均工资。如果消失的岗位的平均工资高于全市的，那么在全市的减去消失的之后的平均工资会下降，就算新增的岗位工资高，也不一定可以提高全市的水平。
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GWD6-Q15:
Capuchin monkeys often rub their bodies with a certain type of millipede. Laboratory tests show that secretions from the bodies of these millipedes are rich in two chemicals that are potent mosquito repellents, and mosquitoes carry parasites that debilitate capuchins. Some scientists hypothesize that the monkeys rub their bodies with the millipedes because doing so helps protect them from mosquitoes.
Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the scientists’ hypothesis?
F. A single millipede often gets passed around among several capuchins, all of whom rub their bodies with it.
G. The two chemicals that repel mosquitoes also repel several other varieties of insects.
H. The capuchins rarely rub their bodies with the millipedes except during the rainy season, when mosquito populations are at their peak.
I. Although the capuchins eat several species of insects, they do not eat the type of millipede they use to rub their bodies.
J. The two insect-repelling chemicals in the secretions of the millipedes are carcinogenic for humans but do not appear to be carcinogenic for capuchins.
一种C猴子经常用一种M虫子来揉搓自己的身体。实验室的测试发现这个M虫子的分泌物还有丰富的两种化学物质是很有效的驱蚊剂，且蚊子带的寄生虫会使C猴子身体变虚弱。所以科学家假设猴子揉虫子是为了驱蚊子。----C答案：猴子很少揉虫子，除了在蚊子数量达到最大的雨季。明显支持

Crowding on Mooreville’s subway frequently leads to delays, because it is difficult for passengers to exit from the trains. Subway ridership is projected to increase by 20 percent over the next 10 years. The Metroville Transit Authority plans to increase the number of daily train trips by only 5 percent over the same period. Officials predict that this increase is sufficient to ensure that the incidence of delays (due to crowding) does not increase.

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest grounds for the officials’ prediction?

A. By changing maintenance schedules, the Transit Authority can achieve the 5 percent increase in train trips without purchasing any new subway cars.

B. The Transit Authority also plans a 5 percent increase in the number of bus trips on routes that connect to subways.

C. For most commuters who use the subway system, there is no practical alternative public transportation available.

D. Most of the projected increase in ridership is expected to occur in off-peak hours when trains are now sparsely used.

E. The 5 percent increase in the number of train trips can be achieved without an equal increase in Transit Authority operational costs.

M的地铁由于crowing导致了delay,因为旅客要想列车里出来十分困难。预计在未来10年地铁旅客数将增加20%。但M的交通管理部门每天只增加的5%的列车班次。因此officials预计这一增加足以确保因为crowing的delay的发生率不会增加-----大多数乘客增加是发生在非高峰时间，当列车人数稀少时。因此不会造成crowded.

Certain politicians in the country of Birangi argue that a 50 percent tax on new automobiles would halt the rapid increase of automobiles on Birangi’s roads and thereby slow the deterioration of Birangi’s air quality. Although most experts agree that such a tax would result in fewer Birangians buying new vehicles and gradually reduce the number of automobiles on Birangi’s roads, they contend that it would have little impact on Birangi’s air-quality problem.

Which of the following, if true in Birangi, would most strongly support the experts’ contention about the effect of the proposed automobile tax on Birangi’s air-quality problem?

B. Some of the proceeds from the new tax would go toward expanding the nonpolluting commuter rail system.

C. Currently, the sales tax on new automobiles is considerably lower than 50 percent.

D. Automobiles become less fuel efficient and therefore contribute more to air pollution as they age.

B国的一些政客认为购买新车征50%的税不仅可以缓解行驶在公路上的车的迅速增长，还可以减缓B国空气质量的恶化。但是一些专家认为虽然前者目标可以达到，但对B国空气质量问题没有任何缓解。------D答案：汽车的燃料有效使用率低，因此造成的空气问题比预想的要高。就算减少买新车，但是越来越多的车变成旧车，造成的污染会越来越大

Escalating worldwide demand for corn has led to a sharp increase in the market price of corn, and corn prices are likely to remain high. Corn is extensive used as feed for livestock, and because profit margins are tight in the livestock business, many farmers are expected to leave the business. With fewer suppliers, meat prices will surely rise. Nonetheless, observers expect an immediate short-term decrease in meat prices.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to justify the observers’ expectation?

A. The increase in corn prices is due more to a decline in the supply of corn than to a growth in demand for it.

B. Generally, farmers who are squeezed out of the livestock business send their livestock to market much earlier than they otherwise would.

C. Some people who ate meat regularly in the past are converting to diets that include little or no meat.

D. As meat prices rise, the number of livestock producers is likely to rise again.

E. Livestock producers who stay in the business will start using feed other than corn more extensively than they did in the past.

在世界范围内对corn的需求导致了Corn价格的持续上涨。Corn在一般被广泛的用于喂养家畜，因此造成的家畜业利润缩小，许多农民考虑装换Business。供应者少了，肉的价格自然会上涨，但是有observers认为肉的价格会经历短期的下降。----只有B答案会造成短期的效果。其他选项A无关选项。C、D、E都应该是长期的效果

The Eurasian ruffe, a fish species inadvertently introduced into North America’s Great Lakes in recent years, feeds on the eggs of lake whitefish, a native species, thus threatening the lakes’ natural ecosystem. To help track the ruffe’s spread, government agencies have produced wallet-sized cards about the ruffe. The cards contain pictures of the ruffe and explain the danger they pose; the cards also request anglers to report any ruffe they catch.

Which of the following, if true, would provide most support for the prediction that the agencies’ action will have its intended effect?

B. Ruffe generally feed at night, but most recreational fishing on the Great Lakes is done during daytime hours.

C. Most people who fish recreationally on the Great Lakes are interested in the preservation of the lake whitefish because it is a highly prized game fish.

D. The ruffe is one of several nonnative species in the Great Lakes whose existence threatens the survival of lake whitefish populations there.

E. The bait that most people use when fishing for whitefish on the Great Lakes is not attractive to ruffe.

ER一种鱼，在不注意的情况下被引进的北美五大湖，以LW鱼的卵为食。LW是一个当地鱼种。因此严重威胁湖的自然生态系统。为了遏制ER鱼的蔓延，政府决定使用一种钱包大小的卡片，上面包括ER鱼的照片以及它的危害性。卡片上也要求垂钓者报告他们所抓到的ER鱼。----C答案：许多以垂钓为乐趣的人喜欢将LW鱼保留一位这个鱼是高价的供垂钓的鱼。ruffe的确有害，但是政府现在的目的不是要灭了它，而是首先要track the ruffe's spread，政府不可能每天派一大笔人在湖边等着ruffe，所以最有效的办法就是要人们参与进来积极举报鱼的行踪，所以政府作了很多小卡片让人们来带在身边，一是让人们了解这种鱼是什么样子，二是了解它有什么害处。但是这个计划的一个弱点就是如果人们都不配合，也就是拿了卡片就扔，看到ruffe也不通知政府，这个措施对于track the ruffe's spread的目的，显然是没有效果的！所以c加强说，因为人们有兴趣保存whitefish，那么当他们看到卡片说ruffe会残害whitefish的卡片会比较容易会配合政府来track ruffe。所以这个措施也就比较likely to have its intended effect==>to track the ruffe's spread.

Researchers took a group of teenagers who had never smoked and for one year tracked whether they took up smoking and how their mental health changed. Those who began smoking within a month of the study’s start were four times as likely to be depressed at the study’s end than those who did not begin smoking. Since nicotine in cigarettes changes brain chemistry, perhaps thereby affecting mood, it is likely that smoking contributes to depression in teenagers.

A. Participants who were depressed at the study’s start were no more likely to be smokers at the study’s end than those who were not depressed.

B. Participants who began smoking within a month of the study’s start were no more likely than those who began midway through to have quit smoking by the study’s end.

C. Few, if any, of the participants in the study were friends or relatives of other participants.

D. Some participants entered and emerged from a period of depression within the year of the study.

研究者对一群从来没有吸烟的青少年进行为期一年的跟踪调查是否他们会开始吸烟以及他们的心理健康状况。那些再一个月之内就开始吸烟的青少年比没有吸烟的多四倍的可能性抑郁。在香烟中的尼古丁会改变大脑里的化学物质，可能会影响情绪，因此很有可能吸烟造成这些孩子的抑郁。---- A答案：那些在研究一开始就抑郁的人不会比没有抑郁的人有更大的可能性变成吸烟者。即所有接受调查的青少年会去吸烟的可能性是一样的，后来出于某种原因开始吸烟，后造成抑郁。如果说depress会引起人吸烟，那在 Study end 時发现吸烟的人都有depress就不稀奇了，因为是 depress 引起人想吸烟，而不是吸烟引起 depress

GWD-9-Q38:
In January of last year the Moviemania chain of movie theaters started propping its popcorn in canola oil, instead of the less healthful coconut oil that it had been using until then. Now Moviemania is planning to switch back, saying that the change has hurt popcorn sales. That claim is false, however, since according to Moviemania’s own sales figures, Moviemania sold 5 percent more popcorn last year than in the previous year.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument against Moviemania’s claim?

A. Total sales of all refreshments at Moviemania’s movie theaters increased by less than 5 percent last year.
B. Moviemania makes more money on food and beverages sold at its theaters than it does on sales of movie tickets.
C. Moviemania’s customers prefer the taste of popcorn popped in coconut oil to that of popcorn popped in canola oil.
D. Total attendance at Moviemania’s movie theaters was more than 20 percent higher last year than the year before.
E. The year before last, Moviemania experienced a 10 percent increase in popcorn sales over the previous year.
去年一月份M连锁电影院决定使用加拿大油菜油来做爆米花，取代了对人体不健康的椰子油。现在M决定改回来，因为这个改变影响了他们的销售量。实际上这个说法是错的，因此依据M自己的销售数据，M去年的爆米花比前年多买了5%。----A答案说：去年所有点心的销售量增长低于5%。因为总的销售量增长率低于爆米花销售量增长率，因此以衬托爆米花的增长已经是很大的增长了

GWD-TN-8
GWD-10-Q9
Although exposure to asbestos is the primary cause of mesothelioma, a slow-developing cancer, researchers believe that infection by the SV40 virus is a contributing cause, since in the United States 60 percent of tissue samples from mesotheliomas, but none from healthy tissue, contain SV40. SV40 is a monkey virus; however, in 1960 some polio vaccine was contaminated with the virus. Researchers hypothesize that this vaccine was the source of the virus found in mesotheliomas decades later.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the researchers’ hypothesis?

A. SV40 is widely used as a research tool in cancer laboratories.
B. Changes in the technique of manufacturing the vaccine now prevent contamination with SV40.
C. Recently discovered samples of the vaccine dating from 1960 still show traced of the virus.
D. In a small percentage of cases of mesothelioma, there is no history of exposure to asbestos.
E. In Finland, where the polio vaccine was never contaminated, samples from mesotheliomas do not contain SV40.
虽然与A接触时造成M（一种慢性癌症）的主要原因，但是研究人员相信感染SV40也是其中一个原因，美国60%来自M的组织样本包括SV40，没有来自健康的组织。SV40是一种猴子病毒。然后再1960年，一些polio vaccine被该病毒感染。研究人员假设这个疫苗是若干年后该病毒的资源。----- 96年疫苗的病毒就是10年后M病的病毒。请体会这两者的区别。前者强调的是因果关系，后者强调的是这种病毒一直存在着。这是基于这个原因，C才对，因为C强调的正是这种病毒一直存在着。
GWD-10-Q14
Yeasts capable of leavening bread are widespread, and in the many centuries during which the ancient Egyptians made only unleavened bread, such yeasts must frequently have been mixed into bread doughs accidentally. The Egyptians, however, did not discover leavened bread until about 3000 B.C. That discovery roughly coincided with the introduction of a wheat variety that was preferable to previous varieties because its edible kernel could be removed from the husk without first toasting the grain.

Which of the following, if true, provide the strongest evidence that the two developments were causally related?

A. Even after the ancient Egyptians discovered leavened bread and the techniques for reliably producing it were well known, unleavened bread continued to be widely consumed.
B. Only when the Egyptians stopped the practice of toasting grain were their stone-lined grain-toasting pits available for baking bread.
C. Heating a wheat kernel destroys its gluten, a protein that must be present in order for yeast to leaven bread dough.
D. The new variety of wheat, which had a more delicate flavor because it was not toasted, was reserved for the consumption of high officials when it first began to be grown.
E. Because the husk of the new variety of wheat was more easily removed, flour made from it required less effort to produce
酵母是面包发酵的方法很普遍，古埃及时期有好几个世纪人们只能做未发酵的面包。酵母经常偶然地混入了面团。在古埃及直到公元前3000年才发现了发酵的面包。这个时间与一种小麦引进的时间巧合，这种小麦的可食用的谷粒不需要先烤小麦就可以直接从它的外壳取出。-----小麦是做面包的原材料，小麦要与发酵面包联系在一起。所以必须找出烤过的小麦与没烤的区别，而C答案给出了这个区别。
GWD-10-Q29：GWD-2-14
Smithtown University’s fund-raisers succeeded in getting donations from 80 percent of the potential donors they contacted. This success rate, exceptionally high for university fund-raisers, does not indicate that they were doing a good job. On the contrary, since the people most likely to donate are those who have donated in the past, good fund-raisers constantly try less-likely prospects in an effort to expand the donor base. The high success rate shows insufficient canvassing effort.

A. Smithtown University’s fund-raisers were successful in their contacts with potential donors who had never given before about as frequently as were fund-raisers for other universities in their contacts with such people.
B. This year the average size of the donations to Smithtown University from new donors when the university’s fund-raisers had contacted was larger than the average size of donations from donors who had given to the university before.
C. This year most of the donations that came to Smithtown University from people who had previously donated to it were made without the university’s fund-raisers having made any contact with the donors.
D. The majority of the donations that fund-raisers succeeded in getting for Smithtown University this year were from donors who had never given to the university before.
E. More than half of the money raised by Smithtown University’s fund-raisers came from donors who had never previously donated to the university.
S大学的募捐者成功地得到了80%的潜在赞助人的赞助。这么高的成功率并不代表了募捐者出色的完成了工作。相反地，非常有可能赞助的那些人士之前就已经赞助过的人。好的募捐者应该是不断地尝试较少可能的赞助的人并扩大赞助范围。这个成功率反映了不充分的游说的努力。----题中说，S大学的募捐人员从联系的捐款者中得到捐款的比例是80%，而C答：说大部分捐款都是来自已经捐过款的人，并且募捐人员没有跟这些人联系，这样说明募捐者联系的人大多是以前没有捐过款的人，在这些人中获得这么高比例的成功率说明他们的募捐非常有效，所以这样反而是削弱了结论。注意：文中说的募捐成功率，与捐款数额无关，即使大部分捐款都来自以前捐过款的人，但并不排除新捐款的人数也很多，但捐款额不大的情况。A说：S大学的募捐人员通过联系从没有捐过款的人得到捐款的概率与其他大学的募捐者差不多，这样就说明S大学的募捐人员联系的人当中，已经捐过款的人的比例比较高，所以才造成总体的募捐成功率比较高，这样就加强了结论。
GWD-TN-9
GWD-12-Q11:
In general, jobs are harder to get in times of economic recession because many businesses cut back operations. However, any future recessions in Vargonia will probably not reduce the availability of teaching jobs at government-funded schools. This is because Vargonia has just introduced a legal requirement that education in government-funded schools be available, free of charge, to all Vargonian children regardless of the state of the economy, and that current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded.

A. The current student-teacher ratio at Vargonia’s government-funded schools is higher than it was during the most recent period of economic recession.
B. During recent periods when the Vargonian economy has been strong, almost 25 percent of Vargonian children have attended privately funded schools, many of which charge substantial fees.
C. Nearly 20 percent more teachers are currently employed in Vargonia’s government-funded schools than had been employed in those schools in the period before the last economic recession.
D. Teachers in Vargonia’s government-funded schools are well paid relative to teachers in most privately funded schools in Vargonia, many of which rely heavily on part-time teachers.
E. During the last economic recession in Vargonia, the government permanently closed a number of the schools that it had funded.
在一般情况下，经济萧条时期是很难找到工作的，因为很多公司都在缩小经营规模。但是在V这个地方将要面临经济萧条但是政府却没有减少公立学校老师的职位，因为有法律规定公立学校是免费面向所有的学生，且目前学生老师的比率没有超过----- C答案：现在（并不是这次的RECESSION）的老师就业比上次RECESSION前的就业多20%。对原文结论不起任何作用。因为你不知上次RECESSION老师就业情况。B答案：最近经济好时25%学生去读私立学校，付高昂的学费，这样将来RECESSION时，就有可能这些学生中的一部分因付不起高昂的学费而去读公立学校，使学生和老师比例更大，对老师的需求也大。从而加强结论：将来RECESSION是公立学校老师不会失业。

Q21: GWD-13-31
By competing with rodents for seeds, black ants help control rodent populations that pose a public health risk. However, a very aggressive species of blank ant, the Loma ant, which has recently invaded a certain region, has a venomous sting that is often fatal to humans. Therefore, the planned introduction into that region of ant flies, which prey on Loma ants, would benefit public health.

A. Ant flies do not attack black ants other than Loma ants.
B. Loma ants are less effective than many bird species in competing with rodents for seeds.
C. Certain other species of black ants are more effective than Loma ants in competing with rodents for seeds.
D. The sting of Loma ants can also be fatal to rodents.
E. The use of pesticides to control Loma ants could have harmful effects on the environment.
和rodents因为食物而竞争，所以黑蚂蚁帮助控制了会造成公众健康危机的rodents的数量。然而一个具有攻击性的黑蚂蚁种类：L蚂蚁最近在一个地区咬人会释放出使人致命的毒素。因此，计划在那个地区引进一种以L蚂蚁为食的苍蝇将对公众有益。----A答案：这个苍蝇只以L蚂蚁为食。说明减少对人有害的L蚂蚁的同时还可以由其他的黑蚂蚁控制rodents的数量。
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GWD-12-Q38:
Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart. When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle. A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used. It is too expensive for farmers to use routinely, and since it is not effective until a month after vaccination, administering it after an outbreak begins helps very little. Nevertheless, experts predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years.

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest justification for the experts’ prediction?

A. Rift Valley fever is spread by mosquitoes, but each outbreak is so widespread that it is impractical to control it by using insecticides.
B. When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak.
C. It would take less than a month for producers of the vaccine to adjust their production operations to cope with a large increase in demand.
D. Many cattle farmers in East Africa are nomadic or live in remote villages, and such farmers, who have little access to modern veterinary medicine, are particularly hard hit by outbreaks of Rift Valley fever.
E. Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever.
一种裂谷热的爆发是不规则的。当它发生的时候就会杀死数千的牲畜。一种疫苗对抗这种病但是很少使用。因为它的价格太贵且要使用一个月之后才开始见效。所以它没有什么帮助。但是专家预计在接下来的数年将会大量使用这种疫苗。-----E答案：与这种疫苗一个月之后见效的特点很好的结合。即现在使用了，在几个月之后的裂谷热爆发将有很好的抵制作用

GWD-TN-10
GWD-24-Q 22:
Often patients with ankle fractures that are stable, and thus do not require surgery, are given follow-up x-rays because their orthopedists are concerned about possibly having misjudged the stability of the fracture. When a number of follow-up x-rays were reviewed, however, all the fractures that had initially been judged stable were found to have healed correctly. Therefore, it is a waste of money to order follow-up x-rays of ankle fracture initially judged stable.

A. Doctors who are general practitioners rather than orthopedists are less likely than orthopedists to judge the stability of an ankle fracture correctly.
B. Many ankle injuries for which an initial x-ray is ordered are revealed by the x-ray not to involve any fracture of the ankle.
C. X-rays of patients of many different orthopedists working in several hospitals were reviewed.
D. The healing of ankle fractures that have been surgically repaired is always checked by means of a follow-up x-ray.
E. Orthopedists routinely order follow-up x-rays for fractures of bone other than ankle bones.
通常病人有踝关节折断通常是很稳定的，不需要手术，需要照X光因为外科整形医师担心会断裂的稳定性误判。许多得病人一系列的X光照完却发现所有的断裂当初被判断是稳定的都已经愈合了。因此照X光室浪费金钱。----答案C：这些follow-up x-rays 来之于很多不同医院的不同医生的病人。即这些具有广泛的代表性。能说明问题，即说明初诊断为stable骨折的都愈合得好，所以follow-up x-rays 其实是不必要的。B答案错误，文章的推理原因是开始X-RAY为STABLE的骨折的的情况。而B是说很多INJURIES，不一定是STABLE的，更不是骨折FRACTURES。
GWD-TN-11
T-3-Q13.
The traditional treatment of strep infections has been a seven-day course of antibiotics, either penicillin or erythromycin. However, since many patients stop taking those drugs within three days, reinfection is common in cases where these drugs are prescribed. A new antibiotic requires only a three-day course of treatment. Therefore, reinfection will probably be less common in cases where the new antibiotic is prescribed than in cases where either penicillin or erythromycin is prescribed.

A. Some of people who are allergic to penicillin are likely to be allergic to the new antibiotic.
B. A course of treatment with the new antibiotic costs about the same as a course of treatment with either penicillin or erythromycin.
C. The new antibiotic has been shown to be effective in eradicating bacterial infections other than strep.
D. Some physicians have already begun to prescribe the new antibiotic instead of penicillin or erythromycin for the treatment of some strep infections
E. Regardless of whether they take a traditional antibiotic or the new one, most patients feel fully recovered after taking the drug for three days.
传统的治疗strep感染的方法是7天疗程的抗生素，P或E。但是病人经常会在三天之后停止吃药，所以会造成再次感染。一种新的抗生素只有三天的疗程。因此再次感染的情况将会在使用新的抗生素时比使用P或E时少发生。-----首先要明确病人在使用药三天后就停吃了，而E答案给出这么做的原因，因此不管使用哪种抗生素在三天之后就有好转的感觉。但是一种是错觉（适用P或E的时候，会导致再次感染），一种是真的好转（使用新的抗生素）。所以使用新的抗生素会减少再次感染的风险。
T-3-Q23. GWD-13-32
Macrophages are cells that play a role in the response of the immune system of mice and other mammals to invasive organisms such as bacteria. Unlike other mice, mice that are genetically incapable of making these particular cells do not show elevated levels of nitrates when infected with bacteria.

The statements above, if true, provide the most support for which of the following conclusions?

A. Mice that are unable either to make macrophages or to make them in sufficient numbers will protect themselves from bacterial infections in some other way.
B. Mice that show elevated levels of nitrates can easily fight off most types of bacterial infections.
C. In mice, macrophages play a role in the production of nitrates or inhibit a process by which nitrates are broken down or otherwise eliminated.
D. When a healthy mouse becomes infected with an invasive organism, the number of macrophages in the mouse’s body decreases.
E. Injections of nitrates into mice that lack macrophages will not enhance the ability of these animals’ immune systems to fight off infection.
M是一种细胞在老鼠和其他哺乳动物的免疫系统对于细菌的入侵起反应的时候起作用。不想正常的老鼠，那些自身不能产生M的老鼠在当细菌入侵时nitrates的浓度没有升高。----C答案：意思仅限于“对硝酸盐的产生有作用或抑制硝酸盐的减少”，起作用的结果是“维持或升高”（大概念）。也即有两种情况都可以：“维持”，“升高”。原文说的是“升高”的情况（小概念）。原文如果为小概念，那末选项为大概念必然对。比如：原文为leslie123456789GMAT考了800分（小概念），那末选项leslie123456789GMAT考了750分以上（大概念）必然对。
T-3-Q24.
Each year red-winged blackbirds stop in a certain region of Midland Province on their spring and fall migration. In the fall, they eat a significant portion of the province’s sunflower crop. This year Midland farmers sought permits to set out small amounts of poisoned rice during the blackbirds’ spring stop in order to reduce the fall blackbird population. Some residents voiced concern that the rice could threaten certain species of rare migratory birds. Nevertheless, the wildlife agency approved the permits.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to justify the wildlife agency’s approval of the permits, given the concern voiced by some residents?

A. In the region where the red-winged blackbirds stop, they are the first birds to be present in the spring.
B. The poison that farmers want to use does not kill birds but rather make them incapable of producing viable eggs.
C. Since rice is not raised in midland province, few species of birds native to the province normally eat rice.
D. Without the permit, any farmers shown to have set out poison for the blackbirds would be heavily fined
E. The poison that farmers got approval to use has no taste or smell that would make it detectable by birds.
每年一种鸟在春天停在MP的一个地方，然后秋天迁徙。在秋天，他们吃了这个地方大量的sunflower crop。今年这个地方的农民在得到允许的情况下使用一种毒大米来减少这种鸟的数量。但是一些反对声音说这个行为将危害一些稀有的迁徙鸟。然后相关机构批准了这个行为。-----如果这个农民希望毒死的鸟是迁徙的鸟儿中最先到达的，那么它们必然最先接触毒大米然后毒死，以致毒大米被吃完后来的鸟没有机会与那些毒大米接触。如A答案
T-3-Q37.
Because mining and refining nickels is costly, researchers have developed an alternative method for extracting nickels using Streptanthus polygaloides, a plant that absorbs and stores nickel from the soil as it grows. The researchers incinerated a crop of Streptanthus they grow in nickel-rich soil. By chemically extracting nickel form the ash, they produced 100 pounds of nickel per acre of land at a total cost per pound slightly above that of current mining.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the conclusion that the use of Streptanthus to extract nickel will be commercially adopted?

A. The season in which the researchers grew Streptanthus was an unusually favorable one, with the right amount of precipitation to maximize the growth rate of Streptanthus.
B. Because lowering the concentration of nickel in the soil can make land much better for agriculture in general, a plot in which Streptanthus has been grown and harvested can be sold for substantially more than it cost
C. More air pollution is generated for each pound of nickel produced by extracting it from Streptanthus than is generated using conventional mining and refining
D. The land on which the researchers planted Streptanthus was unusually free of the various weeds that can compete with Streptanthus for water, nutrients, and sunlight.
E. It is extremely rare for soil to contain higher concentrations of nickel than the concentrations present in the researchers’ experimental plot.
因为勘探和提取nickel是很贵的。研究人员找到一个新的办法来从一个植物（可以吸收和储存nickel）中提取nickel。研究人员把这个长在nickel含量丰富土壤的植物燃掉，然后从灰烬中提取nickel，现在这种方法每英亩提取100磅的Nickel的成本要略高于现在的勘探。-----B答案：因为降低土壤中nickel的含量对种植一般作物是有益的，因此如果一片土地种植了吸收nickel后又种植其他作物卖出，收入高于成本。因此B答案支持了这个植物的方法

T-9-Q14. GWD-13-40

In response to viral infection, the immune systems of mice typically produce antibodies that destroy the virus by binding to proteins on its surface. Mice infected with a herpesvirus generally develop keratitis, a degenerative disease affecting part of the eye. Since proteins on the surface of cells in this part of the eye closely resemble those on the herpesvirus surface, scientists hypothesize that these cases of keratitis are caused by antibodies to herpesvirus.

Which of the following, if true, gives the greatest additional support to the scientists’ hypothesis?

A. Other types of virus have surface proteins that closely resemble proteins found in various organs of mice.

B. There are mice that are unable to form antibodies in response to herpes infections, and these mice contract herpes at roughly the same rate as other mice.

C. Mice that are infected with a herpesvirus but do not develop keratitis produce as many antibodies as infected mice that do develop keratitis.

D. There are mice that are unable to form antibodies in response to herpes infections, and these mice survive these infections without ever developing keratitis.

E. Mice that have never been infected with a herpesvirus can sometimes develop keratitis.

为了应对细菌侵扰，老鼠的免疫系统会产生一种抗体通过bind to病毒表面的蛋白质来杀死病毒。老鼠感染了H病毒通常会患K病。一种影响眼睛的变性疾病。眼睛细胞表面的蛋白质与H病毒表面的蛋白质很相似，因此科学家假设K病是由H病毒的抗体引起的。-----D答案：如果感染H病毒的老鼠没有产生抗体，那么幸存下来的老鼠没有患K病。排除了H病毒导致K病的可能性，支持了文章结论

T-9-Q28. 天山-7-13

Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium transmitted to humans by deer ticks. Generally deer ticks pick up the bacterium while in the larval stage from feeding on infected white-footed mice. However, certain other species on which the larvae feed do not harbor the bacterium. Therefore, if the population of these other species were increased, the number of ticks acquiring the bacterium and hence the number of people contracting Lyme disease would likely decline.

A. Ticks do not suffer any adverse consequences from carrying the bacterium that causes Lyme disease in humans.

B. There are no known cases of a human’s contracting Lyme disease through contact with white-footed mice.

E. None of the other species on which deer tick larvae feed harbor other bacteria that ticks transmit to humans

L病是由通过deer ticks将细菌传染给人类而产生的。一般情况下deer ticks在幼虫时期吃了被感染的白爪老鼠获得了细菌。然而，其他种类在幼虫时期没有。因此如果其他种类数量增加，那么deer ticks的数量以及人类患L病的数量很有可能减少。---

Highway Official: When resurfacing our concrete bridges, we should use electrically conductive concrete (ECC) rather than standard concrete. In the winter, ECC can be heated by passing an electric current through it, thereby preventing ice buildup. The cost of the electricity needed is substantially lower than the cost of the deicing salt we currently use.

Taxpayer: But construction costs for ECC are much higher than for standard concrete, so your proposal is probably not justifiable on economic grounds.

Which of the following, if true, could best be used to support the highway official’s proposal in the face of the taxpayer’s objection?

A. The use of de-icing salt causes corrosion of the reinforcing steel in concrete bridge decks and damage to the concrete itself, thereby considerably shortening the useful life of concrete bridges.

B. Severe icing conditions can cause power outages and slow down the work of emergency crews trying to get power restored.

C. In weather conditions conducive to icing, ice generally forms on the concrete surfaces of bridges well before it forms on parts of the roadway that go over solid ground.

D. Aside from its potential use for de-icing bridges, ECC might also be an effective means of keeping other concrete structures such as parking garages and airport runways ice free.

E. If ECC were to be used for a bridge surface, the electric current would be turned on only at times at which ice was likely to form.

交通官员：当再次铺平我们的混凝土大桥，我们应该使用ECC而不是standard concrete.在冬天，ECC被通过的电流加热，因此防止结冰。电的成本要远低于防止结冰而使用的盐的成本。

纳税人：但是建造ECC的成本要远高于standard concrete，所以这个建议会因为成本考虑而拒绝。------支持官员的建议，A答案：使用防结冰的盐会造成混凝土桥的寿命缩短。但是如果使用盐会造成桥的寿命缩短也是不符合经济考虑，也许损失潜在收入会超过建造ECC的成本。

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Which of the following, if true, most helps to justify the observers’ expectation?

A. The increase in corn prices is due more to a decline in the supply of corn than to a growth in demand for it.

B. Generally, farmers who are squeezed out of the livestock business send their livestock to market much earlier than they otherwise would.

C. Some people who ate meat regularly in the past are converting to diets that include little or no meat.

D. As meat prices rise, the number of livestock producers is likely to rise again.

E. Livestock producers who stay in the business will start using feed other than corn more extensively than they did in the past.

A major health insurance company in Lagolia pays for special procedures prescribed by physicians only if the procedure is first approved as “medically necessary” by a company-appointed review panel. The rule is intended to save the company the money it might otherwise spend on medically unnecessary procedures. The company has recently announced that in order to reduce its costs, it will abandon this rule.

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest justification for the company’s decision?

A. Patients often register dissatisfaction with physicians who prescribe nothing for their ailments.

B. Physicians often prescribe special procedures that are helpful but not altogether necessary for the health of the patient.

C. The review process is expensive and practically always results in approval of the prescribed procedure.

D. The company’s review process does not interfere with the prerogative of physicians, in cases where more than one effective procedure is available, to select the one they personally prefer.

E. The number of members of the company-appointed review panel who review a given procedure depends on the cost of the procedure.

一个在L的健康保险公司支付一些医生的特殊治疗只有在这些治疗被通过为“医学上的必要”有公司制定的检查小组确定。这个规定是希望为公司省钱不把钱花在一些不必要的治疗上。但是公司宣布为了省钱将废除这项规定。----意思就是这项规定是很花钱的。因此C答案：检查过程很贵往往导致了治疗方案的通过。显然满足这个要求

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Springfield Fire Commissioner: the vast majority of false fire alarms are prank calls made anonymously from fire alarm boxes on street corners. Since virtually everyone has access to a private telephone, these alarm boxes have outlived their usefulness. Therefore, we propose to remove the boxes. Removing the boxes will reduce the number of prank calls without hampering people’s ability to report a fire.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the claim that the proposal, if carried out, will have the announced effect?

A. The fire department traces all alarm calls made from private telephones and records where they came from.

B. Maintaining the fire alarm boxes costs Springfield approximately five million dollars annually.

C. A telephone call can provide the fire department with more information about the nature and size of a fire than can an alarm placed from an alarm box.

D. Responding to false alarms significantly reduces the fire department’s capacity for responding to fires.

E. On any given day, a significant percentage of the public telephones in Springfield are out of service.

S的消防长官: 大多数错误的警报有由街边的火警盒子以匿名形式拨出的恶作剧。事实上每人都有私人电话，使这些火警盒子丧失效用。因此，我们建议拆除这些盒子。拆除这些盒子在不影响人们报告火灾的情况下可以减少恶作剧电话。-----C答案：用私人电话比火警盒子可以提供消防队更多关于火灾的信息。A答案说消防队可以定位打私人电话的人的位置。没有起到支持作用，因为打电话的人仅仅是看见了火灾但是不一定就在火灾现场，这个方式并不便于消防队确定火灾的正确位置，其作用甚至不如火警盒子。但是C答案明显表达的私人电话的优势。

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The chemical adenosine is released by brain cells when those cells are active. Adenosine then binds to more and more sites on cells in certain areas of the brain, as the total amount released gradually increases during wakefulness. During sleep, the number of sites to which adenosine is bound decreases. Some researchers have hypothesized that it is the cumulative binding of adenosine to a large number of sites that causes the onset of sleep.

Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the researchers’ hypothesis?

A. Even after long periods of sleep when adenosine is at its lowest concentration in the brain, the number of brain cells bound with adenosine remains very large.

B. Caffeine, which has the effect of making people remain wakeful, is known to interfere with the binding of adenosine to sites on brain cells.

C. Besides binding to sites in the brain, adenosine is known to be involved in biochemical reactions throughout the body.

D. Some areas of the brain that are relatively inactive nonetheless release some adenosine.

E. Stress resulting from a dangerous situation can preserve wakefulness even when brain levels of bound adenosine are high.

一个化学物质A在脑细胞活跃的时候被释放，然后A就开始绑定细胞在大脑特定的区域，然后释放再次增加在人清醒地时候。在睡觉的时候，A绑定的地方是减少的。因此一些科学家假设累计绑定A在很多地方造成有想睡觉的感觉。-----B答案：咖啡因是一种造成人持续清醒地化学物质，被得知会干扰A的绑定。干扰了A的绑定造成人持续清醒，支持了科学家的观点

Consumers planning to buy recreational equipment tend to buy higher quality, more expensive equipment when the economy is strong than when it is weak. Hill and Dale is a business that sells high-quality, expensive camping and hiking equipment in Boravia. Although all the signs are that Boravia’s economy is now entering a period of sustained strength, the managers of the business do not expect a substantial increase in sales.

Which of the following, if true, would provide the strongest justification for the managers’ judgment?

A. A significant proportion of Hill and Dale’s sales are made to customers who enter the store in order to buy one particular item but, once there, find other items to buy as well.

B. In Boravia when the economy is strong, those who might otherwise go camping tend to take vacations overseas.

C. The economic upturn is likely to allow Boravia’s national parks, where most of the camping and hiking is done, to receive extra funding to improve their visitor facilities.

D. Advances in materials technology have led to the development of hiking and camping equipment that is more comfortable and lightweight than before.

E. Many people in Boravia not only are committed to preserving the country’s wilderness areas but also are interested in spending some time in them.

比起经济萧条时，居民在经济繁荣时期倾向于购买质量更好，更昂贵的娱乐设施。在B这个地方的H and D是一家销售高质量昂贵的野营远足装备的公司。尽管所有迹象显示B的经济将会出现一段时间的繁荣，但是这家公司的经理并不认为他们的销量将会大增。---经济繁荣时期居民富裕，但并不代表他们一定会去买娱乐设施，他们也有其他休闲方式，比如国外旅游，这个并不需要购买H and D公司的产品。如B答案

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People who have spent a lot of time in contact with animals often develop animal-induced allergies, some of them quite serious. In a survey of current employees in major zoos, about 30 percent had animal-induced allergies. Based on this sample, experts conclude that among members of the general population who have spent a similarly large amount of time in close contact with animals, the percentage with animal-induced allergies is not 30 percent but substantially more.

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest grounds for the experts’ conclusion?

A. A zoo employee who develops a serious animal-induced allergy is very likely to switch to some other occupation.

B. A zoo employee is more likely than a person in the general population to keep one or more animal pets at home

C. The percentage of the general population whose level of exposure to animals matches that of a zoo employee is quite small.

D. Exposure to domestic pets is, on the whole, less likely to cause animal-induced allergy than exposure to many of the animals kept in zoos.

E. Zoo employees seldom wear protective gear when they handle animals in their care.

会花很多时间的动物待在一起的人经常会患上动物诱发的过敏，其中一些还挺严重的。调查动物员目前的员工，发现其中有30%有过敏症。基于这个样本，专家们认为在一般人当中但是花了差不多时间去接触动物的人，其中患过敏症的人的比例要比30%高。-----A答案：动物园的患了严重过敏症的员工很有可能换工作。因此一般人中的过敏者+动物园换了工作的过敏者，这个比例就会高于30%

Whales originated in the freshwater lakes and rivers of ancient Asia about sixty million years ago. Not until about ten million years later did species of whales develop specialized kidneys enabling them to drink salt water. Although fossil evidence shows that some early whale species that lacked such kidneys sometimes swam in the Earth’s saltwater oceans, these species must have had to return frequently to freshwater rivers to drink.

A. Fossils of whale species dating from between sixty million and fifty million years ago will not be found on continents that were at the time separated from ancient Asia by wide expanses of ocean.

B. Among whale fossils that date from later than about fifty million years ago, none are fossils of whale species that drank only fresh water.

C. Fossils of whale species that drank fresh water will not be found in close proximity to fossils of whale species that drank salt water.

D. The earliest whales that drank salt water differed from fresh-water-drinking whales only in their possession of specialized kidneys.

E. Between sixty million and fifty million years ago, the freshwater lakes and rivers in which whales originated were gradually invaded by salt water.

鲸鱼最初生活在古代亚洲的淡水河流和湖泊在6000万年前。直到1000万年之后鲸鱼的一些种类开始长出特殊的肾脏使他们可以生活在盐水里。尽管化石证据显示出早期的缺少特殊肾脏的鲸鱼有时会在海洋里游泳，但是它们必须频繁地回到淡水里去喝水。----A答案：在6000到5000万年前的鲸鱼的化石不可能出现在与古代亚洲之前相隔宽阔海洋的大陆上。也就是说明了那个时间的鲸鱼因为缺少特殊的肾脏因此不能长时间待在海洋里，也不可能在海洋里作长时间的远游，就更不可能到那个中间相隔一个海洋的大陆上。

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In polluted environments, dolphins gradually accumulated toxins in their body fat, and the larger the dolphin, the more accumulated toxin it can tolerate. Nearly 80 percent of the toxins a female dolphin has accumulated pass into the fat-rich milk her nursing calf ingests. Therefore, the unusually high mortality rate among dolphin calves in the industrially contaminated waters along Florida’s Gulf Coast is probably the result of their being poisoned by their mother’s milk.

A. The survival rate of firstborn dolphin calves in the area along Florida’s Gulf Coast is highest for those whose mothers were killed before they were weaned.

B. The rate at which adult dolphins living in the waters along Florida’s Gulf Coast accumulate toxins is no higher than that of adult dolphins in comparably polluted waters elsewhere.

C. Among dolphin calves born in the area along Florida’s Gulf Coast, the mortality rate is highest among those with living siblings.

D. As dolphins age, they accumulate toxins from the environment more slowly than when they were young.

E. Dolphins, like other marine mammals, have a higher proportion of body fat than do most land mammals.

在污染的环境下，海豚吸收有毒物质在它们的脂肪里，越大的海豚，能吸收更多的有毒物质。雌性海豚80%的有毒物质会通过哺乳让幼崽吸收。因此海豚幼崽在Florida’s Gulf Coast工业污染水的高死亡率就是由于吸收了母乳里的有毒物质。----A：新生海豚的存活率最高是它们在断奶前母亲就死了。母亲给与它们的奶，但是闲杂母亲死了就没有奶了，然而它们存活下来了。显然幼崽的死亡和母亲的奶有很大关系。

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Q37: GWD-29-Q17

The total market value of real estate in Altonville has steadily declined over the past four years. This decline has meant that the overall figure on which the city’s property tax is based—the assessed value of that real estate—has also declined. The percentage of assessed value that was paid as property taxes to the city, however, did not change from year to year during this period.

A. The percentage of Altonville’s yearly revenue that comes from money collected in property taxes did not change over the past four years.

B. The percentage of Altonville’s yearly revenue that comes from money collected in property taxes has declined steadily over the past four years.

C. The amount of revenue that Altonville collected from property taxes was lower last year than it was four years ago.

D. During the past four years, Altonville officials increased tax rates on other sources of revenue such as retail sales and business profits.

E. Altonville will soon require property owners to pay a higher percentage of the assessed value of their property as property tax.

A国的房地产价值大跌。这个下降意味着以房地产为税基的财产税也会下降。但是这一部份财产税所占的比例却没有变。---只能说明整个财产税的数额下降了，那一部分的财产税的比例才不会变。如C答案Compare with an old edition of this question listed below. There are many tiny changes in the main body of the question and its answer choices.